Physiological and physical measures to control postharvest diseases of fruit

Preharvest and postharvest decay of persimmon fruits caused byAltemaria alternata can be effectively alleviated by a growth hormone effect on the physiology of the fruit An orchard application of gibberellin (GA₃), prior to harvest, maintains the calyx in an upright, erect position, thus preventing the formation of a microclimate beneath the calyx, which is conducive to decay development in this region. The additional effect of delaying fruit maturation, leads to an increased resistance of the fruit to postharvest decay development on the entire fruit surface during storage. Other measures, of a physical nature, which can be employed to control postharvest disease, include a change in environment, such as achieved by controlled atmosphere storage or modified atmosphere packaging. The dominant control factors appear to be the naturally produced CO₂ and possibly acetaldehyde.     

The use of sodium carbonate to improve curing treatments against green and blue moulds on citrus fruits

The effectiveness of curing oranges and lemons at 33 degrees C for 65h followed by storage under ambient and cold-storage conditions was investigated. This treatment effectively reduced the incidence of Penicillium digitatum (Pers) Sacc and P italicum Wehmer decay on inoculated and naturally infected oranges and lemons stored at 20 degrees C for 7 days. However, it failed to control green and blue mould infections on fruits placed in long-term cold storage, except green mould on oranges, which was effectively controlled. Dipping fruits in a sodium carbonate solution (20 g litre(-1)) for 2.5 min following a curing treatment at 33 degrees C for 65 h satisfactorily reduced green and blue mould incidence during subsequent long-term storage at 4 degrees C on oranges and at 10 degrees C on lemons. The efficacy was greater on injured fruits inoculated after the combination of treatments was applied, achieving a 60-80% reduction in decay in comparison with the curing treatment alone in all cases. A significant reduction of blue mould was also observed on fruits inoculated both before the treatments and on those re-inoculated after the treatments, demonstrating both protectant and eradicant activity. Thus, combining curing at 33 degrees C for 65 h with sodium carbonate treatment effectively controlled these post-harvest diseases on artificially inoculated citrus fruits and protected against re-infection. With naturally inoculated lemons, curing followed by sodium carbonate significantly reduced both green and blue mould incidence, but was not superior to curing alone. With naturally infected oranges, curing significantly reduced blue mould, but decay was not reduced further when followed by sodium carbonate treatment.     

药剂处理对三倍体西瓜种子发芽势的影响及对果斑病的防治效果

选用本实验室组配的1号杀菌剂和3种常用药剂,比较了不同药剂及不同浓度的1号杀菌剂处理人工接菌的西瓜种子后对种子发芽、幼苗生长的促进作用和对果斑病的防治效果。结果显示:与对照CK1(种子破壳,清水处理)相比较,72%农用硫酸链霉素可溶粉剂7.2×102μg/mL处理2h、40%甲醛1.6×103μg/mL处理1h和1号杀菌剂0.5×104μg/mL处理2h,发芽势分别高出10.5%、6.7%和4.9%。供试药剂中1号杀菌剂处理种子对果斑病有较好的防治效果,1号杀菌剂0.5×104μg/mL处理2h、1%盐酸3.7×103μg/mL处理30min、40%甲醛溶液处理1h和72%农用硫酸链霉素可溶粉剂7.2×102μg/mL处理2h防治效果分别为74.7%、73.7%、58.5%和49.3%。     

卡利比克迈耶氏酵母对水果采后病害的抑制及对展青霉素的降解机制

为了明确拮抗酵母卡利比克迈耶氏酵母Meyerozyma caribbica对果实采后病害的抑制效果及其对毒素的降解机制, 本文研究了卡利比克迈耶氏酵母结合辅助因子褐藻寡糖(alginate oligosaccharide, AOS), 对草莓、梨、苹果、番茄的青霉病、灰霉病和黑斑病的抑制效果, 以及拮抗酵母不同处理液对展青霉素(patulin, PAT)体外降解的机制。结果表明, 浓度为1×108 cfu/mL的M. caribbica可有效抑制草莓、梨、苹果青霉病, 草莓、番茄、葡萄灰霉病以及番茄、梨、葡萄黑斑病的发生, 添加5 g/L的AOS能显著增强M. caribbica的抑制效果; M. caribbica发酵液可以有效降解苹果伤口处的PAT, 处理后8 d其降解率为30.35%, 经AOS诱导后, 其对PAT的降解效率达到39.15%。体外条件下, 接种M. caribbica后27 h可将10 μg/mL的PAT完全降解; M. caribbica主要是通过活细胞代谢降解PAT, 同时AOS可显著增加M. caribbica 的降解能力, 说明卡利比克迈耶氏酵母是一株生防潜力较好的菌株, 本研究为该生防菌株的进一步应用奠定了基础。     

苹果采后炭疽病的化学防治技术

多菌灵、丙环唑、休菌清、苯醚甲环唑、异菌脲、禾纹清(多菌灵 丙环唑)六种供试药剂对苹果炭疽菌的生长都具有抑制作用，其有效浓度和作用方式有所不同。多菌灵、丙环唑、休菌清、苯醚甲环唑、异菌脲和禾纹清抑制菌丝生长的EC50分别为0．034、0．015、0．918、0．115、31．865和0．491∥rnl；抑制芽管伸长的EC50分别为0．4430、0．0240、0．3173、0．0991、154．88和0．2787蜉／rnl。对孢子萌发和芽管伸长的抑制率差异显著。六种药剂对苹果炭疽病的控制结果表明：丙环唑、禾纹清和苯醚甲环唑的防治效果较好，其中丙环唑和禾纹清的防治效果可达100％，而多菌灵、休菌清和异菌脲对果实的防治效果较低。药剂防治采用浸泡果实和喷雾两种方式，浸果的防治效果明显好于喷雾。     

Bicarbonate solutions control powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) on sweet red pepper and reduce the development of postharvest fruit rotting

Disease severity of powdery mildew (causal agentLeveillula taurica (Lév.) Arn.) on pepper (Capsicum annuum), defoliation and fruit sunscald rating were significantly reduced (P=0.05) by foliar applications of sodium or potassium bicarbonate solutions, compared with water or penconazole (Ophir). Preharvest application of bicarbonate solutions significantly reduced (P=0.05) postharvest decay development on sweet red pepper fruits.     

生物菌肥和钾肥配施对苹果钾素吸收及果实品质的影响

为了研究生物菌肥和钾肥对苹果果实品质及生长发育的协同作用,以7 a生'瓦里短枝'(Vallee spur Del)为研究对象,设置T1(K2O 420 kg·hm-2)、T2(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm-2)、T3(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm-2+K2O 294 kg·hm-2)、T4(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm...     

白薇提取液对意大利青霉抑菌机理及脐橙青霉病防治效果的研究

试验以意大利青霉(Penicillium italicum)为供试菌,研究不同白薇提取液浓度对意大利青霉孢子萌发率、菌丝体总糖和可溶性蛋白质含量、苹果酸脱氢酶和琥珀酸脱氢酶活性以及培养液电导率的影响,并观察测定白薇提取液对脐橙青霉病的防治效果。结果显示:白薇提取液能够抑制意大利青霉的孢子萌发,在浓度为50.00 mg·mL-1时,孢子萌发的抑制率高达95.43%,此外,白薇提取液还能增强菌丝体细胞膜渗透性,降低菌丝体总糖和可溶性蛋白质含量以及苹果酸脱氢酶和琥珀酸脱氢酶活性,显著降低果实病斑直径。白薇提取液主要是抑制意大利青霉孢子的萌发、破坏细胞膜结构以及降低能量代谢酶活性,从而扰乱意大利青霉正常生长,减少脐橙青霉病的发生。     

Inhibitory influence of inorganic salts on banana postharvest pathogens and preliminary application to control crown rot

Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Thielaviopsis paradoxa, Colletotrichum musae, C. gloeosporioides, Fusarium verticillioides, and F. oxysporum were screened in vitro for sensitivity to Na₂CO₃, NaHCO₃, CaCl₂, NaCl, and NaClO. The spore germination of all pathogens was completely inhibited by Na₂CO₃ 4g/l, NaClO 5g/l, and NaHCO₃, CaCl₂, and NaCl 6g/l each. Dipping the bananas for 10–15min in these concentrations reduced the incidence of crown rot (compared with the untreated fruits) 17 days after harvest in fruits treated with NaClO by 67%, with NaHCO₃ by 62%, with NaCl by 38%, and with CaCl₂ by 33%. Na₂CO₃-treated fruits had the same incidence of crown rot as untreated fruits.     

苯并烯氟菌唑对尖孢炭疽菌的毒力及对其所致辣椒炭疽病的防效

为评价苯并烯氟菌唑对辣椒炭疽病的防治潜力，采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法分别测定苯并烯氟菌唑对108株辣椒炭疽病病原菌尖孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum acutatum菌株菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制活性，通过辣椒活体接种试验比较苯并烯氟菌唑对辣椒炭疽病的相对保护防效和相对治疗防效，测定其对辣椒炭疽病的室内相对防效和田间相对防效。结果表明，苯并烯氟菌唑对尖孢炭疽菌孢子萌发的抑制活性高于对其菌丝生长的抑制活性，对孢子萌发及对菌丝生长的有效抑制中浓度EC₅₀分别为0.005～0.196μg/mL和0.073～3.398μg/mL；苯并烯氟菌唑对辣椒炭疽病的相对保护防效优于相对治疗防效，240 g (a.i.)/hm²苯并烯氟菌唑对辣椒炭疽病的相对保护防效可达85.64%。240 g (a.i.)/hm²苯并烯氟菌唑喷雾处理对辣椒炭疽病的田间相对防效均在75.31%以上，显著高于相同剂量的氟吡菌酰胺、氟啶胺和多菌灵的相对防效。总之，苯并烯氟菌唑对尖孢炭疽菌有较高毒力，对辣椒炭疽病有稳定的田间防效，有开发为防治辣椒炭疽病新药剂...     

Effects of pH values and application methods of potassium silicate on nutrient uptake and bacterial spot of tomato

European Journal of Plant Pathology - Bacterial spot is a destructive disease of tomato that is caused by four taxonomically distinct Xanthomonas species. This study aimed to evaluate the effects...     

Combination of hot water, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus subtilis</Emphasis> CPA-8 and sodium bicarbonate treatments to control postharvest brown rot on peaches and nectarines

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hot water (HW), antagonists and sodium bicarbonate (SBC) treatments applied separately or in combination to control Monilinia spp. during the postharvest storage of stone fruit. Firstly, we investigated the effect of HW temperatures (55–70°C) and exposure times (20–60 s), seven antagonists at two concentrations (10⁷ or 10⁸ cfu ml⁻¹) and four SBC concentrations (1–4%). The selected treatments for brown rot control without affecting fruit quality were HW at 60°C for 40 s, SBC at 2% for 40 s and the antagonist CPA-8 (Bacillus subtilis species complex) at 10⁷ cfu ml⁻¹. The combinations of these treatments were evaluated in three varieties of peaches and nectarines artificially inoculated with M. laxa. When fruit were incubated for 5 d at 20°C, a significant additional effect to control M. laxa was detected with the combination of HW followed by antagonist CPA-8. Only 8% of the fruit treated with this combination were infected, compared to 84%, 52% or 24% among the control, CPA-8, and HW treatments, respectively. However, the other combinations tested did not show a significant improvement in effectiveness to control brown rot in comparison with applying the treatments separately. When fruit were incubated for 21 d at 0°C plus 5 d at 20°C, the significant differences between separated or combined treatments were reduced and generally the incidence of brown rot was higher than when fruit were incubated for 5 d at 20°C. Similar results were observed testing fruit with natural inoculum.     

翻压油菜绿肥对枸杞产量和土壤养分含量的影响

通过田间试验研究了化肥施用量减半条件下,种植绿肥对宁杞5号枸杞果实产量和土壤养分含量的影响,试验包括化肥减半+配施有机肥（T1）、化肥减半+翻压油菜（T2）和全施化肥（CK）三个处理。结果显示:与CK相比,T1和T2处理分别使枸杞干果年产量显著增加24.1%和19.1%; 在秋果采收后,T1和T2处理分别使枸杞地土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量较CK显著增加12.8%、13.2%、36.0%、28.2%和60.2%、23.1%、28.5%、57.9%。说明在化肥施用量减半条件下,配施有机肥或翻压油菜绿肥均可以提高枸杞地土壤养分含量,增加枸杞干果产量;而且在提高土壤养分含量方面,翻压绿肥油菜效果更为显著。枸杞行间套种油菜作为绿肥翻压,可以减少化肥施用量,也是提高枸杞产量和枸杞地土壤养分含量的重要技术措施。     

浅谈外来林业有害生物入侵与扩散的防控措施

根据外来林业有害生物的入侵形势和发生特点,结合工作实践,提出了“一个前提和基础,三项重要保障,三个关键,六种重要手段”的防控建议,为有效控制外来林业有害生物的入侵与扩散,确保北京生态环境安全提供了理论指导。     

Laboratory and field evaluation of fungicides to control anthracnose stain of citrus fruit

Anthracnose stain on Clementine tangerine and grapefruit, caused byColletotrichum gloeosporioides, is described. Among the fungicides bioassayed against this organism Bordeaux mixture was the most effective copper compound; potent organic compounds were captafol, captan, chlorothalonil, maneb and mancozeb. Bioassay evaluation of fruit treated in the grove revealed that the protection and lasting effect of captafol and Bordeaux mixture were superior to those of chlorothalonil and maneb. Effective field control was achieved even with one prophylactic treatment in July with copper-containing fungicides.     

柑橘大实蝇传入新区后的发生规律及防控方法探讨

柑橘大实蝇[Bactrocera minax(Enderlein)]属双翅目实蝇科,是国际、国内植物检疫对象。此虫于1999年开始传入本县,随即迅速蔓延扩散,2002～2004年形成为害高峰,柑橘虫果率达30%～100%,堆积如山的蛆果,使人触目惊心。通过2005～2006年2年的控防,遏制了蔓延势头,疫区虫果率被控制