基因枪法将BADH基因转入羊草的研究

用PDS-1000He型基因枪将BADH基因转入由羊草成熟胚诱导出的胚性愈伤组织中，获得了转基因植株。通过Kanamycin筛选鉴定，优化了基因枪法转化羊草的各种参数。结果表明，DNA金弹到靶细胞的距离为9cm，每皿轰击1次时愈伤组织的瞬时表达率高达88．13％。转基因植株经PCR检测，初步证明外源基因已整合到羊草基因组中并得以表达。     

基因枪法转移猪传染性胃肠炎病毒纤突蛋白基因玉米植株

以玉米自交系"丹598"、"H99"和"丹988"的胚性愈伤组织为材料,利用基因枪法将猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)S基因的植物表达载体pBI121-S导入玉米自交系中,并对基因枪法转化的条件进行了研究,对转化的愈伤组织进行分化诱导出苗后进行PCR和RT-PCR检测。PCR结果表明,外源目的基因已转入到玉米基因组中;RT-PCR试验证明,目的基因能在转基因玉米植株中获得转录。     

农杆菌介导的PSAG12-IPT基因转化柳枝稷研究

为延长生物能源作物柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum)的叶片功能期,以柳枝稷‘西稷1号’品系的成熟胚诱导的愈伤组织为受体,采用农杆菌介导法转化叶片衰老延缓基因P_SAG12-IPT.结果表明:经过农杆菌转化,共培养,抗性愈伤组织筛选、再生和生根培养,在农杆菌介导处理的8500块愈伤组织中共获得了320株转化植株;经PCR检测分析,转化植株中共有19株植株扩增出标记基因潮霉素B磷酸转移酶基因的目标片段,初步表明P_SAG12-IPT基因已整合到柳枝稷基因组中,转化率为0.223%.对柳枝稷转基因植株的叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度和气孔导度进行测定,表明P_SAG12-IPT基因在部分转基因植株中已经表达.     

甜菜碱合成酶基因转化羊草的研究

以吉生1号羊草根茎为外植体诱导愈伤组织,通过基因枪法分别将甜菜碱合成酶基因CMO、BADH以及CMO)+BADH双价基因导人羊草中,用含有Na2CO3和NaHCO3碱性盐溶液的培养基进行筛选,得到了抗盐碱转化植株.对转化植株进行PCR扩增后电泳检测及Southern杂交,初步证明目的基因序列已经整合到羊草基因组中.在混盐高pH值胁迫下,羊草叶片甜菜碱含量的检测结果表明,转双基因植株的甜菜碱含量高于转BADH基因植株、转CMO基因植株及对照.     

AtNHX1基因对菊苣的转化和耐盐性研究

用农杆菌介导法将AtNHX1基因导入菊苣中,共获得42株卡那霉素(Kan)抗性再生植株。经过PCR检测、Southern杂交和RT-PCR检测表明,AtNHX1基因已成功整合到菊苣基因组中,并且能够正常转录。野生型和转基因植株诱发的愈伤组织进行耐盐生长试验,结果显示,相同盐胁迫条件下,转基因愈伤组织的相对生长率显著高于野生型愈伤组织。施加梯度NaCl胁迫后,植株叶片K⁺和Na⁺含量测定结果显示,转基因植株叶片比野生型积累更多的Na⁺和K⁺,维持较高的K⁺/Na⁺;叶片相对电导率测定结果表明,转基因株系叶片相对电导率显著低于野生型。上述结果表明,AtNHX1基因的导入和表达在提高菊苣耐盐性的同时减轻了盐胁迫对植物细胞膜的伤害。     

利用基因枪共转化法获得转bar与P5CS基因黑麦草

以多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)种子成熟胚为外植体进行高效诱导愈伤组织的组培条件,在此基础上用基因枪法轰击其成熟胚的愈伤组织,共转化分别携带bar基因和P5CS基因表达框架的2种质粒,经1.2‰草丁磷(Glufosinate)抗性筛选获得了转基因再生植株.经聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测筛选到整合bar基因的株系18个,遗传转化率为0.72%,其中5个检测到P5CS,共转化效率为27.8%.     

农杆菌介导的匍匐翦股颖胚性愈伤组织的转化和转CBF1基因植株的获得

以匍匐翦股颖成熟胚诱导的胚性愈伤组织为受体,利用农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法就不同的菌液浓度、共培养条件和真空处理等对愈伤组织的转化效率进行研究.结果表明,适宜的农杆菌侵染浓度光密度OD600nm为0.8～1.2,真空处理加全光照的共培养条件有助于提高转化效率;CBF1基因是来源于拟南芥的与抗逆相关的转录因子基因,在匍匐翦股颖中实现了其转化,通过PCR检测,50株转基因植株中32株扩增出640bp的目标片断,部分转基因植株生长缓慢,表现出矮化性状.非胁迫条件下,转基因植株游离脯氨酸含量为对照的5倍.断水处理5d后,转基因植株生长基本正常,脯氨酸含量增加约2倍,比对照植株高2～3倍.     

Thidiazuron对解除羊草种子休眠和植株再生的影响

研究了不同浓度植物生长调节剂噻苯隆(Thidiazuron,TDZ)对解除羊草(Leymus chinensis)种子休眠和植株再生的影响,并对愈伤组织进行超微结构观察。结果表明,0.02 mg·L-1TDZ低温浸种对解除羊草种子休眠和诱导胚性愈伤组织的效果最佳,发芽率和出愈率分别为11.0%和15.5%;羊草愈伤组织分化最佳培养基配方为MS+TDZ 0.5 mg·L-1+CH 2.0 g·L-1,分化率、绿芽分化率分别为56.7%和423.3%;TDZ低温浸泡处理的羊草种子诱导出的胚性愈伤组织较非胚性愈伤组织细胞质体中内含物丰富,更易于体胚形成;丛生芽经过1/2MS生根培养基的3次继代,炼苗移栽后成活率达100%。     

口蹄疫病毒抗原决定簇融合基因转化苜蓿

摘要：通过农杆菌的介导,以携带O型和A型口蹄疫抗原决定簇融合基因O21 O14 A21 HBcAg的植物表达载体转化苜蓿(Medicago sativa)愈伤组织,并再生得到抗性植株。试验建立了苜蓿甘农1号愈伤组织再生系统;优化了农杆菌介导的苜蓿遗传转化系统;获得抗性再生植株4棵;GUS报告基因在转化的愈伤组织中得到瞬时表达;抗性植株PCR检测结果证实目的基因已经成功整合到苜蓿基因组中。     

豌豆清蛋白１（PA１）基因的克隆及对苜蓿的转化

 本研究用ＰＣＲ 方法从豌豆（食荚大菜豌）克隆出富含硫氨基酸、同时具有抗虫作用的双功能的蛋白质基因－豌豆清蛋白１（ＰＡ１）基因,并构建了植物表达载体ｐＣＡＭＢＩＡｌ３０１－ＰＡ１。采用农杆菌介导法转化了紫花苜蓿,并对其转化体系进行了优化,得到了多个转基因胚性愈伤组织及其再生植株。ＰＣＲ 和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交检测表明,ＰＡ１基因和潮霉素抗性基因已被整合到了宿主细胞。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ 分析表明该基因在再生植株中有一定表达。游离氨基酸分析表明,ＰＡ１基因的表达转基因苜蓿中蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸的含量从０．１％提高到０．４％。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -