坡面过程、块体移动和土壤侵蚀研究进展

Soil erosion and land degradation are global problems and pose major issues in many countries.Both soil erosion and mass movement are two forms of land degradation and humans play important roles in these geomorphological processes.This paper reviews slope processes associated with mass movement and soil erosion and contributory factors,including physical and human agents.Acting together,these cause diverse geomorphological features.Slope processes are illustrated by reference to case studies from Brazil and UK.The causes and impacts of erosion are discussed,along with appropriate remedial bioengineering methods and the potential of the measures to prevent these types of environmental degradation.Although there are several agents of erosion,water is the most important one.Cultivation can promote soil erosion,due to ploughing and harvesting,which moves soil down slopes.Soil erosion and mass movement data would inform the viability of soil conservation practices.Integrated management of drainage basins offers a promising way forward for effective soil conservation and soil remedial bioengineering in Brazil and UK.     

Evaluating an integrated approach to catchment management to reduce soil loss and sediment pollution through modelling

Abstract. Soil erosion and sediment delivery cause many environmental problems posing a substantial financial burden upon society. Policy makers therefore look for a strategy to minimize their impact. The spatial nature of soil erosion and sediment delivery, as well as the variety of possible soil conservation and sediment control measures, requires an integrated approach to catchment management. To evaluate such management, a spatially distributed soil erosion and sediment delivery model is necessary. Such a model (WaTEM/SEDEM) was applied to three agricultural catchments in Flanders (Belgium). The model was first used to identify where the measures to control soil loss should be taken. Secondly, a scenario analysis was used to select the most effective set of techniques. The findings showed that soil conservation measures taken in fields are not only effective in reducing on-site soil loss, but also in drastically reducing sediment yield. Off-site sediment control measures appear to be much less effective in reducing sediment yield than previously thought. The results also suggest that data from field experiments cannot be extrapolated to a catchment scale.     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土壤侵蚀研究

土壤侵蚀是世界性的环境问题,通过对近年来黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土壤侵蚀研究成果的综合分析,详细论述了这类地区土壤水力侵蚀的类型与机理、土壤侵蚀的营力机制、主要影响因素及流域产沙的预报与防治。指出,实现土壤形成与流失、输运与沉积、“利”与“害”、侵蚀和保持的动态平衡,是土壤水力侵蚀研究的主要方向。     

红壤区不同水土保持措施对土壤抗蚀性的影响

[目的] 研究南方红壤区不同水土保持措施下土壤抗蚀性的变化特征，为该地区的土壤抗蚀性研究和水土流失治理提供理论依据。 [方法] 以江西水土保持生态科技园内柑橘园试验区的裸地对照、柑橘净耕、柑橘+全园植草、柑橘+水平梯田处理为研究对象，通过野外采样和室内试验相结合的方法，研究不同处理、不同深度下土壤抗蚀性。 [结果] 0-20 cm土层，柑橘+全园植草的土壤抗蚀性最强，柑橘+水平梯田和柑橘净耕次之且二者无显著差异，裸地对照最差；20-40 cm土层，柑橘+全园植草和柑橘+水平梯田的土壤抗蚀性最强且二者无显著差异，柑橘净耕次之，裸地对照最差；相同处理下0-20 cm土层的土壤抗蚀性显著大于20-40 cm土层。 [结论] 水土保持措施能显著提高土壤抗蚀性，柑橘+全园植草的处理下土壤抗蚀性最强。建议在该区域采用林草复合的措施提高植被覆盖度，以加强土壤抗蚀性。     

北方土石山区水土流失现状与综合治理对策

北方土石山区现有轻度以上水土流失面积13．49万km^2,其中水蚀面积约占95％,水蚀区虽以轻度侵蚀为主,但水土流失仍然是该区主要的生态环境问题,不仅制约山区经济的发展,而且严重影响下游经济发达地区的水资源安全和生态安全,加强区域水土保持已成为区域发展的迫切要求。北方土石山区的水土保持,在新的时代背景下,应更加关注坡耕地改造、“坡林地”水土保持、“节水型”措施和生态“清洁型”小流域建设。依据自然地带性规律、区域经济发展和社会需求,北方土石山区可分为8个水土流失综合治理区,各区应当结合实际情况采取有针对性的综合治理对策。     

退耕还林(草)与水土保持若干问题的研究进展

水土流失作为环境恶化的主要原因之一,是土壤学和环境生态学研究的热点。控制水土流失,有利于人类经济与社会的可持续发展。退耕还林(草)作为一项治理水土流失的有效政策与方法,一直受到人们的关注。从林草植被对水土保持功能的研究现状、退耕还林(草)的技术标准、效益评价等方面进行了回顾总结,在此基础上指出目前存在的主要问题以及发展趋势,对退耕还林(草)与水土保持关系的研究和退耕还林(草)政策的进一步完善和落实,具有一定的指导意义。     

西藏地区水土流失现状及防治对策

西藏地区土壤侵蚀以水力侵蚀、风力侵蚀和冻融侵蚀为主,水土流失主要受降水、大风、温度、地形地貌、地质、植被等自然因素及乱垦滥伐、过度放牧、掠取资源、破坏环境等人为因素影响.为防治西藏地区复杂多样的水土流失,结合西藏地区的自然属性和区域水土流失特点,将西藏地区分为藏东南水力侵蚀为主区、藏西风力侵蚀为主区、藏北冻融侵蚀为主区及藏中复合侵蚀区,并针对各区的自然属性及影响因素,提出在不同时期以防治水力侵蚀、风力侵蚀、冻融侵蚀和复合侵蚀为主的防治措施和发展方向,并提出加强水土流失防治宣传、研究水土流失机制和防治对策、落实水土保持措施等举措,以达到防治西藏地区水土流失、保护区域生态环境的目的.     

The nature of soil erosion and possible conservation strategies in Ntabelanga area,Eastern Cape Province,South Africa

Soil erosion is a major land degradation problem in South Africa (SA) that has economic, social and environmental implications due to both on-site and off-site effects. High rates of soil erosion by water are causing rapid sedimentation of water bodies, ultimately leading to water crisis in SA. Lots of financial and human resources are channelled towards controlling of soil erosion but unfortunately with little success. The level of soil erosion in a particular area is governed by the site properties. Therefore, it is inappropriate to generalize data on soil erosion at a large-scale spatial context. The literature on soil erosion in SA classifies Eastern Cape Province as a high-erosion-potential area using data collected at a large-scale spatial context. Collecting soil erosion data at a large spatial scale ignores site-specific properties that could influence soil erosion and has resulted in failure of many traditional soil erosion control measures applied in the province. Moreover, scientific principles underlying the processes and mechanisms of soil erosion in highly erodible soils are missing in SA. This review was to find effective soil erosion control measures by having an insight on what happens during soil erosion and how soil erosion occurs in Ntabelanga. The literature suggested that erosion in Ntabelanga could be influenced by both the erosivity and erodibility factors though the erodibility factors being more influential. Soil permeability contrast between the horizons could be influencing the rate and nature of soil erosion. To mitigate the impact of soil erosion in Ntabelanga, efforts should aim to improve the vertical flow capacity in the B horizon. Clay spreading, clay delving, addition of gypsum, deep ploughing and mulching could aid the water permeability problems of the subsurface horizons. However for effective soil management and control option, detailed studies of specific site properties are needed. The generated information can assist in formulating soil erosion policies and erosion control strategies in the Ntabelanga area and SA at large.     

Soil Erosion Assessment in Kondoa Eroded Area in Tanzania using Universal Soil Loss Equation,Geographic Information Systems and Socioeconomic Approach

Soil conservation measures including cutoff drains, tree planting, Crops diversifications and destocking were implemented in Kondoa eroded area (KEA) for decades. This study assessed soil erosion changes in KEA and examined drivers of changes using Universal Soil Loss Equation, Geographic Information Systems and socioeconomic survey. Soil erosion was predicted by using data on soil, digital elevation model, rainfall and land use/cover visually interpreted from multitemporal satellite imageries. The predicted average soil erosions were 14·7, 23 and 15.7 Mg ha⁻¹y⁻¹ during 1973, 1986 and 2008, respectively. The area under very high soil erosion severity that was 30% in 1973, 26% in 1986 and 25% in 2008, whereas the area with high erosion severity was 26% in 1973 changed into 49% in 1986 and 2008 indicating recent stabilization. The area with moderate erosion increased from 15%, 16% and 18% during the same period. Field survey confirms a decrease of soil erosion in KEA compared with the past showing better soil conservation. Age of farmers, long‐term adoption of conservation practices and on‐farm tree planting were found to be the major factors contributing toward reduced soil erosion. Major limitations in soil conservation were poor mainstreaming of conservation activities on local production systems and lack of institutions promoting conservation at the community level. The study concluded that long‐term conservation investment for restoration, protection and socioeconomic support contributes significantly in land rehabilitation in KEA. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土壤侵蚀预警和决策支持系统的设计与应用

土壤侵蚀严重地影响了东北黑土区的土壤质量和粮食产量。利用GIS平台结合土壤侵蚀模型,以遥感数据、田间采样数据和农户调查数据为数据源,建立了侵蚀决策方案管理数字化地块图,实现了GIS支持下的土壤侵蚀预警和侵蚀防治信息化决策,可以根据不同地块的侵蚀程度,提供不同的治理措施决策建议,实现了田块尺度水土流失预警及水土保持决策的数字化管理,建立了侵蚀黑土农区水土流失综合治理信息化管理样板。     

冰岛水土保持研究介绍

介绍了冰岛的土壤侵蚀演变，水土保持措施及成效，水土保持组织和环境修复技术。冰岛土壤侵蚀演变的驱动力主要有植被破坏、过度放牧、严酷的气候条件和火山爆发。控制放牧密度和开展环境修复是冰岛最主要的水土保持措施。     

浅谈开发建设项目水土保持监测指标与方法

开发建设项目水土保持监测是准确掌握建设项目水土流失动态变化和水土保持措施实施效果的重要手段与基础性工作。在深刻认识开发建设项目水土保持监测目的与意义的基础上,结合水土保持监测实践经验,采用层次结构分析模型法构建了一套开发建设项目水土保持监测指标体系,并对主要指标的监测方法体系进行了初步探讨,旨在为科学、有序地开展开发建设项目水土保持监测提供科学依据。     

区域土壤侵蚀遥感抽样调查方法

土壤侵蚀是全球性环境问题,土壤侵蚀调查是水土保持规划和生态文明建设的科学基础。为了完善土壤侵蚀抽样调查方法,快速、精准地估算土壤侵蚀实际速率,对基于高分辨率遥感影像进行目视解译,提取高精度土地利用和水土保持措施信息的方法进行了研究。基于现代地理信息科学,充分利用虚拟地球及其提供的公开高分辨率遥感数据资源,考虑土壤侵蚀及其治理的时空特征,采用分层不等概系统空间抽样方法布设抽样单元,通过对公开高分辨率遥感影像的目视解译,完成泛第三极地区土地利用和水保措施的遥感抽样调查。研究实现了2万个抽样调查单元的解译,提取了土地利用和水土保持措施信息;基于CSLE模型完成了典型抽样调查单元的土壤流失速率计算,并对解译结果进行了精度和实用性分析。结果表明:基于公开高分辨率遥感影像、利用分层不等概系统空间抽样方法,可快速提取土地利用和水土保持措施信息,完成区域土壤侵蚀抽样调查。     

北京山区土壤流失方程探讨

 水土流失是生态环境恶化的重要原因之一。土壤流失方程是定量评价水土资源发展动态、指导综合治理规划和评价水土流失治理效果的重要技术工具。利用北京近1000个坡面径流试验小区的年降雨、径流和泥沙资料以及人工降雨试验资料,并考虑北京石质山区存在大量砾石覆盖地表的特点,将砾石覆盖因子作为一个独立的因子考虑在土壤流失方程中。得到北京山区坡面土壤侵蚀方程,并确定了方程中各个因子的计算方法或数值。该方程的建立,可为北京山区土壤侵蚀动态监测和水土保持规划提供依据。     

通化热电有限责任公司新建工程建设期水土流失监测与评价

开发建设项目的水土保持监测工作对于防止新的水土流失具有十分重要的意义。通过监测及时掌握建设生产过程中的水土流失,并通过监督和治理,使水土流失的程度降低到最低。以吉林省水土保持科学研究院承担的通化热电有限责任公司新建工程水土流失监测项目为例,对建设项目水土流失监测的成果进行了分析与评价。     

基于WEPP模型的水土保持措施因子与侵蚀量关系研究

水土保持措施能够有效减少水土流失,是土壤侵蚀过程中的一个重要影响因子。以北京市延庆县水土保持科技示范园的径流小区观测数据为基础,利用WEPP模型模拟了坡面不同水土保持措施下的侵蚀量,结果表明:(1)植被盖度与侵蚀量呈负相关关系,植被盖度越高侵蚀量越少,当盖度50%时侵蚀量会显著减少,且植被有效盖度的阈值为70%;(2)梯田的土壤侵蚀过程主要发生在田坎处,水平田面几乎没有水土流失,侵蚀量与田坎高成正比,与田面宽成反比。在北方土石山区,水平梯田田坎高度不宜超过2.5 m,田面宽不宜小于5 m;(3)粮—草间作能有效减少土壤侵蚀量,且草带所占比例越大减蚀效益越好。在水土保持为主的坡耕地上适合推广粮:草比为2:4的间作配置模式。研究结果对于北方土石山区的土壤侵蚀研究以及水土保持措施的配置具有一定参考意义。     

参与式方法在小流域治理中的应用

以小流域为单元进行综合治理是当今世界各国防治水土流失的主要形式,而参与式方法的推广和运用,为小流域水土流失治理提供了一种有效途径。通过对世界银行贷款项目区参与式流域治理的应用与实施效果分析,探索参与式方法在我国黄土高原小流域治理中的作用。研究表明：运用半结构访谈和问题树的分析方法,可以有效找出制约地区发展的核心问题,为水土流失项目的开展以及不同治理模式的实施提供一个有效的途径;参与式流域治理不仅有助于实现生态环境的改善,促进农村经济社会的发展,同时对流域的生态-经济-社会可持续发展也具有重要意义。     

基于GIS/CSLE的四川省水土流失重点防治区土壤侵蚀研究

掌握四川省省级水土流失重点防治区水土流失情况、空间分异规律及其内在驱动因素对生态预警和土壤侵蚀治理等具有重要意义。应用中国土壤流失方程(CSLE)计算四川省省级水土流失重点防治区土壤侵蚀状况,通过不同土壤侵蚀敏感性评价方法识别中国土壤流失方程(CSLE)敏感因子,借助地理探测器探究重点防治区土壤侵蚀空间分异规律及其内在驱动力。结果表明:四川省省级水土流失重点防治区水土流失面积占比27.16%,平均土壤侵蚀模数为806.08 t/(km^2·a),属于轻度侵蚀,但区内土壤侵蚀差异明显,局部存在严重水土流失;土壤侵蚀敏感性分析表明,生物措施因子B是中国土壤流失方程(CSLE)中最敏感的因子;不同水土保持分区土壤侵蚀定量归因表明,土地利用方式是土壤侵蚀空间异质性的主要驱动力,且影响因子两两交互均能增加对土壤侵蚀空间分布的解释能力,各因子在不同水土保持分区作用程度存在显著差异。因而,在应用中国土壤流失方程(CSLE)计算土壤侵蚀量时,基于不同研究区针对较为敏感因子建立区域化算法是提高计算精度的关键。     

Soil loss estimation using rusle model to prioritize erosion control in KELANI river basin in Sri Lanka

Soil erosion contributes negatively to agricultural production, quality of source water for drinking, ecosystem health in land and aquatic environments, and aesthetic value of landscapes. Approaches to understand the spatial variability of erosion severity are important for improving landuse management. This study uses the Kelani river basin in Sri Lanka as the study area to assess erosion severity using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model supported by a GIS system. Erosion severity across the river basin was estimated using RUSLE, a Digital Elevation Model (15 × 15 m), twenty years rainfall data at 14 rain gauge stations across the basin, landuse and land cover, and soil maps and cropping factors. The estimated average annual soil loss in Kelani river basin varied from zero to 103.7 t ha-1 yr⁻¹, with a mean annual soil loss estimated at 10.9 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. About 70% of the river basin area was identified with low to moderate erosion severity (<12 t ha−1 yr⁻¹) indicating that erosion control measures are urgently needed to ensure a sustainable ecosystem in the Kelani river basin, which in turn, is connected with the quality of life of over 5 million people. Use of this severity information developed with RUSLE along with its individual parameters can help to design landuse management practices. This effort can be further refined by analyzing RUSLE results along with Kelani river sub-basins level real time erosion estimations as a monitoring measure for conservation practices.     

崇礼清水河流域土壤侵蚀空间格局及其影响因素研究

基于DEM数字高程模型并结合RUSLE模型应用GIS、GeoDa、GS+等软件分析了河北省张家口市崇礼区25年间土壤侵蚀空间格局演变及影响因素。结果表明:(1)1990—2015年,研究区中部、西部和西南部土壤侵蚀较严重,土壤侵蚀强度以轻度、中度为主,土壤侵蚀量呈先减少后增加的趋势。(2)1990—2000年,土壤侵蚀强度转变以轻度侵蚀转入为主,土壤侵蚀状况减轻;2000—2010年,土壤侵蚀由微度侵蚀转为高级别侵蚀,侵蚀程度呈严重趋势;2010—2015年,总体表现为微度侵蚀、轻度侵蚀转向高级别侵蚀,但侵蚀增加面积有所减少,侵蚀状况稍有改善。(3)土壤侵蚀Moran’s I0,空间分布呈正相关性,表现为聚集状态,以高高型聚集为主,主要集中在崇礼区中西部和西南部。土壤侵蚀模数符合指数模型和球状模型,R2为0.943~0.979。变程A先由3 870m减小到860m再增加至1 470m,表明1990—2015年土壤侵蚀变化先快后慢,空间相关性分布范围由小变大,空间异质性呈先增强后减弱趋势。分形维数(FD)介于1.922~1.971,在区域较小空间尺度下,土壤侵蚀空间异质性主要是由植被覆盖、土地利用类型、水土保持措施等随机因子引起的。(4)土壤侵蚀影响因子中前3个主成分贡献率占到89.215 0%。在第1主成分载荷中,植被覆盖因子向量投影长度最大,为0.976 4。在第2,3主成分载荷中,水土保持措施因子、土壤可蚀性因子向量投影长度较大。因此,崇礼区土壤侵蚀影响因素大小依次为植被覆盖因子(C)、水土保持措施因子(P)、土壤可蚀性因子(K)、降雨侵蚀力因子(R)、坡长坡度因子(LS)。研究结果可为崇礼区清水河流域水土综合治理和可持续发展提供理论依据。