PP333对香椿种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响

叙述了用不同浓度ＰＰ３３３浸泡香椿种子对发芽率、发芽势、发芽时间、上胚轴伸长、幼根生长及培养２４ｄ幼苗干重等的影响。并测定了发芽种子的呼吸强度，还原糖、脂肪含量及脂酶活性、叶绿素含量等的生理效应。试验证明，低浓度（１０ｍｇ／Ｌ）ＰＰ３３３可明显抑制下胚轴的伸长，而促进幼根生长，但对幼苗干重影响不大，且对生理活性的抑制作用也不明显。需进一步研究对香椿矮化的效果。     

白桦不同部位及种源间白桦酯醇含量的差异分析

以白桦为研究材料,在白桦酯醇提取方法的选择下,采用高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)分析了白桦不同部位和种源间白桦酯醇含量的变化。结果表明:索氏提取和超声波醇提的白桦酯醇含量较高,分别为240.25和239.57 mg/g,而回流法和氯仿浸提的白桦酯醇含量稍低,为207.88和194.09 mg/g。白桦酯醇在白桦不同部位的含量分布差异显著,依次分别为:外皮>枝皮>内皮>芽>叶>根>花粉;13种8年生白桦种源树皮内白桦酯醇的含量为132.45~257.11 mg/g,且种源间差异呈极显著水平。进一步分析可得,同龄树种的生长状况对白桦酯醇的含量影响不显著;而白桦酯醇的含量不仅受自身种源及遗传背景的影响,同时也受到其所处地理位置和气候因素的影响,即属于基因与环境互作的表现性状。     

Effects of drought stresses induced by polyethylene glycol on germination of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica seeds from natural and plantation forests on sandy land

Effects of drought stresses induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) (0.0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%, with four replicates) on germination of Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) seeds produced in plantations (southern Keerqin sandy land) and natural forests (Hulunbeier sandy plain) were observed. The results indicated that the seeds from both provenances did not germinate when PEG concentration was more than 25%. The time of initial germination and that of its completion of stressed seeds from both provenances were delayed when compared with the unstressed seeds. The germination capacity and germination rate of natural seeds were significantly higher than those of plantation seeds for all treatment levels (P < 0.05). The mean growth rates of radicle and hypocotyl from natural seeds were significantly higher than those from plantation seeds at all treatment levels below 20% PEG treatment (P < 0.05). The ratios of radicle to hypocotyl of 20% PEG treatment were significant higher than those of the corresponding controls for both provenances (P < 0.05). These results suggested that Mongolian pine seeds/seedlings had stronger resistance to PEG drought stresses; 10% PGE stress did not significantly influence germination. Natural seeds exhibited more resistance to PEG stress than plantation seeds. It was concluded that drought stress on seed germination might be one cause of obstructed natural regeneration of Mongolian pine plantations on sandy land. It is recommended that natural seeds be used for afforestation, and light drought stress (e.g., 10% PEG stress) may be useful in improving seed germination and the growth of radicles and hypocotyls.     

聚乙二醇模拟干旱对三种木麻黄种子萌发的影响

为研究木麻黄Casuarinaceae.种子苗困难地造林,以木麻黄为试验材料,用不同渗透势浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫,探讨干旱胁迫对木麻黄种子发芽率、发芽势、胚轴和胚根长度及发芽指数、活力指数的影响。结果表明,不同浓度PEG胁迫处理均降低了种子的发芽率,延缓了木麻黄种子萌发进程;种子的发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均随胁迫强度的增加呈明显下降趋势。当-1.20 MPa的PEG胁迫处理的种子在试验结束时仍未能萌发,表明-1.20 MPa是木麻黄种子萌发的临界水势。当PEG浓度为150 g/L时,三种木麻黄幼苗的胚根最长,且当PEG浓度为100 g/L时,三种木麻黄胚根长度长于对照组,但差异不显著,说明高于-0.40 MPa的水势有利于木麻黄种子胚根的生长。木麻黄幼苗苗高生长则是随着PEG浓度的升高而逐渐减缓。通过比较得知木麻黄种子抗旱性较强。     

Germination and seedling growth of Quercus vulcanica: effects of stratification, desiccation, radicle pruning, and season of sowing

Effects of stratification, desiccation, radicle pruning, and season of sowing on Quercus vulcanica germination and growth were studied to identify optimum nursery procedures for artificial regeneration of this species. Following stratification (0, 2, 4 and 8 weeks), acorns were germinated, and acorn moisture content and germination performance were also determined at various times during desiccation. In early December unsprouted acorns were planted in containers, and in early April sprouted acorns, which had been stored in polyethylene bags at 4 °C, with radicles left intact or with radicles pruned back to 1.0 cm were planted in containers.Stratification for 2 and 4 weeks did not increase germination percentage but significantly increased germination rate. Germination percentage of the seeds dropped when the moisture content of the seeds was reduced by desiccation, and the critical minimum moisture content of the recalcitrant Q. vulcanica acorns was found to be 11–16%. Spring sowing of sprouted acorns altered the morphology the containerized seedlings and caused the formation of significantly more main roots, but resulted in significantly less shoot height and shoot dry weight. Spring-sown sprouted acorns had also a significant advantage over the fall-sown unsprouted acorns in seedling survival, and thus nursery personnel should not be concerned if acorns sprout before sowing.     

SNP与K~+、Ca~(2+)互作促进白桦悬浮细胞中白桦酯醇累积的初步研究

[目的]探究一氧化氮供体硝普钠(SNP)对白桦悬浮细胞中K~+、Ca~(2+)和白桦酯醇累积的影响及外源K~+、Ca~(2+)与SNP互作对白桦酯醇累积的影响。[方法]利用高效液相色谱法、原子吸收光谱法及比色法分别测定白桦酯醇、K~+及Ca~(2+)含量。[结果]SNP处理对白桦悬浮细胞中K~+、Ca~(2+)的累积存在浓度和时间效应,其中1 mmol·L-1SNP处理12 h时K~+含量最高,是对照组的1.47倍,而Ca~(2+)含量在5 mmol·L-1SNP处理96 h时最高,是对照组的1.50倍。1 mmol·L-1SNP与不同浓度KCl共同处理后,白桦酯醇含量高于单独SNP与KCl处理,其中,SNP与0.1 g·L-1KCl共同处理时,白桦酯醇的积累量最大,是单独SNP处理1.72倍,是单独KCl处理2.33倍。1 mmol·L-1SNP与不同浓度Ca Cl2互作处理后,白桦酯醇含量高于单独SNP与Ca Cl2处理,其中,SNP与0.1 g·L-1Ca Cl2共同处理时,白桦酯醇的积累量最大,是单独SNP处理2.75倍,是单独Ca Cl2处理2.18倍。[结论]SNP处理诱导了白桦悬浮细胞中K~+和Ca~(2+)的合成和白桦酯醇的累积,SNP分别与K~+或Ca~(2+)互作可以更好的促进白桦悬浮细胞中白桦酯醇的累积,同时推测SNP诱导的K~+、Ca~(2+)在一定程度上介导了白桦酯醇的累积。     

白桦树皮中桦木醇超临界二氧化碳萃取的研究(英文)

桦木醇,一种药用五环三萜成分,大量存在于白桦(Betulaplatyphlly)树皮中。白桦树皮于2000年9月采集自黑龙江省塔源林场。超临界流体萃取技术(SFE)是一种新型分离技术,广泛用于药物和天然产物生产。本文研究了利用超临界CO2萃取技术从白桦皮中提取桦木醇的工艺条件,系统分析了携带剂用量、萃取压力和萃取温度等参数对桦木醇提取率的影响。结果表明,最佳的萃取条件为:每克桦树皮粉所用携带剂用量为1.5mL,萃取压力为20Mpa,萃取温度为55C,CO2流量为10kg/h,分离压力和分离温度分别为5.5Mpa和50C。图4参6。     

含羞草叶子提取物对常见农作物种子萌发生长的抑制作用

观察了含羞草叶子提取物对孟加拉常见农作物种子萌发生长的抑制作用.实验在27-30℃的室温和24小时的光照条件下进行.结果表明：不同浓度的含羞草叶子提取物明显影响所选的植物种子根,茎和侧根的延长和生长.生物学测定表明：高浓度（50%-100%）的提取物有较强的抑制作用.而低浓度 （10%-25%） 的提取物的抑制作用较弱.研究还显示,提取物对植物根和侧根的抑制作用比对种子萌发和茎的生长抑制作用更显著.     

Germination,osmotic adjustment,and antioxidant enzyme activities of gibberellin-pretreated <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea asperata</Emphasis> seeds under water stress

Germination of dragon spruce (Picea asperata Mast.) seeds pretreated with gibberellin (GA) in response to water stress and changes in the levels of osmotic adjustments as well as in activities of antioxidant enzymes were investigated. With decreasing water potential caused by increasing concentrations of PEG 6000, germination percentage and germination index decreased gradually; the decrease was especially prominent under the serious water stress from PEG −0.6 MPa. In contrast, osmotic regulation substances (free proline and soluble sugar contents), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and activities of antioxidant enzyme (ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and peroxidase) increased markedly with decreased water potential. Similarly, the values in all parameters under −0.6 MPa PEG treatment were markedly higher than the control and −0.2 MPa PEG treatment. These results suggested that P. asperata seed germination was insensitive to water stress. In addition, seeds pretreated with GA had increased tolerance to water stress as measured by germination percentage and germination index, osmotic regulation substance, and antioxidant enzyme activities.     

A simple preparation of betulinic acid from sycamore bark

Betulinic acid is a biologically active compound, which has been well-known for anti-cancerous properties especially for skin. Recently, it has been drawn attention as a compound for combating AIDS. It can be chemically derived from betulin or by solvent extraction from bark. However, bark extracts are complex mixtures that always contain compounds with a wide spectrum of polarity. In this study, we have found a simple method to get high purity betulinic acid from Sycamore outer bark using hot water pre-treatment followed by hydrophilic organic solvent extraction with a yield of 5–6% (w/w).     

秤锤树种子甲醇浸提液的生物测定

通过对秤锤树种子甲醇浸提液的生物测定研究,探讨了秤锤树种子休眠与种子内源抑制物的关系。研究结果表明：秤锤树种子不同浓度的甲醇浸提液（25％、50％、75％、100％）对白菜籽发芽率、苗高和根长的生长均有一定的抑制作用。而且,浓度越高,抑制作用越明显,其中用25％、50％、75％和100％的浸提液处理白菜籽,其发芽率分别为82％、77％、68％和58％,根长分别比对照大约降低了27％、47％、67％和％74％,苗高分别比对照大约降低了20％、40％、60％和80％。表明秤锤树种子中存在某些抑制种子萌发的物质成分,这也是导致秤锤树种子深休眠的主要原因之一。     

野生欧洲李种子萌发特性

为了掌握野生欧洲李种子萌发特性,探讨野生欧洲李实生繁殖规律,以新疆野生欧洲李为研究对象,观察种子形态,测定种子千粒质量、种皮透水性、种子含水量、种子活力,测定种子浸提液对白菜种子发芽和胚根生长抑制活性的影响。结果表明:新疆野生欧洲李种子的种皮透水性比较差;种子含水量为30.57%;TTC法检测种子活力为81.67%;4℃低温沙藏层积的野生欧洲李种子,在处理后90 d种子出现萌发,持续层积200 d后总萌发率为47%;种子各部分浸提液对白菜种子发芽率作用不明显,但对胚根生长有明显的抑制作用,随着浸提液浓度增长,对白菜种子发芽抑制活性越强,其胚根长度越短;随着野生欧洲李层积天数的增加,浸提液处理的白菜种子胚根长度增加;野生欧洲李种子各部分浸提物对白菜种子发芽抑制活性顺序为:种胚最强,种皮次之,种壳最弱。     

Seed germination and seedling emergence of four tree species of southern China in response to acid rain

Acid rain has become a major concern due to increasing atmospheric pollution,particularly in China.We investigated whether acid rain inhibits the germination of seeds and subsequent emergence of seedling of four tree species from southern China:Cunninghamia lanceolata,Fokienia hodginisi,Pinus massoniana and Phoebe zhennan by simulating acid rain with pH of 2.5,3.5,4.5 and 5.5.We hypothesized that the inhibitory effect of acid rain on germination of seeds and emergence of seedling varies between species and the degree of acidity.A solution of 1 N H_2 SO_4 and 1 N HNO_3 in the ratio of 10-1 was prepared and diluted to four pH levels,and seeds were supplied with solutions of these pH values and distilled water as control and tested for germination in a controlled growth chamber.The results revealed that simulated acid rain of pH 2.5 adversely affected the germination capacity of F.hodginisi and P.zhennan;while all acid solutions significantly increased germination of P.Massoniana;but had no effect on germination of C.Lanceolata seeds.Strong acid solution(pH of 2.5) adversely affected elongation of radicle and hypocotyl as well as fresh and dry weights of radicle and hypocotyl of tender seedlings.The result demonstrated that seedling emergence is more sensitive than seed germination to simulated acid rain,and germination of conifer species are less sensitive than broad leaved species to simulated acid rain.As a whole,acid rain of pH of 3.5 is the threshold level and acid rain below this value will have a detrimental effect on seed germination and seedling emergence.     

Effect of electrostatic field on seed germination and seedling growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sorbus pohuashanesis</Emphasis>

A study was conducted to determine the effects of electrostatic field (ESF) treatment on seed germination and seedling growth of Sorbus pohuashanesis. The experiments were arranged by uniform design computed by the Data Processing System (DPS), including three levels of seeds soaking time, four levels of ESF intensity and four levels of ESF treatment time, with 12 treatments. Ten seeds were used in each treatment with three replicates. Seed vigor, seed germinating ability, emergence rate of seedling, survival rate of seedling, and seedling height and diameter, as well as the change in activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), soluble protein contents, total chlorophyll contents, soluble total sugar contents in leaves of S. pohuashanensis seedlings were measured after ESF treatments. The experiment results show that ESF treatment could improve the water absorption ability of dry seeds of S. pohuashanensis, resulting in fast germination at room temperature under light conditions. Combined treatment of ESF with cold stratification could increase seed germination percentage significantly (to 42.20%), promote seedling height growth, affect leaf SOD activity, and could raise contents of total chlorophyll, soluble protein, and total soluble sugar in leaves. Seed soaking time had a significant effect on seed relative electroconductivity, seed germination under light, SOD activity, soluble protein content and total soluble sugar content of seedling leaves. ESF intensity exerted a moderate effect on these indexes. ESF treatment time only had significant effect on total chlorophyll contents, no evident effect on other indexes.     

Triterpenoids from Calophyllum inophyllum and their growth inhibitory effects on human leukemia HL-60 cells

A new friedelane-type triterpene (1), along with seven known triterpenoids, was isolated from the stems and leaves of Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. Their structures were established as 3β, 23-epoxy-friedelan-28-oic acid (1), friedelin (2), epifriedelanol (3), canophyllal (4), canophyllol (5), canophyllic acid (6), 3-oxo-friedelan-28-oic acid (7), and oleanolic acid (8) by spectroscopic methods (NMR, EI-MS). The growth inhibitory effects of these triterpenoids on human leukemia HL-60 cells were determined.     

高山栲水提液对云南松种子发芽的化感效应

为了解混交树种高山栲对云南松的化感作用,用高山栲各器官水提液对云南松种子的发芽进行处理。结果表明,高山栲鲜叶、枝干、树皮、树根,枯落叶水提液对云南松种子的发芽和芽的生长均有一定的影响。所有样品的水提液均表现出在高浓度下对云南松种子发芽和芽的生长有明显抑制作用,随着水提液浓度减小,抑制作用减弱、消失甚至转变为促进作用的规律;其中枝干和鲜叶水提液对云南松种子发芽和芽的生长作用强度最大;发芽效果不同指标对高山栲各器官水提液作用的敏感性次序是:鲜重>根长>发芽率>胚轴长。说明在营造云南松和高山栲混交林时,高山栲比例适当减小将有利于云南松的天然更新和生长。     

影响白皮松种胚休眠的因素

无预处理的白皮松种子离体胚在无蔗糖和低蔗糖浓度培养基上胚根均不萌发。相同条件下带全胚乳或2／3胚乳的胚可萌发，带1／3胚乳的胚仅下胚轴伸长；经低温层积处理，变温处理，GA3处理均可提高离体胚的萌发率，相同条件下带全胚乳种胚的萌发速率低；赤霉素抑制剂对经预处理的离体胚萌发有抑制作用，乙烯抑制剂抑制作用不显著。     

Effect of bamboo vinegar on regulation of germination and radicle growth of seed plants

 Two kinds of bamboo vinegar from madake bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides) and moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) were prepared to analyze their components by gas chromatography (GC). The original vinegar, distilled vinegar, ether-extracted vinegar, and three fractions including acidic, neutral, and phenolic fractions separated from ether-extracted vinegar were diluted with distilled water 10² to 10⁷ times. These diluted vinegar solutions were used to investigate the effect of bamboo vinegar on the germination and radicle growth of seed plants. High concentrations of all kinds of treated bamboo vinegars (e.g., 10² of original vinegar and 10³ of ether-extracted vinegar) showed strong inhibition against germination of the seeds. However, an appropriate dilution of bamboo vinegar showed an obvious promotional effect on germination and radicle growth for the four kinds of tested seeds (lettuce, watercress, honewort, chrysanthemum). Received: December, 12, 2001 / Accepted: July 29, 2002 RID="*" ID="*" Part of this paper was presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 2001     

云杉幼树根系分泌物对2种草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

【目的】探究西南亚高山人工针叶林主要造林树种粗枝云杉根系分泌物输入对林下草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,揭示根系分泌物对林下植被更新和群落多样性的潜在生态效应。【方法】通过前期在野外原位收集根系分泌物,后期在实验室人工添加的方式,从种子萌发、幼苗生物量、幼苗形态3个方面来探究根系分泌物对西南亚高山人工云杉林生境内的2种草本植物白车轴草[JP2]和紫花苜蓿的影响。【结果】1)在种子萌发方面,根系分泌物添加降低了2种草本植物的种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数,且紫花苜蓿种子在处理间差异显著。2)在幼苗生物量方面,2种草本植物幼苗鲜质量、干质量在根系分泌物处理下均呈下降趋势,而且紫花苜蓿幼苗处理间差异显著。3)在幼苗形态特征方面,根系分泌物添加降低了2种草本植物的总长度、总表面积、总体积,且幼苗总长度处理间存在显著差异。4)根系分泌物处理下,2种草本植物的各项化感效应指数(RI值)均小于0,而且根系分泌物处理造成的2种植物化感效应综合指数(SE值)小于0,表明根系分泌物添加对2种草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长均具有抑制作用,且对紫花苜蓿种子的抑制作用更强。5)UPLC-MS分析表明,云杉幼树根系分泌物中检测出多种酚酸类物质。【结论】云杉幼树根系分泌物输入对林下草本植物种子萌发及幼苗生长均产生了抑制效应。根系分泌物中的酚酸类物质可能是导致根系分泌物处理下草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长受到抑制的内在驱动机制。     

Extraction of betulin from bark of Betula platyphylla by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

Betulin, which is a medicinal pentacyclic triterpene, is abundant in the bark of white birch (Betula platyphlly). The bark of birch was collected at Tayuan Forest Farm of Jiagedaqi, Heilongjiang Province in September 2000. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) that is a new separation technology has been used for the processing pharmaceutical and natural products. In this paper, the extraction of betulin from the bark of birch by supercritical CO2 extraction was studied. The authors investigated and analyzed a few parameters such as modifier dosage, extraction pressure and extraction temperature. The optimal extraction conditions showed that the modifier dosage used for per gram bark powder was 1.5 mL, the extraction pressure was at 20 Mpa, and the extraction temperature was at 55 ℃. The velocity of flow of liquid CO2 was at 10 kg/h. The pressure and temperature in separation vessel were at 5.5 Mpa and 50 ℃, respectively.