剪切乳化辅助酶法提取咖啡果皮可溶性膳食纤维

本文以咖啡果皮为原料,优化剪切乳化辅助酶法提取可溶性膳食纤维的工艺条件。在单因素实验基础上,采用Plackett-Burman（PB）设计筛选出显著影响咖啡果皮可溶性膳食纤维提取得率的因素,包括剪切时间、酶解时间、酶解温度和酶解pH;采用中心组合试验设计及响应面法,得到最佳提取工艺条件为固液比1∶30（g/mL）、剪切速率7000 r/min、酶添加量0.2%、剪切时间24.0 min、酶解pH 4.90、酶解温度57.0 ℃、酶解时间1.96 h,在此条件下咖啡果皮可溶性膳食纤维提取率为13.96%,与理论预测值14.00%之间无显著性差异。本研究可为咖啡果皮的高值化利用和功能产品研发提供理论支撑。     

菠萝渣可溶性膳食纤维的提取工艺优化和功能特性分析

通过单因素及正交试验优化纤维素酶法提取菠萝渣中可溶性膳食纤维的工艺条件,并对产品的功能特性进行分析。结果表明:纤维素酶法提取的较佳提取工艺为:蒸馏水(V)∶菠萝渣粉(m)=20(mL)∶1(g),纤维素酶添加量为30 U/g,pH4.8,温度40℃酶解2.0 h,在此工艺条件制备可溶性膳食纤维得率为(7.12±0.02)%,其持水力与溶胀力分别为(35.81±0.04)g/g和(73.50±0.12)mL/g。     

菠萝皮可溶性膳食纤维提取工艺的研究

为了提高菠萝的综合利用水平,以菠萝皮为原料,采用纤维素酶水解法从菠萝皮中提取可溶性膳食纤维,以单因素试验为基础,对正交试验的工艺参数进行优化。结果表明：菠萝皮可溶性膳食纤维最佳的提取工艺条件为：纤维素酶浓度0.7％、料液比1 ∶ 30、酶解温度60 ℃、浸提4次、pH 5.6、酶解时间75 min;在此工艺条件下,可溶性膳食纤维的提取率可达23.89％;膳食纤维的持水力为11.86 g/g,溶胀性为15.5 mL/g,持油力6.94 g/g。此结果表明菠萝皮膳食纤维具有良好的理化性能。     

碱法提取夏枯草膳食纤维的工艺优化及其性能测定

以夏枯草残渣为原料，研究碱液浸提法制备不溶性膳食纤维和可溶性膳食纤维的工艺流程，并对膳食纤维的性能进行测定。考察料液比、碱液质量浓度、提取温度及时间对提取率的影响。正交试验优化出的最优工艺条件为：料液比1∶20、碱液质量浓度15 mg/mL、水解时间2.5 h、提取温度40℃。在此条件下，不溶性膳食纤维的提取率为60%，可溶性膳食纤维的提取率为13.55%。性能测定结果显示：不溶性膳食纤维的持水力为7.27 g/g，膨胀力为17.33 mL/g；在胃环境(pH 2)和肠道环境(pH 7)中，可溶性膳食纤维     

麒麟藻渣制备膳食纤维工艺研究

以提取卡拉胶后的麒麟藻废渣为原料,利用木瓜蛋白酶和α-淀粉酶对粗纤维进行酶解,制备膳食纤维。正交试验优化提取工艺,得出最佳工艺条件为：料液比为1∶30,时间1.5 h,温度为65℃,蛋白酶用量为0.35%、α-淀粉酶用量为1.5%,膳食纤维得率为35.58%。按照最佳工艺条件提取的麒麟藻渣膳食纤维,膨胀力10.93 mL/g,持水力721.72%。     

百香果果皮主要有效成分连续提取工艺

百香果是西番莲科西番莲属的芳香热带水果,其果皮约占鲜果的55%,富含膳食纤维、维生素、花色苷及果胶等多种有效成分,加强对百香果皮的产业化利用具有重要的环境价值和商业潜力。为充分利用百香果皮资源,提高百香果皮有效成分的利用率,先后采用微波辅助、超声波辅助和微生物发酵技术,从百香果皮中提取果胶、花色苷和膳食纤维等有效成分,通过单因素试验和响应面分析对提取过程的各阶段关键环节进行优化。结果表明：百香果果皮中果胶最佳提取条件为液料比65∶1(mL/g)、pH 2.5、微波功率450 W、微波时间5.0 min;从提取果胶后的滤渣中提取花色苷的最佳提取条件为乙醇浓度50%,液料比60∶1(mL/g),pH 3.5,超声功率550 W,超声时间35 min;从提取果胶和花色苷后的百香果皮渣中提取膳食纤维最佳提取条件为液料比12.5∶1(mL/g),接种量5.0%,发酵温度35℃,发酵时间20 h,在此工艺条件下,百香果皮中果胶、花色苷和膳食纤维的得率分别为12.45%±0.06%、1.21%±0.03%和55.56%±0.05%。联产工艺中,花色苷、膳食纤维的得率虽然与单产相比分别减少了15.39...     

可可膳食纤维的制备工艺及物理特性研究

以可可果皮为原料，采用酸水解法提取水溶性膳食纤维和水不溶性膳食纤维。结果表明，可可水溶性膳食纤维的最佳提取工艺为：料液比为1∶30，水浴温度90℃，pH 2.0，提取时间30 min，得率为25.19%。可可膳食纤维总得率达57.99%，不溶性膳食纤维的持水力为5.23 g/g，溶胀性为11.42 mL/g。     

咖啡果皮与不同来源可溶性膳食纤维结构及性质比较研究

本研究以咖啡果皮可溶性膳食纤维（CPSDF）与大豆、菊粉、大枣、燕麦、芹菜5种市售可溶性膳食纤维为原料，系统分析了6种可溶性膳食纤维的粒径、单糖组成、微观结构、理化性质及功能特性。结果表明：CPSDF的粒径分布较宽，均一性弱于其余5种可溶性膳食纤维，共检测出10种单糖组分；红外光谱和扫描电镜结果表明，不同来源可溶性膳食纤维具有相似的光谱分布，但特征波段的强度略有不同，且微观结构也有差异。X-射线衍射和热重分析表明，6种样品结晶度不同，CPSDF结晶度最小（38.84%），但其热稳定性优于其他5种样品。CPSDF的持油性为(2.18±0.03)mg/g，与其余5种膳食纤维样品无显著差异；CPSDF的溶解性为90.9%，低于其余5种可溶性膳食纤维样品；CPSDF的亚硝酸盐吸附能力显著优于其他5种样品，吸附量为7.93 mg/g。本研究结果可为咖啡果皮的开发利用提供理论基础，为咖啡果皮可溶性膳食纤维的高值化利用提供理论支撑。     

王草中水不溶性膳食纤维制备工艺研究

为提高王草综合利用水平,以王草为原料,采用化学水解法制备王草水不溶性膳食纤维,并探讨过氧化氢对其漂白效果的影响,测定其理化性质。结果表明,王草水不溶性膳食纤维最佳提取工艺条件为:提取温度55℃,NaOH质量浓度40g/L,提取时间120 min。该条件下提取率最高达到46.52%;最佳漂白工艺为过氧化氢浓度40 mL/L,时间2 h,温度50℃,pH值为9;王草水不溶性膳食纤维的膨胀力4.26 mL/g,持水力5.64 g/g。     

超声辅助低共熔溶剂制备咖啡果皮可溶性膳食纤维

为进一步探索制备咖啡果皮中可溶性膳食纤维的绿色新方法。本研究建立了一种省时、高效、环保的超声辅助低共熔溶剂（UAE-DESs）制备咖啡果皮可溶性膳食纤维（SDF）的方法,并通过单因素试验和响应面试验优化了其工艺参数。采用加热法制备了8种氯化胆碱基的DESs作为提取溶剂,并与传统水提法作对比。结果表明：氯化胆碱与尿素摩尔比为1∶2的DES体系制备的咖啡果皮SDF得率最高,为10.10%±0.11%,显著高于传统水提法（6.50%±0.22%）。通过单因素实验,探讨了DES组成（摩尔比、含水量、液固比）和超声波处理（超声功率、超声时间）对咖啡果皮SDF得率的影响。在此基础上,采用响应面法（RSM）结合Box-Behnken设计（BBD）对SDF得率进行优化,考察DES含水量、液固比、超声功率和超声时间对SDF得率的影响。根据RSM的优化结果,确定最佳制备条件为：DES含水量为39.91%,液固比为32.37 mL/g,超声功率为305.20 W,超声时间为33.80 min,在此条件下,咖啡果皮SDF得率最大,为10.74%±0.14%,与其预测值10.80%接近。因此,DES作为一种高效...     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).