藏鸡与白来航、寿光鸡杂交F_1代生长性状的研究

利用藏鸡(Z)分别与白来航鸡(B)、寿光鸡(H)进行正、反杂交,观察杂交F1 代体型外貌的变化,并测定其生长性状。结果表明,藏鸡和白来航鸡正、反交组合F1 代的羽色主要表现为白色,藏鸡和寿光鸡正、反交组合F1 的羽色主要为黑色。藏鸡作父本,白来航鸡和寿光鸡作母本,可使后代的生长发育有同步的改善。采用Gompertz模型对杂交F1 的体重进行拟合分析,拟合度均达99.99%以上;拟合结果表明,藏鸡作父本的杂交F1 代的成熟体重和拐点体重均高于藏鸡作母本的杂交F1;而藏鸡作父本的杂交F1 代的拐点日龄稍晚于藏鸡作母本的相应组合。     

高海拔地区鸡胚发育关键因素研究

对藏鸡(T)、饲养在北京的藏鸡(TB)、矮小隐性白(D)、农大小型蛋鸡商品代种蛋(M)、寿光鸡(S)、藏鸡×矮小隐性白(TD)、藏鸡×寿光鸡(TS)7组种蛋在西藏林芝进行孵化研究,通过阶段死亡率、出雏率、失水率数据分析了影响高海拔地区胚胎发育的关键因素。结果表明胚胎本身的高原生活力是鸡蛋高海拔孵化主要因素,其次是蛋壳传导力。     

半番鸭及其亲本生长曲线拟合与杂种优势分析

实验测定了樱桃谷鸭、白羽番鸭、苏牧麻鸭、白羽番鸭♂×樱桃谷鸭♀(樱番鸭)、白羽番鸭♂×苏牧麻鸭♀(苏番鸭)早期体重数据,发现樱番鸭杂种优势率为12.8%,苏番鸭为22.04%。用Logistic、Von Bertalanffy和Gompertz3种非线性生长模型拟合其生长曲线,通过比较拟合优度、复相关指数和进行适合性χ2检验,发现Gompertz模型拟合效果最好。比较5组鸭Gompertz模型拟合参数,结果表明:在亲本鸭组中白羽番鸭初始重较樱桃谷鸭和苏牧麻鸭高,初始生长速度、最大周增重较这2个亲本组低,拐点时间也比其晚。2个杂交组最大周增重、成熟速度、极限体重、拐点体重、初始重和拐点时间都有很大提高,存在明显的杂种优势。     

藏猪体重非线性生长曲线分析

藏猪是我国青藏高原特有的高原型地方猪种,本研究用logistic、Gompertz和Richards模型拟合了藏猪体重生长曲线,并以成华猪为对照分析了藏猪的生长规律。结果表明logistic、Gompertz和Richards模型均适宜拟合藏猪和成华猪的生长曲线,其中Richards模型最好,Gompertz模型优于logistic模型。Richards模型拟合的藏猪极限体重为71.91kg,生长拐点为9.45月龄,最大生长速度为180.0g;说明藏猪存在体重小、生长速度慢、生长拐点迟等特点。     

藏猪体重非线性生长曲线分析

藏猪是我国青藏高原特有的高原型地方猪种,本研究用logistic、Gompertz和Richrds模型拟合了藏猪体重生长曲线,并以成华猪为对照分析了藏猪的生长规律.结果表明logistic、Gompertz和Richards模型均适宜拟合藏猪和成华猪的生长曲线,其中Richards模型最好,Gompertz模型优于logistic模型.Richrds模型拟合的藏猪极限体重为71.91kg,生长拐点为9.45月龄,最大生长速度为180.0g;说明藏猪存在体重小、生长速度慢、生长拐点迟等特点.     

正常型隐性白羽鸡早期生长发育规律研究

为了解正常型隐性白羽鸡早期生长发育规律,试验选取刚出生的正常型隐性白羽鸡进行饲养,测定0～7周龄的体重、体尺和组织学特性,并采用Logistic、Gompertz和Von Bertallanffy三种数学模型对正常型隐性白羽鸡的早期生长发育情况进行曲线拟合及分析。结果表明:正常型隐性白羽鸡的早期生长速度快,各周增重逐渐加快,7周龄体重可达1 104.7 g;三种生长曲线拟合模型均有很好的拟合效果,其中Logistic模型拟合度为0.994,Gompertz模型和Von Bertallanffy模型的拟合度均高达0.997;Gompertz模型拟合的拐点周龄(7.09周)、拐点体重(1 120.65 g)、极限体重(3 046.24 g)等指标与实测值符合。说明Gompertz模型的拟合效果最好,可用于对正常型隐性白羽鸡早期生长发育情况的预测和饲养效果评估。     

海拔对藏鸡及其杂交组合体重和屠宰性能的影响

为研究藏鸡及其杂交组合的肉用性能及其高海拔适应性,该试验测定了藏鸡(T)、矮小隐性白肉鸡(D)和藏鸡×矮小隐性白(TD)在低海拔和高海拔的体重、体型结构指数、屠宰性能和外貌性状。结果表明:高海拔环境明显降低鸡的体重、全净膛率、半净膛率和胸肌率;藏鸡体重和屠宰性能受高海拔环境影响较小,表现高海拔适应性;TD在高海拔适应性、体重和屠宰性能等性状上表现明显的杂种优势,是藏鸡肉用开发的良好杂交组合。     

海拔对藏鸡及其杂交组合体重和屠宰性能的影响

为研究藏鸡及其杂交组合的肉用性能及其高海拔适应性,该试验测定了藏鸡(T)、矮小隐性白肉鸡(D)和藏鸡×矮小隐性白(TD)在低海拔和高海拔的体重、体型结构指数、屠宰性能和外貌性状.结果表明:高海拔环境明显降低鸡的体重、全净膛率、半净膛率和胸肌率;藏鸡体重和屠宰性能受高海拔环境影响较小,表现高海拔适应性;TD在高海拔适应性、体重和屠宰性能等性状上表现明显的杂种优势,是藏鸡肉用开发的良好杂交组合.     

萨索鸡、涟水土鸡及其杂交F1代生长曲线的拟合分析

为了研究萨索鸡,涟水土鸡及其杂交F1代(萨索鸡♂×涟水土鸡♀)的生长发育规律,为其科学饲养管理及后期选育提供理论依据,本试验测定了萨索鸡,涟水土鸡及其杂交F1代(萨索鸡♂×涟水土鸡♀)0~12周体重数据,利用Logistic、Von Bertalanffy和Gompertz三种非线性生长模型拟合其生长曲线,并比较各生长模型的拟合效果。结果显示,3种模型均能较好地拟合三个群体的生长曲线(R20.99),但综合考虑拟合度和E值及成熟体重后发现,Gompertz模型拟合效果最佳;萨索鸡、涟水土鸡及其杂交F1代相比,具有较大的出雏重,成熟体重、拐点体重、最大周增重、绝对生长速度和相对生长速度,杂交鸡的成熟体重、拐点体重、最大周增重、绝对生长速度和相对生长速度比涟水土鸡都有很大幅度的提高,拐点时间也有提前,显著优于涟水土鸡。Gompertz模型对三个群体的的拟合效果最佳,杂交F1代的生长性能与涟水土鸡相比具有较大幅度的提高。     

高海拔地区隐性白羽肉鸡生长曲线的拟合与分析

试验测定了隐性白羽肉鸡在高海拔饲养环境中2～20周龄的体重和胫长,用logistic、Gompertz模型拟合了生长曲线。结果表明隐性白羽肉鸡体重和胫长生长受高海拔环境抑制,logistic和Gompertz模型都适宜拟合隐性白羽肉鸡在高海拔体重和胫长的生长过程,拟合度高,其中logistic模型优于Gompertz模型。隐性白羽公鸡比母鸡有较高的成年体重、拐点体重、绝对生长速度和相对生长速度。     

Disease and destiny-mystery and mastery

When early people made their appearance, zoonotic infectious diseases were already waiting, but epidemic diseases did not appear in human history until people began to live in large numbers under conditions of close contact, mainly during the last 10,000 years. Disease has decimated urban populations, conquered armies, and disrupted society. The focus here is on (1) the plague of Athens and the Black Death; (2) smallpox, influenza, and rabies; (3) avian influenza prion diseases, and foot & mouth disease; and (4) emerging and re-emerging diseases. All have veterinary public health associations. In Athens, Greece, in 430 BC, when the Spartans ravaged the countryside, hordes crowded into Athens so that orderly movements, space in which to live, and adequate supplies of food became impossible. Crowding of any population fosters disease transmission; chaos and disorder enhance it all the more. Out of northern Egypt came a terrible plague from across the Mediterranean Sea. The identity of the plague of Athens remains unsure, but the well-considered conclusion is Rift Valley Fever, a mosquito borne, viral zoonosis. The Black Death, also called the Plague, raged in Asia for centuries. In 1347, the Black Death was brought by a ship out of Asia to Sicily. The scenes of devastation were repeated throughout Europe, with 90% or more of the people dying in city after city. Influenza, too, has been a cause of periodic human epidemics, but the great pandemic of influenza occurred in the last months of World War I. In the years of highest occurrence, more than half the world's population became clinically infected. If veterinary public health had been born earlier, it could have led to elucidating the epidemiology of influenza and the plagues of Athens, Europe, and Asia. In turn, smallpox had also caused continual tragedy. In 1796, Edward Jenner began to harvest pustules of cowpox from children or infected cows and inject them into susceptible children. In 1980, the World Health Organization declared that smallpox had been eliminated from the world. Rabies, though, still strikes terror. A number of animal diseases, broadly termed emerging and re-emerging diseases, need surveillance because they have the potential to impact human health. From late in 2003 to 2007, the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in poultry infected at least 121 people and caused 62 deaths in four countries. The prion diseases, too, all have very high numbers in concentrated contacts. To control these diseases, veterinary public health is essential, with diagnosis, epidemiological surveillance, clinical manifestations, and prevention as primary measures.     

Foot and mouth disease and bluetongue: differences and similarities

On 26th of july 2007 a new case of bluetongue was notified in the Netherlands and on 2nd of august 2007 foot-and-mouth disease was diagnosed in Surrey, England, which raised the threat of having both infections simultaniously in one area. Bluetongue and foot-and-mouth disease have a different pathogenesis, but symptoms may resemble each other at a later stage of infection. The pathogenesis and possible clinical symptoms of both infections are discussed and illustrated with pictures.     

德国荷兰畜禽产品质量安全交流与启示

2018年岁末,笔者有幸赴德国和荷兰,就畜产品质量安全控制及检测技术等进行了短期交流,收获颇丰,现具体介绍如下。一、交流情况德国面积35.73万平方千米,人口约8175.2万,是欧盟人口最多的国家,农业发达,机械化程度很高。德国的畜牧业以猪、牛、羊和禽类为主,畜牧业产值占农业生产总值的61%。德国虽然农业比重很小,但却是有机农业运动最早的发起国,也是目前世界上有机农产品生产与消费大国。     

奶牛肢蹄病及其防治

简介常见奶牛肢蹄病种类及其症状,从日粮营养、运动场地面结构、环境卫生、饲养管理、遗传育种、疾病管理等方面简析奶牛肢蹄病的病因,并提出相应的预防措施。     

畜禽物种多样性及其保护和利用

文章就我国畜禽物种多样性资源的现状、保护和利用等方面进行阐述,为生态脆弱的喀斯特地区畜牧业可持续发展提供参考。     

马的咽气癖及其防制措施研究进展

在动物的异常行为中以刻板行为最为常见,而咽气癖又是马最常见的口部刻板行为之一。作者就咽气癖在生理方面和心智方面对马体产生的影响、行为基础、诱因的研究进展及常见的防治措施进行综述。     

牛羊焦虫病诊断与防治技术

近几年来,辽宁省牛羊饲养业迅速发展,焦虫病的危害越来越明显,已成为危害牛羊的主要疾病之一。为了提高牛羊焦虫病的防治水平,保证我省牛羊饲养业的健康发展,笔者在参阅文献和同行们诊疗经验的基础上,结合自己的治疗实践,详细阐述了我省牛羊焦虫病近几年的流行特点和诊断防治方法。     

国内外蛋氨酸与赖氨酸市场分析与展望

近几年,世界饲用添加剂市场增长较快,预计今后将进一步增长,据世界粮农组织(FAO)首领会议的倡议,到2015年,将使世界营养不良的人口削减一半,其间,肉制品将会以每年2％的速度增长,特别是加快猪肉和禽肉增长。这将促进世界添加剂,尤其是蛋氨酸和赖氨酸需求量的增加。