大型自然通风奶牛舍空气颗粒物浓度监测方法中采样间隔优化

规模化奶牛养殖产生的颗粒物会对人员和奶牛的呼吸道以及周边环境健康产生不利影响。对于奶牛舍空气颗粒物的实时连续监测,除了监测点数量和位置外,监测设备的采样间隔同样会影响监测结果的准确性。为确定合理的采样间隔,该研究采用环境物联网技术在大型自然通风奶牛舍内共计布置了17个采样点,对秋季至冬季舍内的总悬浮颗粒物(total suspended particulate, TSP)和细颗粒物(PM_2.5)浓度进行连续6个月的实时监测,计算舍内17个采样点的平均浓度(视为“真值”)。基于误差分析法,分别计算了30 min和1、2、3、6、12 h采样间隔下秋季和冬季的颗粒物浓度日均值,以及10、15、20、30 min和1 h采样间隔下白天、夜间与生产管理操作期间的颗粒物浓度小时均值及其与真值的相对误差(E_r),统计了E_r在5%与10%范围内的占比情况,以66.7%作为可接受标准,确定了秋冬季节颗粒物浓度日均值和小时均值的最大可接受采样间隔。结果显示,在5%的相对误差允许范围内,秋冬季节TSP日均值的最大可接受采样间隔为2 h(秋季...     

大气环境对育肥猪舍内颗粒物浓度的影响

2014年10月-2015年8月,以北京昌平某猪场3栋育肥猪舍为例,在猪舍内外设置监测点,对猪舍内外空气动力学直径≤2.5μm的颗粒物（PM2.5）、≤10μm的颗粒物（PM10）和≤100μm的颗粒物（TSP）浓度进行周年监测,并将舍外监测数据与昌平国家环境监测数据进行比较分析,以研究探讨大气环境颗粒物浓度对育肥猪舍内环境的影响。试验结果表明,试验期间舍内外PM2.5浓度的变化范围分别为23～245μgm^-3和11～372μgm^-3,PM10浓度变化范围分别为113～1182μgm^-3和25～444μgm^-3,TSP浓度变化范围分别为334～4396μgm^-3和31～742μgm^-3。育肥猪舍内PM10和TSP浓度远高于猪舍外,说明育肥猪舍内PM2.5浓度受大气环境的影响,而育肥猪舍内粒径大于2.5μm的颗粒物主要源于养殖生产活动。     

扰流风机降温对奶牛泌乳性能和免疫功能的影响

为研究奶牛舍采用扰流风机降温对奶牛泌乳性能和免疫功能的影响,该研究选择结构和饲养管理相同的两栋泌乳牛舍,检测安装风机（风机舍）和不安装风机（对照舍）对不同时期奶牛泌乳性能、淋巴细胞凋亡率、血液理化指标及免疫相关基因mRNA表达的影响,并分析奶牛泌乳性能、免疫性能指标与等温指数（equivalent temperature index for cattle,ETIC）之间的相关性。结果表明：1）安装风机改善了舍内温热环境,整个试验期风机舍的平均ETIC较对照舍降低了3.52 ℃,有效缓解了奶牛的热应激。2）风机舍的产奶量和4%标准乳在试验中、后期均显著高于对照舍（P<0.05）,且风机舍的乳脂率较对照舍也表现出显著性提高（P<0.05）。3）安装风机改善了热应激条件下奶牛的免疫功能。与对照舍相比,风机舍奶牛血液中淋巴细胞数量在试验中、后期显著增加（P<0.05）,并降低了淋巴细胞的早期凋亡率（P<0.05）,淋巴细胞中促凋亡因子Bax的mRNA表达量及其血清浓度在试验后期均表现出显著性降低（P<0.05）,抗凋亡因子Bcl-xl的mRNA表达量（P<0.01）及其血清浓度（P<0.10）在试验中、后期表现出增加趋势。此外,风机舍的血清白细胞介素-12（Interleukin-12, IL-12）和免疫球蛋白G（Immunoglobulin G, IgG）浓度较对照舍也表现出显著性增加（P<0.05）。4）从各项指标之间的相关分析得出,乳蛋白率、淋巴细胞数量与ETIC均呈显著负相关关系（P<0.05）,淋巴细胞BAK mRNA表达、血清IL-6浓度与ETIC呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）。 可见,安装扰流风机可改善舍内温热环境,有效缓解夏季奶牛的热应激,提高奶牛生产性能和免疫功能。     

畜禽舍末端废气净化可调孔隙率填料结构设计与试验

集约型畜禽舍末端废气净化广泛采用酸洗喷淋的化学方法去除氨气和固体颗粒物。填料作为酸洗液与废气的反应场所，是影响废气净化效果的关键因素。针对畜禽养殖舍通风管理对废气净化系统净化效率及其产生的压降需求差异，该研究基于点阵结构优化方法，通过优化单胞构型研制了孔隙率可调的填料结构，并结合数值仿真和试验，分析了填料结构的孔隙率、压降和比表面积的变化规律及其对氨气和固体颗粒物（PM_2.5和PM₁₀）净化效果的影响。研究结果表明：当填料结构孔隙率从98.7%降低至91.1%时，压降从2.7 Pa增至35.2 Pa，氨气净化效率从77.4%升高至92.6%，PM_2.5和PM₁₀的净化效率分别从69.2%和87.2%升高至90.1%和97.7%。相较于现有净化系统广泛应用的填料（孔隙率90%，压降30 Pa，氨气净化效率85%，悬浮颗粒物净化效率40%～45%），本研究设计的填料结构孔隙率可根据养殖舍通风系统的压降负荷要求在91.1%～98.7%区间内进行调节，且能够满足除氨效率83%～90%、颗粒物净化效率不低于50%的畜禽舍废气净化效率需求，为实现填料孔隙率自动调控提供了理论基础和设计参考。     

严寒地区混合垂直通风猪舍环境质量评价

为探究垂直通风系统（屋顶与粪坑混合排风）在寒区猪舍中的适应性,该研究在秋冬季节对内蒙古某规模化猪舍的热湿与空气质量环境进行了实时连续监测,并根据测试结果对猪舍环境质量进行评价。结果表明：1）测试期间,舍内平均温度、相对湿度以及氨气（NH₃）、二氧化碳（CO₂）、总悬浮颗粒物（total suspended particulate, TSP）浓度分别为22.7 ℃、59.6%、6.5 mg/m³、2200 mg/m³、2915 μg/m³,舍内通风量为0.34～0.39 m³/(h·kg),各环境指标基本满足生产环境阈值要求;保育期间舍内有效环境温度范围为27.1～30.7 ℃,存在轻度热应激情况,占总监测时间的12.9%;2）舍内温度、相对湿度与NH₃、CO₂、TSP浓度空间分布不均匀系数分别为0.01、0.15、0.45、0.03、0.15,各环境参数空间分布均较为均匀;3）试验单元（U1、U3）猪的平均日增质量、料重比与死淘率分别842和818 g/d、2.68和2.79、1.68%和1.31%,生产性能良好。综上,不设吊顶的侧墙进风,屋顶与粪坑混合排风的垂直通风系统,总体上能够满足严寒地区猪舍秋冬季热湿环境与空气质量调节需求,保证良好的生产性能。     

散栏饲养棚式奶牛舍温热环境评价

选择郑州某奶牛场南北走向的单层彩钢板屋顶的棚式牛舍为试验牛舍，对其相关环境参数测定表明：冬季舍外平均温度和平均THI分别为0.76℃和41.98时，舍内的温度和THI分别为-0.52℃和39.34，卧棚的温度和THI分别为1.63℃和39.99，冬季奶牛直肠温度平均为38.72℃，肩胛前缘温度29.33℃，乳房表面温度35.27℃；夏季舍外温度和THI分别为24.25℃和73.54时，舍内温度和THI分别为25.69℃和74.98，奶牛直肠温度平均为39.42℃，呼吸率平均59.56次／min。因此，在中原地区南北走向的单层彩钢板屋顶棚式牛舍的隔热性能较差，其夏季和冬季的温热环境对奶牛不太适宜。     

丹麦舍饲散养自然通风奶牛舍的空气环境分析

近年来，奶牛全舍饲散养工艺技术被欧美等国家越来越普遍地使用。全舍饲工艺中的舍内空气质量对奶牛的健康和生产性能影响很大，为较深入了解该工艺中热环境与其它有害气体的相应关系，通过对丹麦7个有代表性奶牛场进行温度、含湿量及几种主要有害气体的现场测试，对该工艺下舍内空气环境条件进行分析研究。结果表明：丹麦气候条件下全舍饲的自然通风牛舍，其舍内热湿状况受舍外温湿度及牛体本身的影响，在0～25℃范围内，舍温一般比舍外高1～3℃，舍外温度每升高1℃，舍内温度上升0.8℃，含湿量约增加1000 mg/m³；舍内各环境因素之间具有显著的相关性，温度、含湿量的高低对NH₃、CO₂、CH₄浓度均有影响；白天，由于自然通风量较大，这3种气体的平均浓度比夜间低20%左右。而N₂O在整个测量过程中并未发现显著变化。     

水分和CO2对玉米光合性能及水分利用率的影响

利用环境生长室探讨不同CO₂浓度和土壤水分亏缺处理下玉米植株生物量、气孔形态与分布特征、叶片气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数等生长及生理指标的变化规律。以‘郑单958’ 玉米品种为试材,利用环境生长室设置2个CO₂浓度和4个土壤水分梯度对玉米进行CO₂浓度和水分处理。结果表明：1）不同程度土壤水分亏缺均显著降低玉米地上生物量（P<0.05）,但CO₂浓度升高增加了轻度水分亏缺条件下玉米地上生物量（P<0.01）和总生物量（P<0.01）。2）大气CO₂浓度升高导致轻度和中度水分亏缺条件下玉米的净光合速率（P_n）分别提高15.8%（P<0.05）和25.7%（P=0.001）,而CO₂浓度升高却降低了玉米叶片蒸腾速率（P<0.001）和气孔导度（P<0.001）,最终导致玉米瞬时水分利用效率均显著提高（P<0.001）。3）不同水分处理对玉米叶片气孔密度和单个气孔形态特征均造成显著影响（P<0.01）。因此,大气CO₂浓度升高可以增加轻度水分亏缺条件下玉米叶片氮含量、叶片非结构性碳水化合物含量和光合电子传递速率,从而提高玉米植株的生物量累积以及叶片碳同化能力和水分利用效率。研究结果将为深入理解气候变化背景下玉米对大气CO₂浓度升高和土壤水分亏缺的生理生态响应机制提供科学依据。     

留茬高度对小叶锦鸡儿光合生理和生长特征的影响

[目的] 研究不同留茬高度小叶锦鸡儿生长和光合生理的变化规律,揭示不同留茬高度下小叶锦鸡儿生长和光合能力的强弱,探索其平茬时的最适留茬高度,为寻求合理抚育管理措施、指导小叶锦鸡儿生产实践提供理论依据。[方法] 选择2003年人工种植小叶锦鸡儿为研究材料,设置未平茬（CK）、留茬高度5 cm （T₁）,10 cm （T₂）,15 cm （T₃）,20 cm （T₄）,25 cm （T₅）共6个处理于2018年秋季进行平茬,分别测定次年生长季小叶锦鸡儿生长和光合生理指标。[结果] 平茬能显著提高小叶锦鸡儿株高、冠幅、新稍长的增长;不同留茬高度处理净增长量均不同,留茬高度15 cm处理株高、冠幅长和宽度、新稍长净增长量值最高,分别较未平茬处理增加了203.44%,278.10%,292.59%,385.43%;留茬高度5,10和20 cm处理的净增长量次之,留茬高度25 cm的值最低,较未平茬处理分别增加了25.15%,26.38%,25.93%,88.48%;一定留茬高度平茬能显著提高小叶锦鸡儿净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）和水分利用效率（WUE）;不同处理小叶锦鸡儿日变化均有不同程度的光合、蒸腾“午休”现象;留茬高度15 cm处理叶片P_n,T_r,WUE日均值均最高,分别比未平茬处理增加了2.52,0.37和1.52倍;留茬高度5,10和20 cm处理次之,留茬高度25 cm处理值最低,其P_n和WUE值分别比未平茬处理增加了0.45和0.32倍,而T_r值比未平茬处理降低了0.02倍。[结论] 平茬后次年生长季内,留茬高度15 cm的平茬小叶锦鸡儿具有较强的生长补偿和光合能力,留茬5,10和20 cm植株的生长补偿和光合能力次之,留茬25 cm植株的生长补偿和光合能力最弱。     

短期干旱胁迫下棉花气孔表现及光合特征研究

研究气孔对干旱胁迫的响应有助于了解气孔调节真实行为和提高水分利用效率。本研究以‘国欣9号’为供试棉花品种,在人工气候室利用营养液培养,设置加入PEG-6000浓度为0（对照）、1.5%、3.0%和4.5% 4个处理,处理后1~7 d每隔1 d连续测定其气孔形态、光合和叶绿素荧光指标。结果表明：加入PEG-6000 1 d后,随着处理进程的延长,棉花叶片水势、气孔长度、宽度和开度、净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）、最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）和实际光化学量子产量（Yield）均呈下降趋势,气孔密度和非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ）呈上升趋势;不同处理之间,随着干旱胁迫程度增加,也表现出相似趋势。处理后5 d和7 d,与正常处理相比,1.5%、3.0%和4.5%处理棉花气孔长度、宽度、水势、P_n、G_s、T_r和C_i均差异显著（P<0.05）,气孔长度降低幅度最小（1.17%~2.61%）,G_s降低幅度最大（61.62%~69.09%）,T_r降低幅度为37.62%~67.48%。相关分析表明,棉花气孔长度、宽度和开度之间极显著正相关（P<0.01）,气孔宽度和气孔密度不相关。气孔长度、宽度和开度与P_n和Yield极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与NPQ极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与G_s、T_r和F_v/F_m相关不显著。综上,棉花在PEG-6000诱发干旱后,通过降低气孔开度和增大气孔密度降低净光合速率和气孔导度,叶绿素荧光指标Yield和NPQ比F_v/F_m对干旱更敏感。     

A Module to Calculate Primary Particulate Matter Emissions and Abatement Measures in Europe

Primary particulate matter is emitted directly into the atmosphere from various anthropogenic and natural sources such as power plants (combustion of fossil fuels) or forest fires. Secondary particles are formed by transformation of SO₂, NO_x, NH₃, and VOC in the atmosphere. They both contribute to ambient particulate matter concentrations, which may have adverse effects on human health. Health hazards are caused by small particulate size, high number of especially fine (< 2.5 µm) and ultra-fine (< 0.1 µm) particles and/or their chemical composition. As part of an integrated assessment model developed at IIASA, a module on primary particulate matter (PM) emissions has been added to the existing SO₂, NO_x, NH₃ and VOC sections. The module considers so far primary emissions of total suspended particles (TSP), PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 from aggregated stationary and mobile sources. A primary PM emission database has been established. Country specific emission factors for stationary sources have been calculated within the module using the ash content of solid fuels.     

Characterization of Elemental Species in PM2.5 Samples Collected in Four Cities of Northeast China

A monitoring program of particulate matter was conducted at eight sampling sites in four highly industrialized cities (Shenyang, Anshan, Fushun, and Jinzhou) of Liaoning Province in Northeast China to identify the major potential sources of ambient PM_2.5. A total of 814 PM_2.5 and PM_2.5–10 samples were collected between 2004 and 2005. All PM samples were collected simultaneously in four cities and analyzed gravimetrically for mass concentrations. A sum of 16 elemental species concentrations in the PM samples were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Annual means of PM_2.5 concentrations ranged from 65.0 to 222.0 μg m^?3 in all the eight sampling sites, and the spatial and seasonal variations were discussed. Enrichment factors were calculated, and Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb will be pollution-derived elements. Site-to-site comparisons of PM_2.5 species in each city were examined using coefficient of divergence, revealing that the two sites in each city are similar in elemental species. Principle component analysis was used for preliminary source analysis of PM_2.5. Three or four factors in each city were isolated, and similar sources (crustal source, coal combustion, vehicle exhaust, iron making, or some other metallurgical activities) were identified at four cities.     

辽宁西北部主要绿化树种对空气颗粒物滞留能力研究

采用洗脱法测定了辽西北地区阜新市15种常见绿化树种单位叶面积滞留粗颗粒物(TSP)及细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))的质量,分析比较了15种树种叶片去除TSP和PM_(2.5)能力以及随着空间变化的规律。结果表明:(1)不同树种单位叶面积TSP和PM_(2.5)滞留量均存在显著差异,变化范围分别为3.68~5.94g/m~2和0.47~0.92g/m~2,树种间滞留能力的差值可达2倍左右。(2)在同一个功能区不同树种滞留TSP和PM_(2.5)的差异由树冠高度(绿篱灌木乔木)和叶表面粗糙度(叶表面沟槽宽度的不同可能是沟槽宽度过宽和过窄均不利于叶片捕集颗粒物,且颗粒物滞留量随沟槽深度增加而增大)以及叶片比叶重(比叶重大的滞尘量大)等所引起。(3)在不同功能区同一树种单位叶面积滞留TSP量的排序为工业区商业交通区露天矿区清洁区,而PM_(2.5)滞留量则无明显差异。乔木中新疆杨、灌木中紫丁香的单位叶面积滞留量与单株滞留量都较高,起到明显的降尘作用,是沙尘频发的辽西北地区城市绿化树种的优先之选。     

Influence of the 23 October 2002 Dust Storm on the Air Quality of Four Australian Cities

Widespread drought and record maximum temperatures in eastern Australia produced a large dust storm on 23 October, 2002 which traversed a large proportion of eastern Australia and engulfed communities along a 2000 km stretch of coastline from south of Sydney (NSW) to north of Mackay (Queensland). This event provided an opportunity for a study of the impacts of rural dust upon the air quality of four Australian cities. A simple model is used to predict dust concentrations, dust deposition rates and particle size characteristics of the airborne dust in the cities. The total dust load of the plume was 3.35 to 4.85 million tones, and assuming a (conservative) plume height of 1500 m, 62–90% of this dust load was deposited in-transit to the coast. It is conservatively estimated that 3.5, 12.0, 2.1 and 1.7 kilotonnes of dust were deposited during the event in Sydney, Brisbane, Gladstone and Mackay, respectively. In the South East Queensland region, this deposition is equivalent to 40% of the total annual TSP emissions for the region. The event increased TSP, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations and reduced the visibility beyond the health and amenity guidelines in the four cities. For example, the 24-h average PM₁₀ concentrations in Brisbane and Mackay, were 161 and 475 μg m^?3 respectively, compared with the Australian national ambient air quality standard of 50 μg m^?3. The 24-h average PM_2.5 concentration in Brisbane was 42 μg m^?3, compared with the national advisory standard of 25 μg m^?3. These rural dusts significantly increased PM₁₀/TSP ratios and decreased PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratios, indicating that most of the particles were between PM_2.5 and PM₁₀.     

Source Apportionment of the Atmospheric Aerosol in Lahore, Pakistan

Samples of airborne particulate matter (PM_2.5) were collected at a site in Lahore, Pakistan from November 2005 to January 2006. A total of 129 samples were collected using an Andersen Reference Ambient Air Sampler 2.5-400 sampler and analyzed for major ions, trace metals, and organic and elemental carbon concentrations. The data set was then analyzed by positive matrix factorization (PMF) to identify the possible sources of the atmospheric PM collected in this urban area. Six factors reproduced the PM_2.5 sample compositions with meaningful physical interpretation of the resolved factors. The sources included secondary PM, diesel emissions, biomass burning, coal combustion, two-stroke vehicle exhaust, and industrial sources. Diesel and two-stroke vehicles contributed about 36%, biomass burning about 15%, and coal combustion sources around 13% of the PM_2.5 mass. Nearly two thirds of the PM_2.5 mass is carbonaceous material. Secondary particles contributed about 30% of PM_2.5 mass. The conditional probability function (CPF) was then used to help identify likely locations of the sources present in this area. CPF analysis point to the east and northeast, which are directions of urban and industrial areas located across the border near Amritsar, India as the most probable source for high PM_2.5 concentration from diesel and two-stroke vehicles exhaust in Lahore. Analysis of those days within three different ranges of PM_2.5 concentration shows that most of the measured high PM_2.5 mass concentrations were driven by diesel and two-stroke vehicle emissions including the associated primary sulfate. The use of the potential source contribution function (PSCF) to find the source locations of regionally transported particles is inapplicable in situations when high PM_2.5 concentrations are dominated by local sources and local meteorology.     

A Study of Airborne Selected Metals and Particle Size Distribution in Relation to Climatic Variables and their Source Identification

Ten selected metals (Na, K, Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni & Cd) were estimated in total suspended particulate (TSP) samples collected on glass fibre filters in urban Islamabad, Pakistan, from October 2002 to May 2003, using a high volume sampling technique. The wet digestion method (HNO₃/HClO₄) was used for metal analysis by the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) method. Maximum mean contribution was noted for Na (1.949 μg m^?3), followed by K (0.900 μg m^?3), Zn (0.603 μg m^?3), Fe (0.584 μg m^?3) and Pb (0.214 μg m^?3). The particle size determination on % volume basis for four fractions (PM_{< 2.5}, PM_2.5–10, PM_10–100& PM_{> 100}) was also carried out. PM_10–100 were found to be the most abundant in the local atmosphere followed by PM_2.5–10, while the respirable fraction (PM_{< 2.5}) and giant fraction (PM_{> 100}) showed comparable and lower levels. The trace metals were found to be mainly associated with PM_{< 2.5} and PM_2.5–10. The influence of climatic variables on toxic trace metals and particle size fractions was also investigated statistically and it was revealed that temperature has a significant correlation with fine particle fractions and airborne trace metal levels. The source identification was carried out by Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis. Four metal sources were identified: industrial (32.6%), soil-derived dust (21.9%), traffic/road dust (19.8%), and metallurgical/garbage incineration (12.4%). The metal levels were also compared with those reported for other parts around the world.     

秸秆覆盖对农田土壤风蚀及细颗粒物释放的影响

为了确定保护性耕作措施对北京周边农田土壤风蚀及颗粒物释放的影响,通过风洞模拟试验,对比不同风速和不同覆盖度下农田土壤风蚀速率及TSP、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM_1的释放差异,并分析了4种细颗粒物在风蚀物中的占比。结果表明:(1)当风速12 m/s时,秸秆覆盖度达到20%能显著降低风蚀速率,当风速16 m/s时,秸秆覆盖度需达到40%才能达到理想的防风蚀效果。(2)TSP、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM_1 4种细颗粒物的释放量与风速呈正指数函数关系,与覆盖度呈负指数函数关系;随风速的增加,4种细颗粒物的释放能力为AB1B2B3B4B5,当覆盖度10%或60%时,细颗粒物的释放量随风速增大差异逐渐减小;覆盖度达60%以上时,细颗粒物的释放量基本达到稳定值。(3)TSP、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM_1 4种细颗粒物在风蚀物中的占比随风速的增加而降低,当覆盖度60%时占比接近稳定。     

A Study of PM2.5 and PM2.5-Associated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at an Urban Site in the Po Valley (Bologna, Italy)

PM_2.5 and PAHs bound to PM_2.5 were investigated in downtown Bologna, from January to June 2003, in order to determine the burden of the fine fraction in the aerosol of a typical urban environment of the Po Valley, a critical area in Northern Italy in terms of atmospheric pollution. The sampling campaign was divided into three parts: a winter sub-campaign, an intermediate campaign where PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were simultaneously sampled and which identified PM_2.5 as the major component of PM₁₀, and a summer sub-campaign. Critical concentrations of both PM_2.5 and PAHs were observed in winter time; for example, in January 2003 the mean value for the 24-h average PM_2.5 concentration was 58 μg/m³, much higher than the annual arithmetic mean of 15 μg/m³ established by the US ambient air quality standard (NAAQS). Correspondingly, the mean value for benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) in PM_2.5 was 1.79 ng/m³, again higher than the annual mean of 1 ng/m³, required by European regulations for BAP in PM₁₀. In summer time the BAP concentration considerably decreases to 0.10 ng/m³ as the likely effect of photolysis and dilution on a higher boundary layer; PM_2.5 decreases too, but the mean concentration (22 μg/m³) is still higher than the NAAQS value. Further analysis included TEM microscopy of collected particles and correlations between PM_2.5, PAHs and gases (benzene, O₃, CO, NO₂, SO₂). All these observations identified on-road mobile sources as the main source of emissions and, in general, of the poor air quality level in the city of Bologna.     

基于GIS的中国PM2.5浓度的空间分布及影响因素分析

[目的]研究中国PM2.5的空间分布特征及其影响因素,为区域可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法]利用2014年2月25日上午9时和3月23日9时来自国家环保部的PM2.5时均浓度值,以GIS为平台利用双三次B样条方法,以中国陆疆国界为内插区域,模拟两个时相PM2.5浓度的空间分布,并在此基础上对比分析了中国和美国PM2.5浓度标准的差异,进一步分析荒漠化、降水、风速和经济增长水平对PM2.5浓度空间分异的影响。[结果]模拟结果表明,京、津为中心的华北地区是中国PM2.5污染严重的区域,珠三角是另一个污染较严重的区域,西藏、新疆和贵州等西部省区是中国PM2.5浓度较低,空气质量较好的区域。[结论]我国各地区PM2.5浓度与区域经济发展水平表现出显著的相关性。