继代培养对水稻纹枯病菌菌丝生长和致病力的影响

用水稻纹枯病菌3株菌株为材料,采取马铃薯蔗糖培养基试管斜面培养的方式进行菌丝继代培养,以离体接种法分析这些病菌菌株的致病力。结果表明,经过60次的继代培养,该病菌的菌丝生长和致病力2个性状均没有出现明显的变异,但菌株间的菌丝生长和致病力存在明显的差异。初步发现,该病菌的菌丝生长情况与致病力相关。     

寄主植物对玫烟色拟青霉致病力的影响

通过比较茄子、黄瓜和节瓜三种寄主植物上烟粉虱的LC_(50)和LT_(50)值,评价了寄主植物对玫烟色拟青霉致病力的影响。烟粉虱的累计校正死亡率回归分析结果表明:在处理后的第8～14天,不同寄主植物上玫烟色拟青霉对烟粉虱的LC_(50)值差异显著;茄子、黄瓜和节瓜上烟粉虱的LC_(50)最小值出现的时间不同,分别在处理后的第14、10、12天。当玫烟色拟青霉的浓度为1．0×10~5和5．0×10~5分生孢子/mL时,黄瓜与茄子、节瓜上烟粉虱的LT_(50)值差异显著;当浓度为5．0×10~6～1．0×10~8分生孢子/mL时,三种寄主植物上烟粉虱的LT_(50)值差异不显著。     

农药对虫生真菌粉虱座壳孢孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响

虫生真菌粉虱座壳孢Aschersonia aleyrodis是大有前途的粉虱和介壳虫杀虫剂。用6种大田常用农药在推荐浓度下，研究其在25℃下对座壳孢菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响，发现甲氰菊酯和克螨特抑制其孢子萌发和菌丝生长，表明二者与本菌极不相容。吡虫啉、水胺硫磷和双甲脒能促进孢子萌发且后两者亦可加速菌丝生长，多菌灵对其孢子萌发起暂时促进作用然而抑制其菌丝生长。     

江苏玉米纹枯菌的菌丝融合群及致病力

 玉米纹枯病是江苏省春、夏玉米上近年来发生普遍、危害日重的一种病害。该病是由丝核属(Rhizoctonia DC.ex Fr.)真菌侵染引起的,丝核菌可分为不同的菌丝融合群,不同融合群的致病力存在明显差异,在麦类纹枯病菌的研究中已得到证实。     

UeRbf1调控菰黑粉菌丝状生长和致病力的作用研究

 基于菰黑粉菌的全基因组序列,克隆得到了UeRbf1(GenBank登录号:MW375682),该基因的开放阅读框为1 281 bp,无内含子,编码426 个氨基酸,经预测具有3个C₂H₂锌指结构域,提示其具有转录调控功能。进一步在菰黑粉菌中敲除UeRbf1后进行体外生长及侵染试验,发现:在体外培养时,UeRbf1的缺失没有改变菌株的生长速率及单倍体形态,也未改变两个性亲和UeRbf1缺失突变体的融合及菌丝形成能力,但是融合菌丝的丝状生长能力显著减弱,而且在侵染时UeRbf1缺失突变体丧失了菌丝形成及丝状生长能力,人工接种野茭后也无法使其茎部膨大。以上结果表明,UeRbf1是调控菰黑粉菌丝状生长和侵染能力的一个重要因子。另外, UeRbf1缺失突变后,在体外融合及侵染时相关丝状生长和致病力的调控因子Biz1、Clp1、Hdp1和UeKpp6呈下调表达,其中Biz1的下调表达最为显著,在突变体中几乎不表达,说明UeRbf1对菰黑粉菌丝状生长和致病力的影响,可能是通过调控Biz1来实现的。     

三种杀菌剂对牡丹黑斑病菌菌丝生长及分生孢子萌发的影响

为筛选防治牡丹黑斑病的化学药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法和涂布平板法分别测定了多菌灵、苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯对牡丹黑斑病菌菌丝生长的抑制活性及对分生孢子萌发和形成的影响。结果表明：苯醚甲环唑对菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,有效中浓度EC₅₀仅为0.30 μg/mL,其次为嘧菌酯6.34 μg/mL和多菌灵92.18 μg/mL;多菌灵可显著降低分生孢子的萌发速率,而苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯对孢子萌发的抑制作用较弱,可使分生孢子及芽管发生畸形,并改变分生孢子的萌发方式;3种药剂均可显著抑制芽管的伸长生长,推迟病菌分生孢子梗的形成时间,但对分生孢子的产生数量无显著影响。多菌灵可作为保护剂在病害发生前期使用,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯可在病害发生期轮换使用。     

六种杀菌剂对烟草赤星病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的抑制作用

采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定了烟草赤星病菌Alternaria alternata对6种杀菌剂(氟硅唑、异菌脲、菌核净、嘧菌酯、醚菌酯及多菌灵)的敏感性。结果表明:6种杀菌剂对烟草赤星病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发均表现出了不同程度的抑制活性。其中,对菌丝生长抑制活性最强的是氟硅唑,EC50平均值为(0.34±0.11)mg/L,其次为菌核净[(1.13±0.68)mg/L]和异菌脲[(2.08±0.24)mg/L];对分生孢子萌发抑制活性最强的是嘧菌酯协同100 mg/L水杨肟酸,EC50平均值为(0.28±0.09)mg/L,其次分别为单独处理的嘧菌酯[(5.79±2.76)mg/L]、醚菌酯[(11.93±3.93)mg/L]、菌核净[(19.95±15.94)mg/L]和异菌脲[(23.33±11.33)mg/L]。多菌灵对烟草赤星病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的抑制活性均最差,不宜用于烟草赤星病的防治,而异菌脲、氟硅唑、嘧菌酯和醚菌酯均有必要进一步针对烟草赤星病进行田间防效试验。     

五种杀虫剂对爪哇拟青霉生长的影响及其对斜纹夜蛾的联合毒力

研究了锐劲特、美满、除尽、卡死克和高效氯氰菊酯5种杀虫剂对爪哇拟青霉Px04菌株的菌丝生长、孢子产量与萌发率的影响,以及这5种杀虫剂与Px04菌株对斜纹夜蛾的联合毒力。在高于推荐田间用量10倍以上浓度时,锐劲特(500mg/L)、美满(2400mg/L)和除尽(1000mg/L)对Px04菌株的菌丝生长、孢子产量与萌发率没有影响,但卡死克(500、50mg/L)能抑制菌丝生长、孢子产生和萌发;高效氯氰菊酯(100、10mg/L)也表现出较高程度的抑制作用。与Px04菌株混合使用时,卡死克和高效氯氰菊酯表现出拮抗(或减效)作用,锐劲特、美满和除尽表现出相加作用。在亚致死量下,锐劲特(30mg/L)和美满(40mg/L)能使Px04菌株的防治效果显著提高并提前见效,除尽(20mg/L)和高效氯氰菊酯(10mg/L)影响不明显,但卡死克(70mg/L)对防治效果有不良影响。     

玫烟色拟青霉分离株的生物学特性及其对烟粉虱的致病力

对广州地区玫烟色拟青霉16个分离株的菌落生长速率、产孢量、分生孢子萌发率,及其对烟粉虱2龄若虫的致病性进行了比较研究。结果表明:不同分离株的菌落生长速率差异不显著,但产孢量、孢子萌发率和对烟粉虱2龄的致病力差异显著。经过综合比较,筛选出PF01 N4和PF01 N8两个优良分离株,它们具有产孢量大(2 8×109和2 95×109个孢子/ml)、孢子萌发率高(89 06%和87 7%)、致病力强(7d后对烟粉虱2龄若虫的致病力分别为99 22%和97 79%)等特点。     

内蒙古自治区向日葵小核盘菌的菌丝亲和组类型及其菌株的生物学特性、致病力和交配型

为明确内蒙古自治区阴山北麓地区向日葵小核盘菌Sclerotinia minor的遗传变异,对自内蒙古自治区乌兰察布市、包头市和呼和浩特市向日葵上分离纯化的110株向日葵小核盘菌菌株进行菌丝亲和组(mycelium compatibility group,MCG)划分,并对5个主要MCG组间和组内各菌株的生物学特性、致病力和交配型进行测定。结果表明,供试的110株菌株被划分为14个亲合组,其中MCG1为主要类型,包含32株菌株,占总菌株的29.1%;MCG2包含来自7个地点的25株菌株;5个MCG仅包含1株菌株;在这14个MCG中,MCG1～MCG5包含92株菌株,占总菌株数的83.6%。MCG1～MCG5组间各菌株在菌落直径和草酸分泌量上存在差异,但在菌核形成量、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性和致病力上无显著差异;而MCG1～MCG5组内各菌株在菌落直径、草酸分泌量、菌核形成量、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性和致病力上均有一定差异。在MCG1～MCG5各菌株的交配型中,除MCG2中菌株的负反转型与正反转型比例接近1∶1外,其它4个MCG中菌株的负反转型与正反转型比例均偏离1∶1,表明内蒙古自治区向日葵小核盘菌具有较高的遗传变异程度。     

Antifungal vapour-phase activity of allyl-isothiocyanate against Penicillium expansum on pears

The fungitoxicity of allyl-isothiocyanate (AITC) vapour against Penicillium expansum , the causal agent of blue mould on pears (cvs Conference and Kaiser), was evaluated. The best control of blue mould was obtained by exposing fruits for 24 h in a 5 mg L⁻¹ AITC-enriched atmosphere, the extent of control depending on the inoculum density. Lesion diameter was inversely related to AITC concentration. In treated fruits the percentage of infected wounds increased with conidial concentration, with fewer than 20% affected at 1 × 10³ conidia mL⁻¹ to almost 80% at 1 × 10⁶ conidia mL⁻¹. In comparison, >98% of wounds were infected in untreated fruits irrespective of conidial concentration. AITC treatments were effective up to 24 h after inoculation for Conference and 48 h for Kaiser. AITC treatments also controlled a thiabendazole-resistant strain of P. expansum , reducing the incidence of blue mould by 90% in both cultivars. The use of AITC produced from pure sinigrin or from Brassica juncea defatted meal may be an economically viable alternative to synthetic fungicides against P. expansum .     

Control of blue mold (Penicillium expansum) by fludioxonil in apples (cv Empire) under controlled atmosphere and cold storage conditions

A reduced risk fungicide, fludioxonil, was tested for its efficacy against blue mold caused by thiabendazole-resistant and -sensitive Penicillium expansum (Link) Thom in apples under three storage conditions. In a co-treatment, fludioxonil and inoculum were applied together to test the protective activity of the fungicide on wounds that had been aged for 1 or 2 days. The fungicide was also tested for its curative activity in post-inoculation treatment on apples that had been inoculated for 1 or 2 days. Fludioxonil was very effective as co-treatment and as post-inoculation treatment. At a concentration of 300 mg litre(-1), fludioxonil gave complete control of post-harvest blue mold caused by the thiabendazole-resistant and -sensitive P expansum for 105 days in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage at 2 (+/-1) degrees C, for 42 days in common cold storage at 4 (+/-1) degrees C and also in a shelf-life study for 6 days at 20 (+/-1) degrees C. Comparison on the effect of fludioxonil in CA storage and common cold storage showed that higher concentrations of fungicide were needed in cold storage than in CA storage. Fludioxonil at a concentration of 450 mg litre(-1), gave 98 and 92% control of blue mold of apples in the simulated shelf-life studies after CA and common cold storages, respectively. Fludioxonil has a potential to be incorporated in the fungicide resistance management strategies for control of blue mold in apples stored for 105 days.     

Efficacy ofCandida oleophila strain 182 in preventingPenicillium expansum infection of nectarine fruits

The potential of the yeastCandida oleophila for postharvest control ofPenicillium expansum infection on nectarines was assessed on wound-inoculated fruits held at 20°C, or at 0°C in either air or controlled atmosphere storage. In addition, the efficacy of a prestorage dip with a yeast suspension, the fungicide dicloran, or a combination of the two, for controlling natural infections following storage was examined.C. oleophila reduced the level of infection caused byP. expansum in harvested nectarines. The yeast’s effectiveness was not reduced by controlled atmosphere storage or by application together with the commercial fungicide dicloran.     

Studies on in vitro Growth and Pathogenicity of European Fusarium Fungi

The effect of temperature on the in vitro growth rates and pathogenicity of a European Fusarium collection consisting of isolates of Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. poae and Microdochium nivale was examined. Irrespective of geographic origin, the optimum temperature for the growth of F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. poae was 25 °C, while that for F. avenaceum and M. nivale was 20 °C. In general, the growth rates of F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. poae increased between 10 and 25 °C and those of F. avenaceum and M. nivale increased between 10 and 20 °C. Pathogenicity tests were carried out by examining the effect of the five species on the in vitro coleoptile growth rate of wheat seedlings (cv. Falstaff). Irrespective of geographic origin, the temperature at which F. avenaceum, F. culmorum and F. graminearum caused the greatest retardation in coleoptile growth ranges 20–25 °C (>89.3% reduction), whilst for F. poae and M. nivale it was 10–15 °C (>45.6% retardation), relative to uninoculated control seedlings. In general, F. culmorum and F. graminearum were the most pathogenic of the five species, causing at least a 69% reduction in coleoptile growth at 10, 15, 20 and 25 °C. General linear model analysis (GLIM) showed that species accounted for 51.3–63.4% of the variation in isolate growth and from 19.5% to 44.3% of the variation in in vitro pathogenicity. Country of origin contributed from 22.6% to 51.9% to growth rate variation and from 0.73% to 7.61% to pathogenicity variation. The only significant correlation between in vitro growth and pathogenicity was that observed for M. nivale at 15 °C (r = -0.803, P < 0.05).     

Pathogenicity of Marssonina betulae and other fungi on birch

Marssonina betulae , Discula betulina , Melanconium bicolor and Fusarium avenaceum were inoculated onto shoots of 1- and 2-year-old seedlings of Betula pendula and B. pubescens and symptom development monitored over several seasons. Marssonina betulae caused disease on B. pendula , but not on B. pubescens . On B. pendula symptoms included discrete lesions, which often girdled, causing dieback of inoculated leading shoots, and the development of secondary sunken cankers on the main stems, which were usually centred around a dead sideshoot. Cankers on the main stems expanded during subsequent growing and dormant seasons, and often coalesced, girdling stems and causing the death of some seedlings. All isolates of M. betulae caused disease on B. pendula and conidia were able to infect young shoots in early flush without requiring a wound. Discula betulina caused lesions and dieback on B. pendula and B. pubescens within 3 months of inoculation, but disease did not progress thereafter and all inoculated seedlings recovered. Melanconium bicolor and F. avenaceum caused very little disease on either birch species. This study showed that M. betulae is an aggressive pathogen on B. pendula , causing sunken stem cankers and progressive crown dieback, which are symptoms commonly observed on young, planted birch at field sites across Scotland.     

生防菌ANTI-8098A对青枯雷尔氏菌致病力的影响

经生防菌蜡状芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus菌株ANTI-8098A处理后,番茄青枯雷尔氏菌Ralstonia solanacearum强致病力菌株弱化为无致病力菌株,弱化指数由0．40转变为0．86,回接番茄苗发病率由100．0％转变为0。同时,生防菌处理后的无致病力菌株在培养24h以前菌体生长能力显著增加,其中在12h时生长速率增长最快,达到了5．6倍;紫外-可见光吸收值明显下降,OD450nm由0．5740降为0．2644;高效液相离子交换色谱的表征由前峰〈后峰转变为前峰〉后峰;对生防菌异源蛋白的吸附由2种蛋白质（97．4kD和116．0kD）转变为1种蛋白质（97．4kD）。结果表明：ANTI-8098A对青枯雷尔氏菌具有致弱作用,并使其生理生化特性产生显著的变化。     

棉花黄萎病菌致病力测定及评价方法研究

 棉花黄萎病菌致病力测定及评价是抗病育种及病害综合防治的基础。本文以我国三大棉区的167个黄萎菌菌株为对象,研究致病力测定及评价中不同批次之间病情指数的校准及致病力类型划分标准等关键技术环节。结果表明,以中等致病力类型菌株Vd076为校正菌株,以感病性稳定的冀棉11为校正鉴别寄主,以校正菌株在校正鉴别寄主上病情指数达到50.0±5.0时的调查结果进行各菌株的致病力评价,可获得较好的校正效果,使不同批次试验数据具有可比性;依据聚类分析结果,制定了致病力类型划分标准,强、中、弱3种致病力类型的平均校正病指分别为﹥40.0、20.1~40.0和20.0;通过对不同鉴别寄主组合的分析,推荐陆地棉中棉所41号、豫棉21、鲁棉研28、中棉所35号、中棉所8号、冀棉11作为鉴别寄主。该研究为棉花黄萎病菌致病力变异等相关研究工作提供了技术支撑。     

几种不同来源的苎麻疫霉菌在棉花上的致病力测定

用菌丝块创伤接种测定分离自棉苗、棉铃、苎麻和构树上的苎麻疫霉菌对棉花致病力，结果表明来源于不同寄主的苎麻疫霉菌对棉苗和棉铃的致病力存在明显的分化。来自棉花（棉苗和棉铃）的菌株致病力较强，来自苎麻和构树的菌株对棉苗和棉铃的致病力较弱。来自棉花上的不同苎麻疫霉菌株对棉苗的致病力存在一定的差异，但对棉铃的致病力差异不明显。