干燥过程中木材温度的变化规律以及与含水率关系的研究

通过对高温和常规温度干燥过程中木材温度及含水率变化与分布的测定,研究木材温度变化的特点和木材温度与含水率的变化关系。分析自由水蒸发面移动、水分状态改变对温度变化的影响。在此基础上,探讨利用木材温度控制干燥过程的可能性和实施方法,     

微波干燥过程中尾巨桉木材含水率变化特性

本研究以5年生尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis)无性系木材为研究对象,采用切片分析法,系统研究了微波干燥过程中木材含水率变化特性。结果表明:微波干燥过程中,含水率随时间的变化曲线在干燥初期0~4 h曲线下降速度较快,4 h以后含水率下降速度减慢曲线趋向平缓;干燥温度、干燥时间和微波辐射功率对木材含水率影响极显著;干燥温度和微波辐射功率对干燥速度影响极显著,木材初含水率对干燥速度影响不显著。     

木材的真空干燥简介

木材的真空干燥,是利用水在低压下沸点低的原理,使木材在干燥过程中形成急剧的蒸汽压力梯度和含水率梯度,促使木材快速干燥的一种方法。木材真空干燥法,由于干燥周期短,干燥质量好而逐渐被木材干燥工业所应用。一、木材真空干燥的基本原理木材真空干燥的原理就是适当改变干燥过程中的某些参数(主要是压力、温度),以提高干燥中木材内部的含水率梯度和蒸汽     

干燥介质及木材性质对板材常规干燥速率影响的扩散数学模型

简述了木材干燥水分扩散数学模型的研究背景,基于实验研究建立了木材常规干燥的扩散数学模型,模型中主要考虑了木材结合水与水蒸气的扩散机制.通过扩散数学模型的分析求解,可以解释板材的变异性(如板材厚度、含水率、板型等)及干燥介质状态参数对干燥过程的影响.     

苏联木材干燥基准分类和应用

一、基准的概念和分类按照时间或木材状态调节干燥介质参数的表叫作干燥基准.标准的基准是根据木材含水率来调整的.木材干燥时被采用的基准是依过程的进展来提高硬度的.开始阶段,在确定的已知温度下,保持着高的饱和度,后来在木材含水率减少时,温度提高,饱和度降低.干燥时,干燥介质参数变化的这个特征,是以木材中内应力的发展特点和保持被干板材、毛料的完整性要求为前提的. 温度t,饱和度??,湿度计差△t=t-t_M,式中t_M-湿球温度计温度,作为干燥介质     

间歇和连续微波干燥对木材内蒸汽压力与温度变化的影响

对间歇和连续微波干燥过程中木材内部温度、蒸汽压力的变化以及二者相互关系进行探索.结果表明:木材在连续微波干燥过程中,温度的变化大致分为快速升温段、恒温段和后期升温段;微波辐射功率增加,升温速度加快,恒温段温度提高,时间缩短;内裂通常在高含水率木材高功率连续加热时出现;在木材温度上升到100℃之后,适当减少微波功率输入,或采用间歇输入微波能的方法可有效避免内裂的发生;炭化通常出现在木材干燥后期.适当控制木材中含水率,避免过低,减少微波能输入或采用间歇输入微波能的方法,可有效防止木材炭化.     

木材干燥过程含水率和温度变化的数学模型及技术研究

木材干燥时的含水率和温度在很大程度上影响着木材的质量,所以,在干燥过程中如果能够准确掌握木材的含水率和温度变化对提高木材质量有着重要的意义。《木材干燥实用技术》(化学工业出版社,艾沐野编著),本书主要介绍了常规木材干燥的实用技术,包括常规木材干燥的干燥介质、干燥设备、干燥工艺、干燥生产操作与管理、干燥质量检查及出现问题的原因,并介绍了小径级原木锯材的干燥问题、某些进口木材的干燥基准选择和确定以及其他几种干燥方法。     

微波干燥与常规干燥中木材内含水率动态分布

以黑胡桃木材为对象,采用X射线扫描含水率分布测试方法,分析、比较了微波干燥与常规热风干燥过程中木材内部含水率动态分布规律.结果表明:在微波干燥和常规热风干燥过程中,木材内层含水率均高于表层,存在着整体性的内高外低的含水率梯度场;在接个微波干燥过程中,木材内部虽然出现了部分内层含水率低于外层的情况,存在着含水率分布的局部不均匀,但并未出现与常规热风干燥相反的含水率梯度;在微波干燥中,木材内部各层与表层含水率的差值随着干燥时间的延长逐渐降低.随着干燥过程的进行,常规热风干燥中木材芯层与表层含水率差呈现出先增加后减小的变化趋势.     

木材干燥 第2讲 锯材干燥基准的分析和选用

干燥基准是木材人工干燥过程中调节干燥介质温度和湿度变化的程序表，为干燥过程调节的依据。干燥基准是木材干燥工艺的核心，对木材干燥质量的优劣和干燥速度的快慢有决定性的影响。１ 干燥基准的种类 干燥基准的种类主要有含水率基准（含波动和半波动基准）、时间基准和连续升温基准三种。１．１ 含水率基准 根据木材的含水率阶段控制介质的温、湿度参数。这是国内外应用最广泛的基准。通常随着木材含水率的降低，分阶段地升高介质的温度，降低介质的湿度。但干燥硬阔叶树材厚板或方材时，由于板材中心的水分很难向外排除，故周期式地升高…     

基于SVM的木材干燥过程含水率软测量研究

介绍木材干燥过程含水率主要测量方法,以及支持向量机回归原理。针对干燥过程木材含水率测量存在的问题,提出采用基于支持向量机的软测量方法测量干燥过程的木材含水率。通过对柞木试材干燥数据的仿真实验,结果表明支持向量机软测量模型具有良好的泛化性,能够准确预测干燥过程的木材含水率。     

Climate control in vacuum dryers for convective heat transfer

The European Drying Group (EDG) proposal on a wood drying quality standard defines demands on final moisture content variation of the dried wood. The final moisture content variation will depend on material parameters as well as the production process and the wood will always show a “natural” moisture content variation after drying. Thus the drying process has to be defined well enough to allow for the natural moisture content variation in order to fulfil the demands of the drying standards. As the average equilibrium moisture content of the wood in a vacuum drying kiln with pure steam atmosphere is determined by the pressure and the temperature, the demands on the climate control system to fulfil the demands of the drying standard can be calculated with regard to the natural moisture content variation of the wood. In the first part of this contribution the demands on climate control in vacuum dryers are calculated based on the EDG-standard and the natural moisture content variation. In the second part of the contribution the demands on climate control are compared with climate and moisture content measurements from industrial production in vacuum kilns. Critical factors in kiln design and climate control system design necessary to maintain a controlled drying climate are listed.     

Cooling and steam conditioning after high-temperature drying of Pinus radiata board: experimental investigation and mathematical modelling

 Steam conditioning of softwood boards after kiln drying is of critical importance for relief of residual drying stresses and to improve distribution of final moisture content. The conditioning practice in New Zealand includes two steps: immediately after high temperature (HT) drying the load is cooled until the core wood temperature is 75 to 90°C, and then the stack is steam conditioned for a period of 1 to 4 hours depending on the lumber thickness and moisture content after drying. In this work, experimental and theoretical studies were performed to better understand the conditioning process and to investigate factors which influence its effectiveness. In the experiment, 50 mm thick Pinus radiata sapwood boards were first dried at 120/70°C for 11, 12, 13, 16 and 18 hours, respectively, to varying moisture contents, and then cooled and steam conditioned for 1 hour. To assess the effectiveness of conditioning, moisture pick-up, moisture gradient, and transverse residual drying stress (indicated by cup and strain) were measured. It was found that drying wood to a low moisture content (below 6%) increased the conditioning effectiveness. A separate matched stack was conditioned for 4 hours after 13 hours drying which showed better results than 1 hour conditioning. A mathematical model for wood drying was extended to include both the cooling and conditioning phases. The model was numerically solved to examine the wood temperature and moisture content changes during the whole process of drying, cooling and final steam conditioning. Increase in wood temperature, moisture pickup and moisture gradient during steam conditioning were predicted and validated by the experimental data. This information is currently being used at the New Zealand Forest Research Institute in simulation of stress development and relief for drying of Pinus radiata lumber. Received 6 July 1998     

Numerical and experimental analysis of a wood drying process

 Experimental investigation and computational analysis were performed to evaluate the influence of the ambient air parameters during the drying process on the temperature, moisture and resulting deformations and stresses in wood samples. The numerical procedure uses the Finite Volume Method to discretise the equations governing heat, mass and momentum balance and takes into account the anisotropic nature of wood. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results shows very good agreements, implying that the proposed numerical algorithm can be used as a useful tool in designing wood drying schedules. Received 31 March 1999     

木材干燥预热过程的水分流和热流分析

本文将非平衡态热力学的水分流和热流线性耦合方程应用于多孔介质 (木材 )的干燥预热过程 ,从机理上分析了其水分流和热流的特性 ,同时运用在预热样品边界上积分的方法求解耦合流方程 ,针对木材干燥预热过程进行了具体计算 ,所得的有关结论与以往的实验结论相吻合。这一结果表明线性流耦合方程是研究多孔介质干燥过程中水分流和热流的特性及其相互作用规律的有效方法 ,既可揭示耦合过程中流的本质又可对其进行定量描述。因Soret效应预热过程中存在着进入木材内的水分热扩散流 ,预热结束后木材含水率将有所增加 ,而水分和热量的输运主要集中在预热开始的前 2h内。本文关于木材干燥预热的一些结果 ,可用于木材干燥预热的生产实际中     

Study on Wood Drying Properties under Vacuum-floating Pressure

Using Masson pine as specimens, when drying mediums are overheated steam and hot-air respectively, preheating characteristics of wood under vacuum-floating pressure drying are discussed by measurement of internal temperature field and variation of moisture content during period of preheating. The relationship between drying medium conditions and drying rate of wood reveals that, firstly, compared with process of air-drying, time needed to be preheated under vacuum-floating decreased dramatically, meanwhile, the magnitude of condensation on the surface is relatively larger. Secondly, drying rate of wood under vacuum-floating pressure increases coupled with temperature of medium, reduction of absolute pressure, and raise of fluctuation rate of pressure. The sequence of factors contribution to drying rate is listed as following: temperature of medium (t) > fluctuation rate of pressure (f)> absolute pressure (p).     

A microwave applicator for on line wood drying: Temperature and moisture distribution in wood

Summary An especially designed open microwave applicator was analysed using wood as the material to be heated and dried. The idea was to develop an on line microwave construction consisting of several small open applicators, each fed by a small standard magnetron (for example 1.4 kW main power). The process was analysed by measuring the wood temperature during heating using an IR-camera and detecting the moisture distribution during drying by CT-scanning. Pine and birch wood samples were used in the experiments, mainly 40 mm in thickness. The experiments show that the power distribution differs between dry wood and moist wood. The analysis of the temperature fields captured by the IR-camera during the first minutes allows a rather accurate determination of the MW power. Consequently, the drying proceeds unevenly in the wood specimens, especially in the longitudinal direction. The dimensions of the applicator and its relation to the wood dimension are very important. However, the wood was not destroyed, the temperature and moisture gradients did not affect the wood in terms of checks or deformations. The drying rate in different positions of the specimen varied between 0.30 and 0.80 percentage moisture content/min. The uneven energy, meaning temperature and field distribution, is to be compensated in the future by a moving wood load and by alternating the position of each applicator in a larger scale microwave pilot plant. Received 25 February 1997     

A global rheological model of wood cantilever as applied to wood drying

In the process of wood drying inevitable stresses are induced. This often leads to checking and undesired deformations that may greatly affect the quality of the dried product. The purpose of this study was to propose a new rheological model representation capable to predict the evolution of stresses and deformations in wood cantilever as applied to wood drying. The rheological model considers wood shrinkage, instantaneous stress–strain relationships, time induced creep, and mechano-sorptive creep. The constitutive law is based on an elasto–viscoplastic model that takes into account the moisture content gradient in wood, the effect of external load, and a threshold viscoplastic (permanent) strain which is dependent on stress level and time. The model was implemented into a numerical program that computes stresses and strains of wood cantilever under constant load for various moisture content conditions. The results indicate that linear and nonlinear creep behavior of wood cantilever under various load levels can be simulated using only one Kelvin element model in combination with a threshold-type viscoplastic element. The proposed rheological model was first developed for the identification of model parameters from cantilever creep tests, but it can be easily used to simulate drying stresses of a piece of wood subjected to no external load. It can therefore predict the stress reversal phenomenon, residual stresses and maximum stress through thickness during a typical drying process.     

两种干燥环境下思茅松干燥前后抽提物变化的初步研究

采用传统的化学分析和高效液相色谱分析方法,研究思茅松木材干燥前后抽提物成分的变化情况.结果表明:思茅松木材经高温干燥,不仅会发生水分扩散等物理变化,还会发生裂解等化学变化.认为这是由于可挥发性化合物在干燥过程中随水分的蒸发和迁移而从木材中挥发出来,此外,干燥温度升高使木材提取物中部分成分由不可裂解物质变成了可裂解物质,并且从未材中挥发出来.     

Modelling and simulation of deformation behaviour during drying using a concept of linear difference method

This study deals with the development of a two-dimensional model to simulate the deformations in wood samples during the wood drying process for the evaluation of the drying quality. The samples cut from sapwood of beech were used to analyse the moisture content distribution of the samples at two different drying conditions. A new concept based on a linear difference method was developed to use the moisture content distribution of the samples for the simulation process to predict deformation due to casehardening. The real deformations of the prongs were compared with the simulated ones for further improvements. The results show that the model can be used to simulate the deformations independently from different drying times and drying conditions. A good comparison between real and simulated changes in deformation was found for the drying process at constant climate conditions. The results provide a useful basis for further investigations on the modelling and simulation of the deformation of the samples due to different drying processes.     

A numerical study of the shape stability of sawn timber subjected to moisture variation Part 1: Theory

A three-dimensional theory for the numerical simulation of deformations and stresses in wood during moisture variation is described. The constitutive model employed, assumes the total strain rate to be the sum of the elastic strain rate, the moisture-induced strain rate and the mechano-sorption strain rate. Wood is assumed to be an orthotropic material with large differences between the longitudinal, radial and tangential directions in the properties found. The influence of the growth rings, the spiral grain and the conical shape of the log on the orthotropic directions in the wood is taken account of in the model. A finite element formulation is used to describe the deformation process and the stress development during drying.The research presented in this paper is a part of the national research programme in Sweden concerning wood physics and drying. It was financially supported by the Research Foundation of Swedish Sawmills and the Swedish Council for Forestry and Agricultural Research.