有限体积法在二维稳态对流扩散方程中的稳定性分析

基于非饱和土壤水盐运移模型属于对流扩散方程,将有限体积法应用到求解二维稳态对流扩散问题中。模拟结果表明,采用该数值方法在细密网格下可计算得到高精度的数值解,在稀疏网格条件下数值解与精确值吻合较好且稳定性强。这说明采用有限体积法模拟计算二维对流扩散方程是可行的,并且可将该方法应用到求解非饱和土壤水盐运移模型中。     

三维流动时间相关法数值计算

本文系研究采用显式差分方程时间相关法求解三维可压缩湍流的数值计算。它可应用于求解瞬态及准稳态流动。本方法具有程序编制简易和占用计算机内存少的优点，尤其后者对三维流动的求解是至关主要的。文中述及所采用差分格式的具体型式，推荐采用具有守恒和输运性质的第二迎风差分格式(亦称第二上风差分格式)作为对流项的差分格式。并对计算程序及其某些专门技术作了介绍。作为实际应用的示例，简示了求解四角喷燃锅炉炉膛的瞬态冷炉空气动力场的计算流态。     

离心泵流场及动力特性研究*

 采用CFD软件在多参考坐标系下,利用有限体积法对雷诺时均N-S方程进行数值离散,选用标准κ ε湍流模型与SIMPLEC方法求解,对某新型离心泵进行了叶轮蜗壳耦合三维定常湍流数值模拟,捕捉到了离心泵叶轮内的压力分布、速度分布等重要流动信息,计算了不同流量工况下水泵叶轮受力特性以及水泵能量和空化性能,并与试验方法进行对比,两者基本吻合,从而验证了计算结果的可靠性,为离心泵泵壳和叶轮的水力及优化设计等研究具有重要的指导意义。     

3D欧拉法和层流模型对水轮机转轮内部流场的数值模拟

3D欧拉法和层流解法都具有控制方程个数少，计算简单、省时的特点，均能够快速地在最优工况点附近得到合理的数值解。可以用于转轮叶片的初步的水力计算和其他湍流模型计算结果的校核。分别应用这2种算法对一混流式水轮机转轮内部流体的三维流动进行了数值模拟，方程离散采用有限体积法，插值采用二阶迎风格式，压力-速度耦合采用SIMPLEC算法，计算了3个典型工况(最优工况、大流量工况和小流量工况)，得到了转轮内部合理的速度分布和压力分布。最优工况点的效率计算值比试验值高3．09个百分点，计算所需时间比标准κ-ε湍流模型少30％～40％。     

基于WASP5总磷反应原理的非恒定流二维水量水质耦合模型的建立及应用

为解决现状水体二维水质模型污染因子反应原理单一,将WASP5水质模型总磷循环的基本方程作为源项,建立采用有限体积法（FVM）配合通量向量分裂格式（FVS）水体二维水量水质耦合的数学模型,并应用于某湖区水体二维水域的水量水质数值模拟,模拟成果验证了该耦合模型具有较高的可靠性与实用性。     

三维非结构混合网格高超声速流场并行计算

在非结构混合网格上对三维高超声速化学非平衡粘性绕流进行了基于PC-Cluster的分布式并行数值模拟.本采用区域分裂思想,研究了三维非结构混合网格区域自动分解技术,并以此为基础对高超声速化学非平衡绕流进行了并行数值计算.控制方程为多组分N-S方程,空间离散采用有限体积格心格式,时间推进为显式Runge-Kutta格式.化学非平衡动力学模型为七组元带电离反应模型,对化学反应源项进行了点隐式处理,温度场的计算采用牛顿迭代法.在PC-Cluster上对三维双椭球模型的高超声速绕流流场进行了基于区域分解技术的并行数值模拟,所得数值结果与参考献中的结果作了对比验证。     

平流式沉淀池水力特性三维数值模拟

研究沉淀池的水力特性,为提高污水处理效率提供理论支持。采用两相流混合模型对平流式二次沉淀池水力特性进行三维数值模拟。选取Realizableκ-ε湍流模型封闭两相流时均方程,控制方程的离散使用了有限体积法;速度与压力耦合求解时使用了压力隐式算子分裂PISO(pressure-implicit with splitting of operators)算法,模拟自由水面采用VOF(volume of fluid)法。通过模拟获得速度、紊动动能等在空间上的分布规律。将模拟结果与实测资料进行对比验证,结果表明:两者吻合较好,说明该模型能够较好地模拟沉淀池中水力特性的分布规律,可为沉淀池的体型设计提供一定参考依据。     

头屯河水库淤积变形的一维非恒定数值模拟

在水库一维非恒定水沙数学模型的基础上,运用Preissmann四点偏心差分格式离散水流方程,并用追赶法求解;对悬移质泥沙运动方程,采用相邻时层之间用差分法求解,而在同一时层上求其分析解,不仅可以避免含沙量计算结果的不合理,而且计算量也大大减少,水流方程与泥沙方程用非耦合方法求解;并用该模型对头屯河水库淤积变形进行了验证计算,与实测资料吻合较好.     

Merton跳扩散期权模型的有限体积格式

考虑有限体积法定价欧式的Merton型跳扩散期权模型.基于线性有限元空间,构造了向后Euler和Crank-Nicolson两种全离散有限体积格式,且离散矩阵均为M-矩阵.针对方程中的积分项,采用一类高效的线性插值技术进行逼近.数值实验验证了本文方法的有效性和稳健性.     

一维非饱和土壤水分运动模型的数值模拟

分析有限体积法在一维非饱和土壤水分运动模型的数值算法上的适用性及优劣,通过算例对有限体积法进行验证。结果表明,有限体积法同样适用于一维非饱和土壤水分运动,与大多数学者都采用的有限差分法计算结果比较发现两种算法的数值模拟结果相近。但是改变网格疏密后,对有限体积法的计算结果影响不大且与实测值相近,而对有限差分法的计算结果有影响,从而说明在网格稀疏的情况下,有限体积法更好。     

Nightglow in the upper atmosphere of Mars and implications for atmospheric transport

We detected light emissions in the nightside martian atmosphere with the SPICAM (spectroscopy for the investigation of the characteristics of the atmosphere of Mars) ultraviolet (UV) spectrometer on board the Mars Express. The UV spectrum of this nightglow is composed of hydrogen Lyman alpha emission (121.6 nanometers) and the gamma and delta bands of nitric oxide (NO) (190 to 270 nanometers) produced when N and O atoms combine to produce the NO molecule. N and O atoms are produced by extreme UV photodissociation of O2, CO2, and N2 in the dayside upper atmosphere and transported to the night side. The NO emission is brightest in the winter south polar night because of continuous downward transport of air in this region at night during winter and because of freezing at ground level.     

棉花响应UV-B辐射的信号初探

以3种棉花为供试材料,研究紫外线-B(UV-B)辐射及外源SNP、ABA叠加处理对棉花幼苗表观形态及内源H2O2与NO水平的影响。结果表明,UV-B辐射引起棉花幼苗叶片呈现锈色伤斑,离体叶片明显失水萎蔫。叶片外源涂抹SNP、ABA能减轻UV-B辐射引起的幼叶伤斑与萎蔫症状,缓解UV-B辐射所造成的伤害。DAB及DAF-2DA染色结果显示,UV-B辐射引起棉花内源H2O2与NO含量增加,而NO的释放通过减少H2O2积累减轻紫外辐射对棉花的伤害。ABA预处理可增强棉花对紫外伤害的耐受能力,且与H2O2与NO的释放密切相关。UV-B辐射对棉花生长造成伤害,H2O2、NO及ABA都参与棉花应答UV-B胁迫的信号转导过程。     

光照对分蘖期水稻叶际及根系-培养液体系 N2O 和 NOX（NO，NO2）排放的影响

[目的]该研究探讨光照对分蘖期水稻根、叶界面N2O和NOX排放的作用及其机制。[方法]试验在水培控氮、小型光控培养箱控光和同步测定条件下,探讨了不同光质、光强及光控处理对分蘖期水稻叶际及根系-培养液体系 N2O和 NOX 排放的影响。[结果]①在相同氮源(NH4NO3-N,90 mg/L)、日间光照为6000、8000 lx条件下,分蘖期平均水稻叶际 N2O和NO排放速率分别为27.08、32.33μg/(pot·h)和0.114、0.057μg/(pot·h),分别占 N2O和 NO总排放的57.38%、58.65%和9.65%、4.52%,水稻叶际是N2O的重要排放源;②在光强(1600 lx)一致条件下,LED黄、绿、白、红、蓝光处理的平均水稻叶际N2O 排放速率分别为6.83、9.40、9.73、2.82和4.08μg/(pot·h),光 X强较高的红(3000 lx)、蓝光(2500 lx)处理能同步抑制分蘖期水稻根、叶界面N2O的挥发(P<0.01),LED红、白光有促进日间水稻叶际NO排放的作用,LED蓝光则有同步抑制水稻根、叶界面 NO挥发的作用效果,但不同光控处理下水稻根、叶界面均无明显的NO2净排放作用;③0~8000 lx 范围内随着光照增强,水稻根部NO及根、叶界面 N2O排放同步增加,但高光强(6000~8000 lx)下水稻叶际 NO排放显著大幅下降(P<0.01)。[结论]水稻根、叶界面均以N2O挥发为主;试验供氮水平下适度控制日间光强并同步增加红光、蓝光比例的技术,能同步抑制水稻根、叶界面氮氧化物的排放。     

Evidence for new sources of NOX in the lower atmosphere

Laboratory studies show that the reaction of short-lived O2(B3Sigmau) molecules (lifetime approximately 10 picoseconds) with N2 and the photodissociation of the N2:O2 dimer produce NOx in the stratosphere at a rate comparable to the oxidation of N2O by O(1D). This finding implies the existence of unidentified NOX sinks in the stratosphere. The NO2 observed in this experiment is isotopically heavy with a large 15N/14N enhancement. However, photodissociation of this NO2 unexpectedly produced NO molecules with a low 15N/14N ratio. The diurnal odd-nitrogen cycle in the stratosphere will be marked by a complex isotope signature that will be imprinted on the halogen and HOX catalytic cycles.     

用两室根箱系统法对土壤氮素转化的空间变异及N2O的产生之初探

用特制的带有9根采气管的两室根箱系统,采集和分析根箱中9个不同部位土壤空气中N2O的浓度,结合使用具有选择性的硝化抑制剂(包括低浓度的C2H2和DCD),研究在不同铵态氮水平下的硝化过程及其对N2O气体释放的贡献;结合使用高浓度的C2H2,抑制反硝化过程中N2O到N2的还原,研究在不同铵态氮水平下的反硝化过程及其对N2O气体释放的贡献。同时还研究铵态氮、硝态氮转化及其释放N2O气体的时间和空间变异性和植物对它们的影响。结果表明,根箱系统结合使用抑制剂的方法,是一种研究土壤氮素转化过程、N2O气体释放及植物对前两者影响的有效方法。     

Effects of Nitrogen Application on N2O Flux from Fluvo-Aquic Soil Subject to Freezing-Thawing Process

A lab-incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different forms of nitrogen application （ammonium, NH4＋-N; nitrate, NO3--N; and amide-N, NH2-N） and different concentrations （40, 200 and 800 mg L-1） on N2O emission from the fluvo-aquic soil subjected to a freezing-thawing cycling. N2O emission sharply decreased at the start of soil freezing, and then showed a smooth line with soil freezing. In subject to soil thawing, N2O emission increased and reached a peak at the initial thawing stage. The average N2O emissions with addition of NH4＋-N, NO3 -N and NH2-N are 119.01, 611.61 and 148. 22 ug m-2 h-1, respectively, at the concentration of 40 mg L-1; 205.28, 1 084.40 and 106.13 ug m2 h-1 at the concentration of 200 mg L-1; and 693.95, 1 820.02 and 49.74 ug m-2 h4 at the concentration of 800 mg L-1. The control is only 100.35 ug m-2 h-1. N2O emissions with addition of NH4＋-N and NO3--N increased with increasing concentration, by ranging from 17.49 to 425.67% for NH4＋-N, and from 563.38 to 1458.6% for NO3--N compared with control. There was a timelag for N2O emission to reach a steady state with an increase of concentration. In contrast, by adding NH2-N to soil, N2O emission decreased with increasing concentration. In sum, NH4＋-N or NO3--N fertilizer incorporated in soil enhanced the cumulative N2O emission from the fluvo-aquic soil relative to amide-N. This study suggested that ammonium and nitrate concentration in overwintering water should be less than 200 and 40 mg L-1 in order to reduce N2O emissions from soil, regardless of amide-N.     

Hydrogen radicals, nitrogen radicals, and the production of O3 in the upper troposphere

The concentrations of the hydrogen radicals OH and HO2 in the middle and upper troposphere were measured simultaneously with those of NO, O3, CO, H2O, CH4, non-methane hydrocarbons, and with the ultraviolet and visible radiation field. The data allow a direct examination of the processes that produce O3 in this region of the atmosphere. Comparison of the measured concentrations of OH and HO2 with calculations based on their production from water vapor, ozone, and methane demonstrate that these sources are insufficient to explain the observed radical concentrations in the upper troposphere. The photolysis of carbonyl and peroxide compounds transported to this region from the lower troposphere may provide the source of HOx required to sustain the measured abundances of these radical species. The mechanism by which NO affects the production of O3 is also illustrated by the measurements. In the upper tropospheric air masses sampled, the production rate for ozone (determined from the measured concentrations of HO2 and NO) is calculated to be about 1 part per billion by volume each day. This production rate is faster than previously thought and implies that anthropogenic activities that add NO to the upper troposphere, such as biomass burning and aviation, will lead to production of more O3 than expected.     

Greenhouse Effects due to Man-Mad Perturbations of Trace Gases

Nitrous oxide, methane, ammonia, and a number of other trace constituents in the earth's atmosphere have infrared absorption bands in the spectral region 7 to 14 microm and contribute to the atmospheric greenhouse effect. The concentrations of these trace gases may undergo substantial changes because of man's activities. Extensive use of chemical fertilizers and combustion of fossil fuels may perturb the nitrogen cycle, leading to increases in atmospheric N(2)O, and the same perturbing processes may increase the amounts of atmospheric CH(4) and NH(3). We use a one-dimensional radiative-convective model for the atmospheric thermal structure to compute the change in the surface temperature of the earth for large assumed increases in the trace gas concentrations; doubling the N(2)O, CH(4), and NH(3) concentrations is found to cause additive increases in the surface temperature of 0.7 degrees , 0.3 degrees , and 0.1 degrees K, respectively. These systematic effects on the earth's radiation budget would have substantial climatic significance. It is therefore important that the abundances of these trace gases be accurately monitored to determine the actual trends of their concentrations.     

一氧化氮和过氧化氢诱导水稻细胞过敏反应的协同作用分析

 【目的】本文研究了信号分子一氧化氮(NO)和过氧化氢(H2O2)对水稻细胞过敏反应(HR)的诱导作用。【方法】用溴酚兰染色法定量检测这两种信号分子单独或协同诱导作用下水稻细胞的HR。【结果】该两种信号分子可以独立或协同诱导水稻细胞HR的产生，H2O2对NO诱导的HR具有调节作用，但NO与H2O2浓度平衡与否对HR诱导并无影响。【结论】H2O2和NO均是诱导水稻细胞HR的信号分子，诱导过程中并不存在"NO/H2O2 浓度平衡作用机制"。     

Comparison of calculated and measured ion densities on the dayside of venus

Datafrom the Pioneer Venus ion mass spectrometers are compared with model calculations of the ion density distributions appropriate for daytime conditions. The model assumes diffusive equilibrium upper boundary conditions for the major ions (O(2)(+), O(+), CO(2)(+), He(+), and H(+)); the agreement between the calculated and measured gross behavior of these ions is reasonably good except for H(+), which may be influenced strongly by convective transport processes. The distributions of five minor ions (C(+), N(+), NO(+), CO(+), and N(2)(+)) are also calculated for the chemically controlled region ( less, similar 200 kilometers); the agreements are, in general, poor, an indication that our present understanding of the Venus minor ion chemistry is still incomplete.