Gracilaria gracilis (Gracilariales,Rhodophyta) from Dakhla (Southern Moroccan Atlantic Coast) as Source of Agar: Content,Chemical Characteristics,and Gelling Properties

Agar is a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from certain marine red algae, and its gel properties depend on the seaweed source and extraction conditions. In the present study, the seaweed Gracilaria gracilis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from Dakhla (Moroccan Atlantic Coast) was investigated for its agar content, structure, and gel properties. The agar yields of G. gracilis were 20.5% and 15.6% from alkaline pretreatment and native extraction, respectively. Agar with alkaline pretreatment showed a better gelling property supported by higher gel strength (377 g·cm⁻²), gelling (35.4 °C), and melting (82.1 °C) temperatures with a notable increase in 3,6-anhydro-galactose (11.85%) and decrease in sulphate (0.32%) contents. The sulfate falling subsequent to alkaline pretreatment was verified through FT-IR spectroscopy. The ¹³C NMR spectroscopy showed that alkaline-pretreated agar has a typical unsubstituted agar pattern. However, native agar had a partially methylated agarose structure. Overall, this study suggested the possibility of the exploitation of G. gracilis to produce a fine-quality agar. Yet, further investigation may need to determine the seasonal variability of this biopolymer according to the life cycle of G. gracilis.     

番茄红素常用提取工艺研究

实验以对番茄进行高附加值深加工研究为目的,采用有机溶剂浸提法,微波辅助提取法和超声波辅助提取法从新鲜番茄,番茄酱中提取番茄红素。结果表明：冷冻干燥的预加工方法对番茄红素的提取有所促进;微波辅助提取法和超声波辅助提取法较有机溶剂浸提法提取番茄中番茄红素的提取含量之比分别是：1.57∶1和2.19∶1。微波辅助提取番茄红素的建议工艺条件：55℃,30 s。在300 w, 50℃,6 min,料液比1∶6(V/V);超声辅助提取番茄红素的建议提取溶剂是乙酸乙酯。     

Seaweed Hydrocolloid Production: An Update on Enzyme Assisted Extraction and Modification Technologies

Agar, alginate, and carrageenans are high-value seaweed hydrocolloids, which are used as gelation and thickening agents in different food, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological applications. The annual global production of these hydrocolloids has recently reached 100,000 tons with a gross market value just above US$ 1.1 billion. The techno-functional properties of the seaweed polysaccharides depend strictly on their unique structural make-up, notably degree and position of sulfation and presence of anhydro-bridges. Classical extraction techniques include hot alkali treatments, but recent research has shown promising results with enzymes. Current methods mainly involve use of commercially available enzyme mixtures developed for terrestrial plant material processing. Application of seaweed polysaccharide targeted enzymes allows for selective extraction at mild conditions as well as tailor-made modifications of the hydrocolloids to obtain specific functionalities. This review provides an update of the detailed structural features of κ-, ι-, λ-carrageenans, agars, and alginate, and a thorough discussion of enzyme assisted extraction and processing techniques for these hydrocolloids.     

均匀设计优化香草兰中香兰素的超临界萃取工艺

研究超临界Co2萃取香草兰豆荚中香兰素等香料成分的工艺,以香兰索产量为检测指标,使用均匀设计-偏最小二乘法回归分析,优化萃取工艺的压力、温度、时间和夹带剂乙醇的体积4个因子,确定最佳提取工艺条件为:压力41.10 MPa,温度50℃,时间180 min,夹带剂体积5.0 mL,此时,20g香草兰原料萃取香兰素的理论产量为177.211 mg.对该技术应用于香草兰中香兰素提取产业化的前景和可行性进行分析探讨.     

Evaluation of Ultrasound,Microwave, Ultrasound–Microwave,Hydrothermal and High Pressure Assisted Extraction Technologies for the Recovery of Phytochemicals and Antioxidants from Brown Macroalgae

This study aims to explore novel extraction technologies (ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound–microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE), hydrothermal-assisted extraction (HAE) and high-pressure-assisted extraction (HPAE)) and extraction time post-treatment (0 and 24 h) for the recovery of phytochemicals and associated antioxidant properties from Fucus vesiculosus and Pelvetia canaliculata. When using fixed extraction conditions (solvent: 50% ethanol; extraction time: 10 min; algae/solvent ratio: 1/10) for all the novel technologies, UAE generated extracts with the highest phytochemical contents from both macroalgae. The highest yields of compounds extracted from F. vesiculosus using UAE were: total phenolic content (445.0 ± 4.6 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), total phlorotannin content (362.9 ± 3.7 mg phloroglucinol equivalents/g), total flavonoid content (286.3 ± 7.8 mg quercetin equivalents/g) and total tannin content (189.1 ± 4.4 mg catechin equivalents/g). In the case of the antioxidant activities, the highest DPPH activities were achieved by UAE and UMAE from both macroalgae, while no clear pattern was recorded in the case of FRAP activities. The highest DPPH scavenging activities (112.5 ± 0.7 mg trolox equivalents/g) and FRAP activities (284.8 ± 2.2 mg trolox equivalents/g) were achieved from F. vesiculosus. Following the extraction treatment, an additional storage post-extraction (24 h) did not improve the yields of phytochemicals or antioxidant properties of the extracts.     

微波辅助提取绿茶对儿茶素组成及得率的影响

鉴于微波辅助提取绿茶对儿茶素的得率及其组成具有一定的影响但缺乏系统研究的事实,以绿茶为原料,以提取液中儿茶素的组成及得率为主要考察指标,以工业水提为对照,在系统研究微波辅助提取强度、时间、茶水比、水温及次数等单因子对儿茶素组成及得率影响的基础上,通过正交实验与验证实验,优化筛选了对儿茶素组成影响最小且得率较高的微波辅助提取技术参数,以为微波辅助提取茶叶的工业化推广应用提供参考。结果表明,在微波强度为539W、微波辅助提取时间为2min、茶水比为1︰25、水温为90℃、提取2次的条件下,微波辅助提取绿茶时对儿茶素的组成影响最小,EGC︰DL-C︰EC︰EGCG︰GCG︰ECG为3.25︰0.12︰1.00︰7.66︰0.49︰1.82,其得率依次为工业水提的130.47%、22.98%、124.62%、114.40%、7.39%和96.64%。该方法对于茶多酚、儿茶素的提取及利用具有较好的实用性、针对性。     

花生红衣色素提取工艺条件的研究

花生中的红衣色素是一种可食用的天然色素,除具有一定的药理保健作用外、其还以安全可靠、毒副作用小、色调自然等优点而作为添加剂广泛应用于现代食品工业,因此研究花生红衣色素的提取有重要的意义遥本文对花生红衣在不同溶剂、提取时间、温度、料液比和浸提次数等条件下分别进行色素的提取,通过单因素试验确定了花生红衣色素提取的最佳工艺条件。     

Search for hydrophilic marine fungal metabolites: a rational approach for their production and extraction in a bioactivity screening context

In the search for bioactive natural products, our lab screens hydrophobic extracts from marine fungal strains. While hydrophilic active substances were recently identified from marine macro-organisms, there was a lack of reported metabolites in the marine fungi area. As such, we decided to develop a general procedure for screening of hydrophobic metabolites. The aim of this study was to compare different processes of fermentation and extraction, using six representative marine fungal strains, in order to define the optimized method for production. The parameters studied were (a) which polar solvent to select, (b) which fermentation method to choose between solid and liquid cultures, (c) which raw material, the mycelium or its medium, to extract and (d) which extraction process to apply. The biochemical analysis and biological evaluations of obtained extracts led to the conclusion that the culture of marine fungi by agar surface fermentation followed by the separate extraction of the mycelium and its medium by a cryo-crushing and an enzymatic digestion with agarase, respectively, was the best procedure when screening for hydrophilic bioactive metabolites. During this development, several bioactivities were detected, confirming the potential of hydrophilic crude extracts in the search for bioactive natural products.     

基于微波预处理油菜籽的压榨油和浸出油理化品质比较研究

微波预处理油菜籽可显著提高压榨出油率,但压榨后的饼粕中仍残留油脂,可采用浸出法提取饼中残油。为比较压榨油和浸出油的主要理化品质,在2 450MHz、800W的微波条件下,分别对油菜籽预处理0～7min,冷却至室温后压榨制油,继而对饼粕中残油用正己烷萃取。结果表明,微波处理时间、压榨和浸出的制油方式对菜籽油酸价、过氧化值、p-茴香胺值、水分含量均有显著影响（P<0.05）。压榨油和浸出油的酸价、p-茴香胺值随微波时间的延长而增加,过氧化值呈先增加后减少的趋势,浸出油酸价、过氧化值和p-茴香胺值高于压榨油。压榨油水分含量随微波时间的延长而增加,而浸出油的则减少,压榨油水分含量高于浸出油。压榨油和浸出油的色泽（罗维朋比色）随微波时间的延长
逐渐变深,浸出油色泽更深;加热试验（至280℃）中压榨油无析出物,而浸出油产生絮状析出物。由此可见基于微波预处理油菜籽的压榨油仅需水洗、过滤或离心分离即可满足国家标准,浸出油则需要进行脱胶、脱酸、脱色等精炼处理。      

超临界CO2萃取斜叶黄檀精油工艺优化及精油成分分析

本研究采用超临界CO2萃取斜叶黄檀中的精油,并分析精油的挥发性成分,主要考察萃取压力、萃取温度和萃取时间对精油得率的影响,通过正交试验确定超临界CO2萃取精油的最佳工艺条件,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）检测斜叶黄檀精油中的主要挥发性成分。结果表明:超临界CO2萃取精油的最佳工艺条件为萃取温度75℃,萃取压力35 MPa,萃取时间4 h,在此条件下精油的得率为4.7573%;从斜叶黄檀精油中共鉴定出13种挥发性组分,主要成分是榄香素和甲基丁香酚,分别占92.33%和3.18%。      

安溪铁观音初制技术——首届大学生茶农组合安溪铁观音初制赛技术小结

将同批次铁观音适制鲜叶等量分给20个参赛小组,按照安溪铁观音工艺流程进行比赛,根据各参赛茶样的品质审评结果,总结出该批次清香型铁观音的最优工艺参数:鲜叶弱光晒青20~30 min,在室内摊晾10~20 min后摇青;第一次摇青时长2~3 min、摇青笼转速28 r/min(下同),第二和第三次摇青时长逐渐增加、晒青不足者增加第4次摇青,每次摇青间隔时长约1.0~4.0 h,整个做青过程以"看青做青"为原则,做青历时16~18 h;杀青温度控制在250~280℃。     

乙醇水剂法提取武夷水仙茶叶籽油及其品质分析

以武夷水仙茶叶籽为原料,采用乙醇水剂法提取武夷水仙茶叶籽油,通过单因素试验考察了提取温度、料液比、乙醇浓度和pH对提取率的影响,并采用正交试验设计优化了提取工艺条件.结果显示,武夷水仙茶叶籽油最佳提取条件为乙醇浓度30％(V/V)、料液比1:7、pH 9、提取温度60℃,在该条件下武夷水仙茶叶籽油提取率为93.61％....     

浙江莲都枇杷优质高效栽培技术集成

经过三年多的研究实践,集成创新了浙江省莲都枇杷优质高效栽培技术。其技术体系包括：注重层形,强化修剪;果园生草,以园养园;增施有机肥,重施壮果肥;以树定产,以枝定果,实行果实套袋;多措并举,预防冻害;综合防治病虫害;分批采摘,分级包装。该项技术体系的推广促进了莲都区枇杷产业的发展。     

大豆皂苷的微波辅助提取工艺及对酪氨酸酶活性影响的研究

通过正交实验考察了微波提取温度、微波提取时间、料液比、提取次数对大豆皂苷得率的影响,并研究了大豆皂苷对酪氨酸酶活性的影响。结果表明:微波辅助提取大豆皂苷的较佳工艺为:微波处理时间30 min,微波处理温度40℃,料液比1∶5,提取3次。在上述条件下测得大豆皂苷得率8.11%;大豆皂苷对酪氨酸酶活性具有抑制作用,且随浓度的增加,抑制作用增强,其IC50值为222.7μg.mL-1。     

Optimisation of Healthy-Lipid Content and Oxidative Stability during Oil Extraction from Squid (Illex argentinus) Viscera by Green Processing

Green extraction was applied to Argentinean shortfin squid (Illex argentinus) viscera, consisting of a wet pressing method including a drying step, mechanic pressing, centrifugation of the resulting slurry, and oil collection. To maximise the oil yield and ω3 fatty acid content and to minimise the oil damage degree, a response surface methodology (RSM) design was developed focused on the drying temperature (45–85 °C) and time (30–90 min). In general, an increase of the drying time and temperature provided an increase in the lipid yield recovery from the viscera. The strongest drying conditions showed a higher recovery than 50% when compared with the traditional chemical method. The docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid contents in the extracted oil revealed scarce dependence on drying conditions, showing valuable ranges (149.2–166.5 and 88.7–102.4 g·kg⁻¹ oil, respectively). Furthermore, the values of free fatty acids, peroxides, conjugated dienes, and ω3/ω6 ratio did not show extensive differences by comparing oils obtained from the different drying conditions. Contrary, a polyene index (PI) decrease was detected with increasing drying time and temperature. The RSM analysis indicated that optimised drying time (41.3 min) and temperature (85 °C) conditions would lead to 74.73 g·kg⁻¹ (oil yield), 1.87 (PI), and 6.72 (peroxide value) scores, with a 0.67 desirability value.     

响应面优化亚临界萃取菜籽低温压榨饼中油脂的工艺及其品质评价

采用Box-Behnken响应面设计优化亚临界萃取菜籽低温压榨饼中油脂的工艺,并将所得油的品质与正已烷、超临界CO2萃取油进行比较。结果表明：液料比和萃取时间对油脂提取率的影响极显著(p<0.01);液料比与萃取时间存在显著的交互作用（p<0.05）;经优化后,在35℃下,设定液料比为8.3 mL/g,萃取90 min,菜籽油的提取率最高达95.10%。通过亚临界萃取得到的菜籽油磷含量为113.20mg/kg,约为正已烷萃取菜籽油(磷含量232.48mg/kg)的一半,油脂酸价与过氧化值都较正已烷萃取菜籽油低;亚临界萃取的菜籽油除磷含量与超临界萃取菜籽油差异显著外,其它品质指标,如酸价、过氧化值、甾醇及生育酚含量均与超临界萃取油差异不明显。     

Production of Lectins from Marine Algae: Current Status,Challenges, and Opportunities for Non-Destructive Extraction

Marine algae are an excellent source of novel lectins. The isolation of lectins from marine algae expands the diversity in structure and carbohydrate specificities of lectins isolated from other sources. Marine algal lectins have been reported to have antiviral, antitumor, and antibacterial activity. Lectins are typically isolated from marine algae by grinding the algal tissue with liquid nitrogen and extracting with buffer and alcohol. While this method produces higher yields, it may not be sustainable for large-scale production, because a large amount of biomass is required to produce a minute amount of compound, and a significant amount of waste is generated during the extraction process. Therefore, non-destructive extraction using algal culture water could be used to ensure a continuous supply of lectins without exclusively disrupting the marine algae. This review discusses the traditional and recent advancements in algal lectin extraction methods over the last decade, as well as the steps required for large-scale production. The challenges and prospects of various extraction methods (destructive and non-destructive) are also discussed.     

Ethanol Extraction of Polar Lipids from Nannochloropsis oceanica for Food,Feed, and Biotechnology Applications Evaluated Using Lipidomic Approaches

Nannochloropsis oceanica can accumulate lipids and is a good source of polar lipids, which are emerging as new value-added compounds with high commercial value for the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. Some applications may limit the extraction solvents, such as food applications that require safe food-grade solvents, such as ethanol. However, the effect of using ethanol as an extraction solvent on the quality of the extracted polar lipidome, compared to other more traditional methods, is not yet well established. In this study, the polar lipid profile of N. oceanica extracts was obtained using different solvents, including chloroform/methanol (CM), dichloromethane/methanol (DM), dichloromethane/ethanol (DE), and ethanol (E), and evaluated by modern lipidomic methods using LC-MS/MS. Ultrasonic bath (E + USB)- and ultrasonic probe (E + USP)-assisted methodologies were implemented to increase the lipid extraction yields using ethanol. The polar lipid signature and antioxidant activity of DM, E + USB, and E + USP resemble conventional CM, demonstrating a similar extraction efficiency, while the DE and ethanol extracts were significantly different. Our results showed the impact of different extraction solvents in the polar lipid composition of the final extracts and demonstrated the feasibility of E + USB and E + USP as safe and food-grade sources of polar lipids, with the potential for high-added-value biotechnological applications.     

Selection of Culture Conditions and Cell Morphology for Biocompatible Extraction of β-Carotene from Dunaliella salina

Biocompatible extraction emerges recently as a means to reduce costs of biotechnology processing of microalgae. In this frame, this study aimed at determining how specific culture conditions and the associated cell morphology impact the biocompatibility and the extraction yield of β-carotene from the green microalga Dunaliella salina using n-decane. The results highlight the relationship between the cell disruption yield and cell volume, the circularity and the relative abundance of naturally permeabilized cells. The disruption rate increased with both the cell volume and circularity. This was particularly obvious for volume and circularity exceeding 1500 µm³ and 0.7, respectively. The extraction of β-carotene was the most biocompatible with small (600 µm³) and circular cells (0.7) stressed in photobioreactor (30% of carotenoids recovery with 15% cell disruption). The naturally permeabilized cells were disrupted first; the remaining cells seems to follow a gradual permeabilization process: reversibility (up to 20 s) then irreversibility and cell disruption. This opens new carotenoid production schemes based on growing robust β-carotene enriched cells to ensure biocompatible extraction.     

In Vitro Bioactivity of Astaxanthin and Peptides from Hydrolisates of Shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) By-Products: From the Extraction Process to Biological Effect Evaluation,as Pilot Actions for the Strategy “From Waste to Profit”

Non-edible parts of crustaceans could be a rich source of valuable bioactive compounds such as the carotenoid astaxanthin and peptides, which have well-recognized beneficial effects. These compounds are widely used in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, and their market is rapidly growing, suggesting the need to find alternative sources. The aim of this work was to set up a pilot-scale protocol for the reutilization of by-products of processed shrimp, in order to address the utilization of this valuable biomass for nutraceutical and pharmaceuticals application, through the extraction of astaxanthin-enriched oil and antioxidant-rich protein hydrolysates. Astaxanthin (AST) was obtained using “green extraction methods,” such as using fish oil and different fatty acid ethyl esters as solvents and through supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), whereas bioactive peptides were obtained by protease hydrolysis. Both astaxanthin and bioactive peptides exhibited bioactive properties in vitro in cellular model systems, such as antioxidant and angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities (IA). The results show higher astaxanthin yields in ethyl esters fatty acids (TFA) extraction and significant enrichment by short-path distillation (SPD) up to 114.80 ± 1.23 µg/mL. Peptide fractions of <3 kDa and 3–5 kDa exhibited greater antioxidant activity while the fraction 5–10 kDa exhibited a better ACE-IA. Lower-molecular-weight bioactive peptides and astaxanthin extracted using supercritical fluids showed protective effects against oxidative damage in 142BR and in 3T3 cell lines. These results suggest that “green” extraction methods allow us to obtain high-quality bioactive compounds from large volumes of shrimp waste for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.