轮叶黑藻对水产养殖污水净化效果研究

植物修复技术是处理水产养殖带来的污染问题的一种有效手段和途径．本文主要针对底栖水草-轮叶黑藻对水体富营养化污染指标的降解作用进行研究．通过分组对比试验测试了轮叶黑藻对富营养化污水的吸收降解效果。试验结果表明：1）试验结束时,种植轮叶黑藻水体中TN、NH4^＋-、NO3^--N、TP、PO4^3--P和CODcr的去除率分别为8．2％、68．8％、90．2％、81．9％、89．5％和48.2％：2）轮叶黑藻对水中各种形态氮（尤其硝态氮）的净化效果良好;3）对水中磷的净化效果明显。由此可见,轮叶黑藻在养殖水体污染控制与治理方面有广阔的应用前景,试验为应用轮叶黑藻修复受污染的养殖水体环境打下基础。     

嗜硫小红卵菌净化模拟海水养殖废水效果研究

本试验旨在探讨嗜硫小红卵菌净化海水养殖废水的效果。试验采用嗜硫小红卵菌处理分别添加了硫化钠、葡萄糖、氯化铵和亚硝酸钠的模拟海水养殖废水,处理10天后取样,检测海水中的S2-、COD、NH3-N和NO2-N的浓度。实验发现高浓度(107 cfu/m L)光照条件下的嗜硫小红卵菌对模拟水体中S2-的去除率可达到94.9%,对照组的去除率为68.6%,高浓度(107cfu/m L)黑暗条件下的嗜硫小红卵菌对COD的去除率可达到39.7%,对照组的去除率为13.1%。但对于NH3-N和NO2-N的浓度,实验组和对照组几乎没什么差别。因此,应根据嗜硫小红卵菌本身的特性有选择的净化废水。     

美人蕉与背角无齿蚌对水质净化效果的研究

在总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、叶绿素a(Chl a)分别为0.91、3.80、0.10 mg/L的水体中分别培养2.73 g/L美人蕉浮岛(A组)、8.77 g/L背角无齿蚌(B组)及2.66 g/L美人蕉浮岛+8.89 g/L背角无齿蚌(A+B组),并设置空白对照,以TP、TN、Chl a为监测指标,研究各实验组对水体水质的净化效果。结果表明,对TP的去除率依次为:A+B(83.27%)A(82.53%)B(71.51%)空白组(59.45%);对TN的去除率依次为:A+B(77.82%)A(72.77%)B(57.58%)空白组(31.68%);对Chl a的去除率依次为:A+B(99.53%)B(98.49%)A(96.16%)空白组(93.38%)。实验组对TP、TN、Chl a的去除率均显著(P0.05)高于空白组,美人蕉浮岛和背角无齿蚌搭配组对TP、TN、Chl a的去除效果最好,但对TP、TN的去除率均与单一移栽美人蕉的实验组间差异不显著(P0.05),而对Chl a的去除率与单一投加背角无齿蚌的实验组间差异不显著。实验结果表明,美人蕉对水体中氮磷的去除具有显著作用,背角无齿蚌对水体中藻类的去除具有显著作用,在富营养化水体的修复中美人蕉和背角无齿蚌的协同搭配能够加强水体中氮磷营养的循环,起到耦合强化净化能力的作用。     

蕹菜和水鳖对泥质与沙质底养殖水体的净化效果研究

为解决淡水池塘集约化投饲养殖水体的营养物质富集问题,采用围隔试验方法,研究了蕹菜(Ipomoea aquatica)和水鳖(Hydrocharis dubia)两种植物对泥质和沙质两种底质养殖水体的净化效果。研究发现:泥质底水体的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和总磷(TP)自净去除率显著低于沙质底,而泥质底水体的高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)自净去除率显著高于沙质底(P<0.05);不同底质水体中,两种植物对水体氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、总氮(TN)和CODMn的去除率显著高于相应对照组(P<0.05);12.5%与25.0%的水鳖处理对营养物质的去除率基本无显著差异(P>0.05),12.5%的蕹菜与水鳖处理组仅在泥质底水体中水鳖(MSBI)对氨氮的去除率显著小于蕹菜(MKC)以及MSBI对亚硝酸盐氮的去除率显著高于MKC(P<0.05);泥质底水体中植物处理对氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、TN、TP和CODMn的最大去除率分别为60.07%、54.78%、52.68%、23.96%和47.32%,沙质底分别为72.43%、83.54%、57.20%、37.07%和40.75%;此外,试验末植物处理组水体的所测营养物质均存在一定程度的上升。沙质底水体中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和TP等营养物质波动较大且自净去除率高于泥质底;在泥质和沙质底水体中蕹菜和水鳖浮床均具有显著净化作用,本地种水鳖可作为生态浮床的潜力净水植物;浮床应用过程中应加强收割与收获等管理,以避免水体二次污染。     

养鳖废水牧草生物净化效果研究

通过分析具体养殖规模下的养鳖废水排放水质情况，设计在可控环境条件下多年生黑麦草生物净化系统，结果表明：试验周期23天后，两类养鳖废水CODcr分别由181．89mg／L、228．77mg／L降到10．74mg／L和13．55mg／L；总氮的去除率分别为49．69％、62．14％；总磷的去除率分别为58．58％和64．94％；悬浮物去除率分别达到了90．3％和88．0％；以达到养鳖水体净化回用为标准设计，按养鳖20只／m^2计算，20天1个换水周期，达到净化回用所需鳖草比为1只：0．3m^2草地。     

河蚌和水培植物组合协同净化水体的效果研究

本试验研究底栖动物背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)与水培植物白掌(Spathiphyllum kochii)和降糖草(Gynura divaricata DC)协同净化水质效果,为室外生态浮床技术奠定基础。室内进行动植物组合处理供试水样,测定TN、TP、叶绿素a的去除率和水体浊度。处理组对TN去除率依次为降糖草白掌河蚌降糖草组合河蚌白掌组合,无显著差异(P0.05);降糖草对水体中TP去除率最高为63%,与其它处理组有显著差异(P0.01);有河蚌的处理组容易使水体的浊度上升。综合考虑降糖草和河蚌降糖草组合更适合在室外富营养化水体中生长,兼具生态和景观美化效果,可为水产养殖水体及景观水体进行生态修复提供参考。     

小球藻对养殖水质的影响模拟试验

<正>小球藻是养殖水体中的初级生产者,是鱼类等养殖动物的重要饵料,刘兴国等(2010)研究了小球藻在罗非鱼养殖水体中的作用,发现小球藻对养殖水体中的氮、磷有比较高的吸收能力。本文比较了2种小球藻处理方式在养殖水体中对氮、磷的吸收特点,分析小球藻对养殖的影响,旨在为小球藻对养殖水体的净化调控提供技术参考。一、材料与方法采用40L的整理箱开展试验,设置1个对照组,2个实验组(1组加入固定态小球藻,用纱布装袋并悬挂于水体中,1组加入游离小球藻,每组3个平行,每个实验     

石莼对褐菖鲉养殖水体的生态作用

在褐菖鲉（Sebastiscusmarmoratus）室内养殖条件下,以不换水作为对照组,设置2个石莼（Ulva lactuca）养殖密度梯度,研究了石莼对褐菖鲉养殖水体的生态作用。试验结果表明,石莼对褐菖鲉养殖水体中氮、磷营养盐的清除效果明显。在褐菖鲉养殖水体中分别加入石莼534和801g·m13共9d不换水,与对照组相比,养殖密度为534g·m-3的石莼组对硝态氮（NO3-N）、氨态氮（NH4-N）和无机磷（PO4-P）的清除率分别为83．7％、90．7％和86．5％;养殖密度为801g·m^-3的石莼组对NO3-N、NH4-N和PO4-P的清除率分别为90．1％、96．9％和92．7％。     

尼罗罗非鱼与细基江蓠繁枝变种综合净化养殖废水效果研究

设置两个试验,分别研究不同密度尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)和尼罗罗非鱼与细基江蓠繁枝变种(Gracilaria tenuistipitataVar.liui)协同净化对虾集约化养殖后期排放水的效果。结果显示,不同密度罗非鱼对养殖排放水COD、TN和TP都有较明显的去除效果,最优密度为1 000 g/m3;罗非鱼与细基江蓠繁枝变种混合组对养殖排放水的净化效果优于江蓠组和罗非鱼组,对COD、TN和TP的去除率分别为89.2%、26.1%和47.5%。试验表明,罗非鱼和细基江蓠繁枝变种可组合用于养殖排放水的生物净化处理。     

组合湿地系统对养殖尾水的净化效果

利用组合湿地系统对湖区池塘养殖尾水进行净化,以实现水体循环再利用,减少对周围水环境的污染。组合湿地系统由3个莲藕净化塘、1个生态沟渠和1个人工湿地组成,面积分别为2.1 hm2、1.47 hm2和0.52 hm2,其中净化塘莲藕的覆盖度分别为0%、30%、60%。沿程采样测定水化学指标。结果显示,组合系统能够有效降低养殖尾水中的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH4+-N)和化学耗氧量(COD)等指标。TN、TP由初始值1.3 mg/L、0.76 mg/L降到0.4 mg/L、0.09 mg/L,去除率分别为41.5%、77.5%;NH4+-N、COD由初始值0.27 mg/L、42 mg/L降到0.06 mg/L、27 mg/L,去除率分别为77.7%、35%。研究表明,该组合湿地系统能有效净化养殖尾水,实现水体循环再利用,可有效缓解南四湖的入湖污染负荷。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.