如何进行奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗的合理评估

奶牛乳房炎是造成全球奶业经济损失的主要原因,而金黄色葡萄球菌是最主要的病原菌。本文系统、直观地对研究奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗的科研结论进行量化总结和评估,目的是为奶牛乳房炎疫苗的研发提供新思路,为设计合理的奶牛乳房炎疫苗给动物评估试验方案提供科学依据。本文在Pubmed、Science数据库和CNKI数据库对＂奶牛乳房炎疫苗＂类的文章进行了合理的电子检索,然后对细菌疫苗、细菌类毒素疫苗、DNA-重组蛋白疫苗、单一的重组蛋白疫苗等方面的科研论文从试验设计、方法、疫苗类型和研究结果 4个方面进行了全面的分析。结果表明,采用DNA、重组蛋白新技术的疫苗和传统的细菌疫苗已取得良好效果,疫苗可以成为预防和控制金黄色葡萄球菌性奶牛乳房炎的最好或最有前景的一种途径。但是研究方法差异和双盲试验的缺乏阻碍对疫苗效果的合理评估。     

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌黏附素疫苗的研究进展

奶牛乳房炎不仅是影响乳品工业经济效益的主要疾病之一,而且还危害到公共卫生和人类健康。金黄色葡萄球菌是引起奶牛乳房炎的主要病原,由于金黄色葡萄球菌具有细胞内定植和对抗生素极易产生耐药性的特点,使得用抗生素治疗的效果越来越差,因此使用疫苗进行防制就成为首选。大量研究证实,金黄色葡萄球菌的黏附素识别并特异性的结合到组织、细胞的特定分子上是感染的关键,因此,阻断细菌的黏附和在黏膜表面的定植,可能是预防感染最有效的策略,为奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌性乳房炎疫苗的研制提供了新的途径。     

奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌乳房炎菌苗佐剂研究现状

金黄色葡萄球菌是引起奶牛乳房炎的重要致病菌。近年来 ,科学工作者对于预防奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌乳房炎的疫苗进行了大量研究 ,但由于金黄色葡萄球菌存在着荚膜的原因 ,疫苗效果不理想 ,需要佐剂提高疫苗的免疫原性。目前研究的佐剂主要有弗氏佐剂、氢氧化铝、细胞因子、微球、人参提取物及其皂甙Rb1等。其中弗氏佐剂、氢氧化铝容易引起局部副作用使其应用受到限制 ,而细胞因子、微球和人参皂甙等佐剂因其效果确实 ,安全性好值得应用推广。     

奶牛乳腺炎金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗研究进展

奶牛乳腺炎是由多种因素引起的严重影响奶牛业发展的重要疾病,金黄色葡萄球菌是引起奶牛乳腺炎的主要病原,至今还没有有效的方法预防金黄色葡萄球菌所致的乳腺炎.虽然已经研制了许多金黄色葡萄球茵疫苗,但是试验表明,这些疫苗的免疫效果并不理想,因此仍将继续搜索有效疫苗.目前,亚单位疫苗和DNA疫苗成为研究热点,研究集中在金黄色葡萄球茵的表面抗原上.利用金黄色葡萄球茵分泌的免疫原性蛋白而制成的疫苗可能具有高免疫效力,这些抗原将成为高效疫苗的候选者.同时,应用低毒的金黄色葡萄球菌突变株,也可能成为预防乳房炎的一种新工具.     

奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌性乳房炎研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是对世界奶牛业造成经济损失最大的疾病之一,它不仅直接导致乳品工业的经济损失,而且由于患乳房炎的奶牛其乳汁中经常含有大量的毒素、病原微生物以及治疗后残留的抗生素,使得该病日益引起公众的关注。金黄色葡萄球菌是奶牛乳房炎的主要病原,由于其极易产生耐药性,使得治疗变得相当困难,因此使用预防或治疗性疫苗防治乳房炎就成为首选。金黄色葡萄球菌对上皮细胞的黏附和侵袭力被认为是奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌性乳房炎的主要致病机制,金黄色葡萄球菌的致病力涉及到许多不同的毒力因子,如黏附素、荚膜、各种毒素和酶类等。研究表明,以这些毒力因子为靶位进行疫苗研究,可能是预防奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌性乳房炎的有效途径。     

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌黏附素研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌的黏附素是其引起奶牛乳房炎的关键因素之一,与金黄色葡萄球菌在奶牛乳房中定植有关的的黏附素主要是ClfA、FnBPA和FnBPB3种。曾有对金黄色葡萄球菌黏附素表达调控的研究发现,在金黄色葡萄球菌感染的早期主要表达黏附素,之后才表达毒素和荚膜,所以人们认为,对金黄色葡萄球菌的黏附进行干预,可以减少或阻止毒素和荚膜的表达,而以黏附素作为靶位进行疫苗研制可能是预防奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌性乳房炎的有效途径。国外对金黄色葡萄球菌的黏附素的研究历史相对较久,并且也取得了许多可喜成绩,而国内对金黄色葡萄球菌的研究相对滞后。因此,研究金黄色葡萄球菌黏附素对预防由金黄色葡萄球菌引起的奶牛乳房炎具有广阔的前景。     

金黄色葡萄球菌FnBPA D基因片段的表达

金黄色葡萄球菌是引起奶牛乳腺炎的主要传染性病原菌.本实验采用分子克隆及蛋白表达技术,成功的表达了金黄色葡萄球菌纤维素结合蛋白A(FnBPA)D片段并对其免疫学活性进行了初步研究.表达产物免疫实验动物后,获得较高效价的抗体.用制备血清进行吞噬调理试验,抗金黄色葡萄球菌黏附等一系列试验,证明 抗体对金黄色葡萄球菌具有吞噬调理作用,也有抗金黄色葡萄球菌黏附的作用,这将为制备奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌黏附素疫苗奠定基础.     

奶牛乳房炎疫苗研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛乳腺组织炎症，主要为乳腺组织感染病原微生物所致，是奶牛的常见病、多发病。引起奶牛乳房炎的致病菌约为一百五十多种，以金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌和大肠杆菌为主，约占整个奶牛乳房炎病例的９０％以上。利用疫苗来控制传染性疾病是一种经典的预防手段。利用疫苗防治奶牛乳房炎有很多优点：首先，没有乳汁残留问题；其次，疫苗有助于降低乳腺感染的严重程度，控制亚临床型乳房炎；最后是操作简便，费用低廉。１ 金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗、在乳房炎致病菌中金黄色葡萄球菌在最为广泛，在乳腺组织防御系统中，中性粒细胞对金黄色…     

内蒙古地区乳源金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素基因的分布

为了了解内蒙古地区金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素基因的分布状况,并为评估金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素的污染风险和研制金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗提供基础资料,试验采用PCR方法,对2015年从内蒙古地区临床型奶牛乳房炎乳样中分离的121株金黄色葡萄球菌进行16种肠毒素基因的检测。结果表明:121株金黄色葡萄球菌全部携带肠毒素基因,其中携带比例较高的是sei、selm和selj基因,分别为121株(100%)、81株(66.94%)和64株(52.89%),未检测到see、selo和selp基因。携带传统肠毒素基因(sea-see)的有59株(48.76%),携带新型肠毒素基因(seg-selq)的有121株(100%)。同时携带2种及2种以上肠毒素毒基因的有118株(97.52%),组合也很复杂。说明内蒙古地区的奶牛场存在着很大的金黄色葡萄球菌安全隐患,防治较为困难。     

金黄色葡萄球菌性奶牛乳房炎多价疫苗的研制和免疫效果评价

为研制用于预防金黄色葡萄球菌性奶牛乳房炎的免疫疫苗,使用4株血清型为外膜多糖336型(336PS)、荚膜多糖5型(CP5)和荚膜多糖8型(CP8)强毒力金黄色葡萄球菌试制出金黄色葡萄球菌多价疫苗,并通过抗体水平监测、攻毒保护试验以及两个牧场的田间试验对免疫效果进行了评价。抗体水平监测显示,首免后30 d即可产生较高的抗体水平,二次免疫后有效抗体水平可持续到产后210 d;人工攻毒保护试验显示,疫苗对金黄色葡萄球菌引起的临床型乳房炎的保护率为89%;田间试验结果表明,该疫苗对奶牛临床型乳房炎的保护率在75.2%～83.3%之间,对隐性乳房炎的保护率在49.9%～52.2%之间,免疫组日产奶量较对照组平均提高1.26 kg以上。上述结果表明,所试制的疫苗可以显著降低泌乳牛金黄色葡萄球菌引起的临床型和隐性乳房炎发病率并提高产奶量。     

Fractures of the tibial malleoli

Fractures of the tibial malleoli are relatively uncommon injuries, and most frequently affect the lateral malleolus. They most commonly occur following falls. The tibial malleoli have extensive collateral ligament attachments, and this is likely to contribute to fracture pathogenesis. Although most fractures are best managed by surgical removal, large fractures should be repaired as removal may result in tarsal instability. Arthroscopic removal has recently become the standard of care for most fractures, and good results can be expected following surgery.     

统筹重庆教育资源分配促进教育事业公平发展

在城乡统筹的进程中,最首要也是最困难的问题之一就是实现教育资源的公平分配。文中在对重庆市现行教育资源分配现状调查的基础上,提出了统筹重庆教育资源分配,促进教育事业公平发展的对策。     

Feline scratching and destruction and the effects of declawing

Scratching is an inherited, normal behavior in cats that is used as a visual and olfactory territorial mark and as a stretching exercise for the forelegs. In addition, it serves to condition the claws by removing the old, worn-out external sheath and exposing the healthy, new claw. When scratching occurs indoors, it often is disruptive and undesirable unless it can be directed to an acceptable object such as a scratching post. During playing, jumping, climbing, and aggressive displays, cats also may injure people with their claws. With appropriate behavior modification techniques, most undesirable scratching can be prevented or eliminated. Although somewhat controversial, declawing is another alternative for those owners who are unwilling or unable to control the undesirable scratching. Declawing can successfully correct most scratching problems with no adverse behavioral effects; in fact, most owners of declawed cats indicate that there is an improved relationship (bonding) between cat and owner. On the other hand, declawing is often unnecessary, because appropriate behavior modification techniques can be used to correct most scratching problems successfully.     

Validation of candidate bovine reference genes for use with real-time PCR

Accurate quantification with real-time PCR requires the use of stable endogenous controls. Recently, there has been much debate concerning the stability of commonly used reference or housekeeping genes. To address this concern, a number of statistical approaches have been designed to analyse data and assist in determining the most appropriate reference genes for experimental comparisons. In this study, three programs, BestKeeper, Norm Finder, and geNorm were used to assess four candidate reference genes: 18S rRNA, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), acidic ribosomal protein large (RPLP0) and beta-actin, for use in expression profiling of individuals from divergent cattle genotypes subject to parasitic challenge with the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. Results demonstrated beta-actin and GAPDH were the most suitable reference genes in blood and could be used either individually or combined as an index to normalise data. RPLP0 was identified as the least stable gene, while 18S rRNA was omitted as being too highly expressed. As the recommendations on the most suitable reference genes varied between the programs, it is recommended that more than one should be utilised, to ensure the most robust experimental tools are selected.     

Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XLII. Helminths of sheep on four farms in the Eastern Cape Province

At monthly intervals for periods ranging from 9 to 25 consecutive months between three and four Merino yearling-sheep and two Merino lambs on three farms in Eastern Cape Thornveld, and two Dorper yearling-sheep on a farm in Valley Bushveld were slaughtered and examined for helminths. The Merino sheep were infected with 15 nematode species, of which Haemonchus contortus, Nematodirus spathiger and Trichostrongylus spp. were the most numerous, and with four cestode species. The Dorper sheep were infected with 17 nematode species, of which Trichostrongylus rugafus and N. spathiger were the most numerous, and with two cestode species. Haemonchus contortus was most numerous in older sheep during the summer months and exhibited no tendency to over-winter as arrested fourth stage larvae. The largest numbers of N. spathiger were present in sheep on the most coastally located of the farms during autumn and winter; on a farm further inland during spring; and on an inland farm in Valley Bushveld during spring and summer. As Merino lambs progressed from birth to 9 months of age a larger proportion of their dwindling burdens of N. spathiger was present as fourth stage larvae. Dorper sheep in Valley Bushveld harboured most Teladorsagia circumcincta in May and from October to January. Trichostrongylus rugatus was most numerous in Merino sheep on one of the Thornveld farms during September, whereas all Trichostrongylus spp., including T. rugatus, were most numerous in Dorper sheep on the Valley Bushveld farm during January.     

Estimating the risk of importation of foot-and-mouth disease into Europe

The opinions of a number of recognised world experts on foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) were sought in order to answer key questions relating to the importation of the disease into European countries from countries outside Europe. In addition, their opinions were sought on where in Europe a primary outbreak of FMD was most likely to occur and the number of outbreaks likely to occur within European countries in the next five years. The Balkans group of countries was considered to be the most likely group within Europe to have a primary outbreak of FMD and also most likely to have the highest number of primary outbreaks. Turkey was considered to be the country outside Europe which was most likely to be the source of an outbreak within Europe as a whole, and the illegal importation of livestock was considered to be the most likely route of introduction of FMD into Europe. Results specific to the Islands group of countries, which included the UK and Ireland, suggested that this group was likely to have a mean of one primary outbreak of FMD in the five years from September 2000, and that the importation of foodstuffs by people entering those countries from Turkey was the most likely source of an outbreak.     

家畜体内防御素多态性和表达的研究进展

抗菌肽可抵御细菌、病毒和真菌的入侵,在人类和家畜的先天性防御系统中具有重要的作用,是有望用于预防和治疗的药物,因此,抗菌肽被称为"新一代的抗生素"。抗菌肽是一个阳离子肽,其中的一个大家族就是防御素。防御素的结构中普通带有一个β-片状结构,其中包含3个分子内二硫键,可分为α-防御素、β-防御素和θ-防御素,其中β-防御素是最大的一个家族,在人类和家畜的组织内均有表达。结合已有的研究成果,作者主要对家畜体内防御素的表达、多态性及其作为健康和生产性能的遗传标记的潜在应用作一综述。     

The Impact of Animal Disease on Human Health and Welfare

Animal diseases are of considerable importance to human welfare both as a cause of illness in man and as a factor in reducing the food potential of the world. Perhaps the most important factor affecting the less developed areas is malnutrition and, while explosive epidemics among animals are of great importance, the most important sources of losses are the chronic, sub-acute or sub-clinical infections, especially those caused by the parasitic worms.     

Etiology and pathogenesis of osteochondrosis

Osteochondrosis is a common and clinically important joint disorder that occurs in human beings and in multiple animal species, most commonly pigs, horses, and dogs. This disorder is defined as a focal disturbance of enchondral ossification and is regarded as having a multifactorial etiology, with no single factor accounting for all aspects of the disease. The most commonly cited etiologic factors are heredity, rapid growth, anatomic conformation, trauma, and dietary imbalances; however, only heredity and anatomic conformation are well supported by the scientific literature. The way in which the disease is initiated has been debated. Although formation of a fragile cartilage, failure of chondrocyte differentiation, subchondral bone necrosis, and failure of blood supply to the growth cartilage all have been proposed as the initial step in the pathogenesis, the recent literature strongly supports failure of blood supply to growth cartilage as being the most likely. The term osteochondrosis has been used to describe a wide range of different lesions among different species. We suggest a refinement of this terminology to include the modifiers latens (lesion confined to epiphyseal cartilage), manifesta (lesion accompanied by delay in endochondral ossification), and dissecans (cleft formation through articular cartilage). The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the disease, focusing on the most commonly cited theories, recent research findings, and our own views regarding the etiology and pathogenesis of osteochondrosis, in order to provide a better understanding of this apparently complex disease.     

Antimicrobic susceptibility of bacterial pathogens from horses

Rational choice of an antimicrobial agent requires that the condition for which the drug is prescribed contain an infectious agent and, if so, knowledge of the susceptibility of the microorganism to antimicrobial drugs. Unfortunately, most infectious conditions necessitate the use of an antimicrobic drug before data from the microbiology laboratory are available. The data presented are meant to serve as a guide in the choice of antimicrobic drugs for treatment of infectious processes of the horse before knowledge of the nature of the microorganism isolated as well as its susceptibility to antimicrobic agents. What has been presented are the most commonly isolated microorganisms together with their susceptibility to antimicrobic drugs.