喀斯特山地土地利用变化的垂直分布特征

喀斯特山区土地利用变化受复杂地形影响,以往大尺度研究皆是对整个研究区地形特征进行统计,局部土地利用变化空间特征和差异研究较少。本文以黔桂喀斯特山地为例,构建土地利用动态垂直梯度指数,刻画和揭示研究区土地利用变化的垂直分布特征。结果表明:1990—2010年,喀斯特山地土地利用的净变化面积较小,但各土地利用类型的相互转化剧烈。耕地被建设用地挤占,林地和草地又被开垦为耕地;生态恢复工程使得林地、草地和水域等明显增加。增加和减少的耕地在垂直分布上明显错位,减少耕地主要分布于低海拔(0~200m)和缓坡度(0?~5?)区域,而增加耕地主要位于高海拔(600~1 400 m)和陡坡(8?~25?)区域;增加和减少的林地和草地在分布上相互对应,分别在800~1 400 m和8?~25?出现峰值;水域和建设用地的增加多位于低海拔(0~800m)和缓坡度(0?~5?)区域。应用土地利用动态垂直梯度指数发现,尽管2000—2010年研究区新增建设用地集中在最低海拔和最缓坡度等级,但局部范围内新增建设用地趋近于相对更高海拔和陡坡区域分布。有限土地资源使得喀斯特山区有向高海拔、陡坡区域进行土地利用开发的趋势。土地利用动态垂直梯度指数,既可进一步支撑采用全局统计分析方法结论,也可分析和挖掘土地利用变化垂直分布特征的局部相对差异。     

栽培对黑土线虫营养群体的空间分布的影响

Geostatistics combined with GIS was applied to assess the spatial distribution of nematode trophic groups following two contrasting soil uses in the black soil region of Northeast China.Two plots,one with fallow for 12 years and the other cultivated,were marked on regular square grids with 2-m spacing.Soil samples were collected from each sampling point,nematodes were extracted from these samples and classified into four trophic groups:bacterivores,fungivores,plant parasites,and omnivores/predators.The numbers of total nematodes and trophic groups analyzed had normal distributions on both fallow and cultivated plots.The absolute abundances of total nematodes and trophic groups were observed to be much nore homogeneous on cultivated plot than on fallow one.Geostatistical analysis showed that the densities of total nematodes and trophic groups on both fallow and cultivated plots exhibited spatial dekpendence at the sampled scale and their experimental semivariograms were adjusted to a spherical or exponential model,except those of bacterivores and fungivores oncultivated plot.The spatial distribution of nematode trophic groups was found to be different for the two land uses,indicating that cultivation changed the native condition for soil nematode activities.     

大别山北坡土壤的发生特性和垂直分布

本文在豫南大别山北坡的土壤野外考察的基础上，研究了土壤形成的自然条件、发生特性。结果表明，土壤的垂直带谱为：黄棕壤→暗黄棕壤→酸性棕壤→山地灌丛草甸土。并根据“中国土壤系统分类”进行了土壤诊断分类的尝试。     

大别山南坡土壤粘土矿物的垂直分布

研究了大别山南坡土壤的粘土矿物的垂直分布。结果表明,随海拔高度的增加,由山麓至山顶,土壤粘土矿物从以高岭石、绿泥石为主转变为以高岭石、三水铝石为主,直至完全以三水铝石为主。     

番茄抗性砧木对土壤根结线虫二龄幼虫和自由生活线虫的影响

研究了引自意大利的3种番茄抗性砧木对温室土壤根结线虫二龄幼虫的控制作用以及对土壤自由生活线虫的影响。供试温室土壤共鉴定12科26属自由生活线虫,分属食细菌性线虫、食真菌性线虫、植食性线虫和杂食性线虫4种营养种群。试验结果表明,3种抗性砧木均显著地降低了嫁接苗植株根际土壤中根结线虫工龄幼虫（J2）的密度,从而控制了根结线虫病的发生;与不种植番茄的空白对照相比,种植番茄促进了根际自由生活线虫的繁殖,但抗性砧木根际自由生活线虫的密度小于感病对照“FA189”。所有处理根际自由生活线虫优势种群为食细菌性线虫。     

粮田土壤磷、钾养分的垂直分布特征

本文研究了粮田土壤磷、钾养分垂直分布特征。结果表明 ,0～ 2 0 cm土层 N( NH4 - N)、P、K、Mn、Zn、Fe、Cu等主要养分速效含量明显高于 2 0～ 4 0和 4 0～ 60 cm土层 ,其中 0～ 2 0 cm土层 P含量数倍高于 2 0～ 4 0和 4 0～ 60 cm土层 ,显示磷肥应尽可能深施 ,以提高下部土层 P素肥力 ,2 0～ 4 0和 4 0～ 60 cm土层养分含量差异不大。不同施肥措施对上部土层 ( 0～ 2 0 cm) P、K等养分含量有较明显影响 ,而对下部土层 ( 2 0～ 4 0和 4 0～ 60 cm) P、K等养分含量影响较小     

昆虫病原线虫对韭蛆和土壤线虫群落的影响

防治韭菜的主要地下害虫韭蛆（迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga）是造成韭菜农药残留超标主要原因。室内实验表明,生物天敌昆虫病原线虫Steinernema feltiae处理60h后,韭蛆杀死率显著高于使用农药的对照组。2010年4月18日在山东省寿光市丰城地区韭菜地施用昆虫病原线虫以防治韭菜的主要害虫韭蛆,同时以施用化学农药辛硫磷作为对照,处理后第35d和第175d调查结果表明,昆虫病原线虫处理组的昆虫病原线虫多度显著高于化学对照组,其中第175d调查结果表明,经昆虫病原线虫处理后的韭菜鲜重比化学农药处理的对照组增加了10.4%,但差异未达到显著效果。上述结果表明,昆虫病原线虫能够有效控制韭蛆危害。第35d取样结果表明,昆虫病原线虫处理组的土壤线虫群落Shannon多样性指数高于化学农药处理组;第175d调查结果表明,两种处理之间土壤线虫群落各指标相近。试验结果表明昆虫病原线虫能够有效防治韭蛆。     

番茄抗性砧木对温室根结线虫和土壤自由生活线虫群落结构动态的影响

抗性砧木嫁接是一种有效防治蔬菜根结线虫病的生物方法。研究番茄抗性砧木Beaufort(Lycopersicon ly-copersicum×L.hirsutum)对其靶标生物——根结线虫和非靶标生物——土壤自由生活线虫的种群动态和群落结构影响的结果表明:抗性砧木小区根结线虫2龄幼虫密度显著低于对照小区,根结线虫2龄幼虫取样时间之间变动显著;根据营养来源可将线虫分为4大营养类群,即食细菌、食真菌、食植物、杂食/捕食性,食真菌、食植物线虫密度变动显著,抗性砧木小区食细菌线虫密度高于对照小区,食真菌线虫密度低于对照小区;应用食真菌线虫数量/食细菌线虫数量指数F/B、修改后的F/B指数、多样性指数H′、丰富度指数D、均匀度指数J、优势度指数λ分析比较抗性砧木小区和对照区土壤线虫生物多样性变化规律,F/B、修改后的F/B、丰富度指数H′和均匀度指数J取样时间之间变动显著,F/B、修改后的F/B、优势度指数λ和均匀度J指数能较好地反映抗性砧木嫁接对线虫群落结构的影响。     

沙地樟子松根系垂直分布特征及对土壤的影响

根系的生长及分布状况对沙地植物的生长发育具有重要意义。对章古台地区主要造林树种樟子松的根系在土壤中的垂直分布状况及其对不同深度土壤的改良效果进行了研究,结果表明:从根系状况看樟子松适合于沙地造林,但是纯林中的樟子松到一定年龄后,土壤养分状况有所下降,因此单一的造林方式并不适合于沙地造林。     

长期施肥对哈尔滨黑土土壤线虫群落的影响

土壤线虫作为土壤生态系统中重要的组成部分,在养分转化及物质循环中起着重要作用。为研究长期施肥对土壤线虫群落的影响,在农业部哈尔滨黑土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站进行了长期施用有机肥、氮肥、磷肥、钾肥及不施肥处理的田间试验。结果表明:长期施肥对土壤线虫群落组成及线虫群落中不同营养类群的相对丰度均产生一定的影响。长期施肥条件下,土壤线虫种群的种类数量呈下降的趋势,除单施氮肥处理外,其余施肥处理土壤食细菌线虫的相对丰度均显著高于不施肥处理,而植物寄生线虫相对丰度则显著低于不施肥处理;从土壤线虫生态指数看,施肥处理自由生活线虫成熟度指数(MI)均低于对照,而施用有机肥及磷肥处理的土壤WI值显著高于不施肥对照;土壤线虫群落的变化表明土壤线虫群落对施肥产生了响应,可以用作施肥对土壤质量变化影响的生物学指标。     

潮棕壤不同利用方式pH和Olsen-P的垂直变化特征

对潮棕壤4种土地利用方式经过14年后土壤pH和Olsen-P在0～150cm土体10个土层中的垂直分布情况进行的比较研究表明,不同利用方式下土壤pH和Olsen-P含量的剖面分布差异显著,说明不同利用方式对土壤pH和Olsen-P有较大影响。林地和撂荒地0～5cm土层pH分别为>7.0和6.5～7.0,玉米地0～20cm各土层土壤pH基本为6.0以下;20cm以下各土层中的pH,水稻田土壤呈微碱性,玉米地和撂荒地接近中性,林地呈微酸性。土体中Olsen-P平均含量为撂荒地>林地>水稻田>玉米地。水稻田和玉米地0～20cm的3个土层Olsen-P含量明显高于20～80cm的4个土层,表明耕地土壤由于施P肥而导致的P素表聚性;林地和撂荒地0～5cm土层的Olsen-P含量大大高于5～80cm的6个土层,这可能与林地和撂荒地的P素生物归还及基本不受人为扰动有关。4种土地利用方式下土壤各层次Olsen-P含量垂直分布的散点折线图呈现出较为相似的特征。80cm以下的3个土层Olsen-P含量接近或超过表层土壤,主要是受母质层相对较高的全P含量影响所致,也可能与地下水作用有关,不过具体原因还有待于进一步研究。     

Vertical distribution of soil nematodes under different land use types in an aquic brown soil

A field investigation was conducted at the Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology to study the vertical distribution of nematode communities down to a depth of 150 cm under four land use types (paddy field, maize field, fallow field and woodland) in an aquic brown soil of Northeast China. The results showed that the numbers of total nematodes and trophic groups exhibited a gradual decrease trend with depth under different land use types. The numbers of total nematodes, bacterivores, fungivores, and plant parasites were positively correlated with the contents of TOC, total N, and alkali N in the four land use types. The majority of nematodes were present in the 0–30 cm soil layers. No significant effects were found on the number of total nematodes at all depths among the maize field, fallow field and woodland. Bacterivores were found to be the most abundant group in the paddy field, while plant parasites were observed to be the most abundant group in the maize field, fallow field and woodland. The number of fungivores at the depths of 0–5 and 5–10 cm was higher in the maize field than in the other land use types. Omnivores-predators were found in relatively low numbers under each land use type, with a higher presence in the fallow field and woodland at the depths of 0–5, 5–10, 10–20 cm compared with the paddy and maize fields. 54 genera were observed throughout the four land use types in our study. The woodland treatment supporting greater basal resource inputs tended to result in a higher diversity of nematodes. The number of genera reached a maximum at the depth of 5–10 cm under each land use type. The faunal profiles showed that soil food webs in the fallow field and woodland were structured, and those in the paddy and maize fields were stressed. The faunal analysis provided a useful tool for diagnostic interpretation of the condition of upper soil layers.     

不同利用方式对棕壤有机碳垂直分布的影响

采用野外采样和室内分析的方法研究了林地、园地、耕地3种利用方式对典型棕壤总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)及重组有机碳(HFOC)在0～20 cm、20～40 cm、40～60 cm 3层次中垂直分布的影响。结果表明,与林地相比,园地和耕地各层次的TOC含量和储量均显著下降;其分布份额和分布比则为园地中、下层略向上层转移,耕地则明显向中、下层转移。3种利用方式下POC的相对数量均随土层加深而递减,林地开垦为园地和耕地后,POC的相对数量仅在园地上、中层显著降低,分别减少6.67和1.70个百分点,而耕地则各层次均显著降低,其相对数量分别减少13.65、5.43和3.03个百分点;HFOC的相对数量随干预强度和土层深度增加而增大,耕地和园地比林地分别高出:上层5.77和4.00个百分点、中层10.44和6.40个百分点、下层7.35和3.92个百分点,且差异均显著。因此,将林地棕壤开垦为园地或耕地后应注重有机物料的投入,以减缓因开垦对有机碳所造成的损失和不尽合理的分布状况。     

不同土地利用方式对棕壤有机氮组分及其剖面分布的影响

研究了典型棕壤不同土地利用方式对有机氮组分及剖面分布的影响。结果表明,三种利用方式对耕层(020.cm)有机氮各组分影响最大。有机氮各组分含量总体趋势为林地柞树林地耕地,林地与柞树林地有机氮组分都是随剖面的加深而降低且基本达显著水平,耕地有机氮各组分在剖面中分布则明显不同。三种利用方式下土壤有机氮组分均以酸解性氮占主体,其占全氮的比例随利用程度的加强和剖面的加深而降低,非酸解性氮则相反。有机氮各组分占酸解氮的比例林地与柞树林地相同,均为氨基酸氮酸解未知态氮酸解氨态氮氨基糖氮;耕地为酸解未知态氮氨基酸态氮酸解氨态氮氨基糖态氮,其中酸解氨态氮的比例在040.cm土层明显高于林地、柞树林地。     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

宁夏黄土区不同植物群落土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响

本文研究了宁夏南部山区典型植物群落土地不同利用方式下土壤质量的变化。结果表明:（1）典型长芒草群落土地,开垦地比封禁地土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾养分含量明显降低,降低幅度分别为19.5%、20.1%、17.6%、13.0%、77.8% 和47.5%。脲酶活性为开垦地封禁地,蔗糖酶则表现为封禁地开垦地,中性磷酸酶差异不明显。（2）铁杆蒿群落土地三种利用方式下:放牧地土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效钾等养分含量较封禁地与开垦地有一定幅度的增加;放牧地的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和中性磷酸酶活性均高于封禁和开垦的同土层土壤,封禁地的脲酶和蔗糖酶次之,开垦地的脲酶和蔗糖酶活性最小,开垦地的中性磷酸酶活性高于封禁地。脲酶活性在土层之间变化较小,最高为放牧地表层177.6 mg/(kg.h),最低为开垦地表下层114.5 mg/(kg#8226;h),蔗糖酶活性层次之间变化明显,其中放牧地表层为表下层的3倍左右。长芒草群落土壤表层各级微团聚体表现为封禁地远大于开垦地,铁杆蒿群落土地不同利用方式下各级微团聚体表现不同,结构系数表现为表层表下层,保持率则为表层表下层。结构系数与保持率均表现为封禁地放牧地开垦地。（3）在轻度放牧条件下,土壤养分状况、酶活性有所提高,但土壤微团聚体中的结构系数与保持率则明显降低。     

省域土壤有机碳空间分布的主控因子——土壤类型与土地利用比较

基于河北省第二次全国土壤普查数据,运用方差分析和回归分析对比了河北省土壤类型和一级土地利用类型对0～20 cm深土壤有机碳空间分布的影响,探讨了省域土壤有机碳空间分布的主控因子。研究结果表明,土壤类型和土地利用是河北省表层土壤有机碳密度空间分布的重要影响因子。其中土壤类型对土壤有机碳密度空间分布的影响与土壤分类级别相关,土壤分类级别越低,对土壤有机碳密度空间变异的反映能力越大。与土壤类型相比,土地利用对表层土壤有机碳密度空间分异的解释能力要大于土类,但小于亚类和土属。为此,在省域尺度对土壤有机碳密度进行区域预测和估算时应将土地利用和土壤类型结合起来作为土壤有机碳空间分布的主控因子,优先考虑土地利用后,在相同土地利用类型内再尽量以低级土壤分类进行空间预测或估算。     

Soil organic carbon as affected by land use in young and old reclaimed regions of a coastal estuary wetland,China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and selected soil properties were measured in fringe and ditch marshes and cropland of old and young reclaimed areas in a subtropical estuary in China in order to investigate the effects of land use and reclamation history on SOC. The results show that after the conversion of wetlands to cropland, a longer reclamation history (>20 yr) resulted in greater soil bulk density, salinity, clay and silt, and lower soil moisture, SOC and sand content, whereas a shorter reclamation history (<20 yr) induced smaller values for soil pH, moisture and sand. Ditch marshes had greater average SOC in the top 50 cm than fringe marshes and cropland. SOC decreased generally down soil profiles from 0 to 50 cm in depth, except for the obvious accumulation of SOC in deeper soils from old fringe and young ditch marshes. Ditch marshes had the greatest SOC densities in the top 50 cm in both regions compared to the other land uses. SOC densities in the top 50 cm were less in croplands than in fringe marshes in the young region, while there were no significant differences between them in the older one. Except for cropland, SOC densities in the top 50 cm of the fringe or ditch marshes in the old region were not significantly different from those in the young region. SOC in both regions was reduced by 13.53 × 10⁴ t (12.98%) in the top 50 cm of the marshes after conversion to cropland, whereas the regional SOC storage increased by 29.25 t when ditch marshes were included. The results from regression analysis show that bulk density and soil moisture significantly influenced SOC. The total SOC stored in both ditch marshes and croplands was higher compared to fringe marshes. The regional SOC storage in the top 50 cm was not reduced after reclamation due to C accumulation in the ditch marshes. The regional effects of cultural practices should be taken into account in devising strategies for managing soils in coastal wetlands, particularly in the developing world.