红木硬枝扦插试验研究

用浓度５０ｍｇ／ｌ、１００ｍｇ／ｌ、１５０ｍｇ／ｌ的ＡＢＴ生根粉１号对红木三、四年生枝条进行浸泡处理,将处理好的枝条分别插于黄心土和珍珠岩基质中,６０ｄ后检查成活率,结果表明：以１００ｍｇ／ｌ的ＡＢＴ生根粉１号处理,插于黄心土基质中的红木枝条成活率最高,达５４７％;以１５０ｍｇ／ｌ的ＡＢＴ生根粉１号处理,插于珍珠岩基质中的红木枝条成活率最低,为２９４％;所有处理与对均有显著差异。     

Direct shoot bud regeneration from shoot tip explants of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Enicostema axillare</Emphasis>: an important medicinal plant

An efficient protocol has been developed for in vitro propagation of Enicostema axillare using shoot tip explants. The shoot tip explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with various combinations of (BAP, KIN) and (NAA/IAA & IBA) in different concentrations between 0.5 and 2.0 mg/l for multiple shoot bud induction. The highest percent of (98.51 %) was observed at 1.0 mg/l BAP in combination with 0.2 mg/l KIN while maximum number of shoot buds (8.41 shoots/explant) was noticed on MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l BAP and 0.2 mg/l KIN combination. The highest frequency (90.82 %) of multiple shoot bud regeneration was observed at 1.0 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l IBA with 15.12 ± 2.12 shoots/explants. The regenerated multiple shoots were transferred to half-strength MS medium augmented with different concentration of 0.5–2.5 mg/l IBA for rooting. Among the different concentrations of IBA tested, maximum percentage of rooting (100 %) was observed in MS medium augmented with 1.5 mg/l IBA. The rooted plantlets were successfully transferred into plastic cups containing soil and sand in the ratio of 1:1. Subsequently established in the field conditions with 90 % of survival rate. The protocol developed can be utilized for both large scale plant production and conservation of germplasm of this species. The described method can be successfully employed for large-scale multiplication and in vitro conservation as well as production of secondary metabolites of E. axillare.     

Micropropagation of field tested superior Eucalyptus grandis hybrids

Three superior clones of Eucalyptus grandis hybrids were micropropagated through several steps. Five-year-old trees were girdled to induce juvenile sprouts. Cultures were attempted from mature branches and sprouts. Branches from mature trees were 100% contaminated while sprouts were only 40% contaminated. Pre-initiation hormone free medium and dark environment were used to screen for contaminants and to reduce production of phenolic compounds. Initiation of auxillary buds was achieved with modified MS plus 0.05 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l BAR High multiplication rates were obtained on auxin-free medium with 0.6 mg/1 BAR Elongation of shoots was best on media with high auxin (2.5 mg/l of IBA) and cytokinin (1–1.5 mg/l of zeatin). Continual subculture on the multiplication medium improved rooting significantly. Up to 98% rooting was achieved on 1/4 MS with 2 mg/l IBA. Rooted propagules were successfully transferred to a mist greenhouse with 82% survival, and then to greenhouse conditions.     

Ecballium elaterium: an in vitro source of cucurbitacins

Biomass and secondary metabolite accumulation were assayed on a wide range of auxins, cytokinins and their combinations using Ecballium elaterium callus tissue. The best combination was that consisting of alpha-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and benzylamino purine (BAP) (1 mg/l of medium, each). NAA and BAP were set up in a grid to determine concentrations that produced the best callus as regards fresh and dry weights and yield of cucurbitacins, particularly cucurbitacin E. The best combination for callus proliferation consisted of 5 mg/l NAA and 5 mg/l BAP, reaching a peak at week 5. For cucurbitacin production, an optimum yield was obtained at week 3 with 5 mg/l NAA.     

The aromatic and polyphenolic composition of lemon verbena tea

The chemical composition of the largely used tea from lemon verbena, Aloysia triphylla, was investigated. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the main aromatic and polyphenolic constituents of tea made by infusion from leaves were examined. The results showed that the relative proportions of the active constituents differ from those of the original leaves. The tea contained a large amount of polyphenolic compounds (mean value 675 mg/l; extraction yield 65%) including verbascoside (400 mg/l) and luteolin 7-diglucuronide (100 mg/l). It contained also 42 mg/l of essential oil (extraction yield 51%) with much more citral (77% of the essential oil) than the original leaves (41%).     

山麻杆硬枝扦插育苗试验研究

山麻杆属优良多用途树种,但国内外极少有其相关的研究文献。通过对山麻杆(Alchornea davidii Franch.)硬枝扦插育苗的试验研究,探索了山麻杆快繁技术,综合插穗长度、药剂处理、基质等方面,筛选出以河沙为基质,插穗长度100 mm,以300 mg/L浓度的ABT6浸泡2h,并辅以地膜覆盖或小拱棚的最优硬枝扦插育苗方案,为完善山麻杆育苗技术、使其尽快服务于生产具有重要意义。     

Chemical characteristics of saponins from Paris fargesii var. brevipetala and cytotoxic activity of its main ingredient, paris saponin H

More attention was paid to the anti-tumor activity of Rhizoma Paridis (RP) recently, of which the wild resource was decreased significantly. This study was aimed to elucidate the chemical characteristics of Paris fargesii var. brevipetala (PFB) that may be administrated as alternate resource of legal RP. A HPLC-ELSD method was established to characterize the steroid saponins in rhizomes of PFB and two legal Paris species [Paris polyphylla var. chinensis (PPC) and P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis (PPY)] in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (CP). Ten saponins (paris saponins I, II, V, VI, VII, H, gracillin and other three paris saponins) were involved as standards. The results indicated that PFB contained pennogenyl saponins as the main components with small amounts of diosgenin saponins. The total contents of the detected saponins in PFB ranged from 9.12mg/g to 85.33mg/g. Nine of the twelve PFB samples own a total content of paris saponins I, II, VI, and VII more than 6.0mg/g (meeting the standard of CP 2010 edition). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares-Discriminate Analysis (PLS-DA) both confirmed the fact that saponin profiles of PFB, PPC and PPY were different from each other. In addition, paris saponin H (Ps H), the predominant saponin of PFB (>50%), was tested in vitro to evaluate its cytotoxic activities on HepG2, A549, RPE and L929 cells with a positive control of Cisplatin. Ps H showed a remarkable cytotoxic activity on A549 cells with an IC(50) value of 1.53±0.08μg/mL.     

湖南郴州重点保护动物种类及其分布的初步研究

据１９９８年春、冬季两次全市野生动物调查结果，郴州市现有黄腹角雉、白颈长尾雉、黑鹳、云豹和华南虎共５种国家一级保护动物，有红腹角雉、白鹇、草、游隼、大鲵等３８种国家二级保护动物，其中又以隼形目８种、雀形目７种、裂形目７种、形目６种，鸡形目６种为多。另有多种属于有益的和有经济价值的省级保护动物，主要为鹭类、蛇类、蛙类、啮齿类，并有珍稀特有种莽山烙铁头蛇的分布。     

The action of allicin against Armillaria spp. in vitro

The effect of allicin (a stabilized garlic extract product) at five different concentrations (0, 20, 30, 50 and 100 mg/l) was studied in vitro on the growth rate of 100 isolates of Armillaria gallica and A. mellea. Isolates were obtained from 41 host genera growing in gardens located in 39 counties in the United Kingdom. Agar plugs of the actively growing Armillaria isolates were added to the centre of malt agar plates infused with allicin, and radial mycelium growth was measured on days 7, 14 and 21. The total number of rhizomorphs and length of rhizomorphs were also measured. Relative growth rates were calculated as the growth rate relative to the controls (0 mg/ l). The relative growth of each isolate at each allicin concentration was used to estimate EC₅₀ values for A. mellea and A. gallica populations as well as individual isolates. EC₅₀ values for both Armillaria spp. increased over time. The mean EC₅₀ values for A. mellea of 16.0, 26.4 and 102 mg/l (days 7, 14 and 21, respectively) were higher than those for A. gallica (8.8, 7.9 and 11.0 mg/l) and probably relate to the more aggressive nature of A. mellea. Isolates with higher EC₅₀ values were also more likely to produce more rhizomorphs. At allicin concentrations of 20 and 30 mg/l, the production of rhizomorphs and the growth rates of A. mellea isolates were stimulated, when compared to the control treatments. From this study's findings, it appears that the field use potential of allicin is limited, due to better inhibition of the less virulent A. gallica, than the more aggressive A. mellea.     

生长素对楸树不定芽的诱导和增殖培养影响的研究

以楸树无菌苗茎段为材料,研究了不同生长素（NAA、IAA、IBA、2,4-D）在不同浓度下（0．05、0．1、0．2mg／L）对不定芽诱导、增殖和生根的影响。结果表明：在添加IAA激素的培养基中,不定芽的诱导生长最好。IAA0．1mg／L和6-BA0．8mg／L纽合不定芽诱导率高达100％,而且生长健壮;在NAA0．1mg／L和6-BA2．0mg／L的培养基中,IAA0．1mg／L和6-BA0．8mg／L组合诱导出的不定芽增殖倍数最高,为3．23,且不定芽健壮;添加I从0．Img／L对不定芽的生根也有利。     

An efficient in vitro shoot regeneration through direct organogenesis from seedling-derived petiole and leaf segments and acclimatization of Ficus religiosa

Prolific and rapid in vitro plant organogenesis via direct regeneration has been obtained from axenic seedling-derived petiole and leaf explants of Ficus religiosa in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different concentrations of cytokinins in combination with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). MS medium with 1.5 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine plus 0.15 mg/l IBA produced the highest shoot induction frequency with an average of 6.26 and 10.13 shoots per leaf and petiole explants, respectively. After 4 weeks, the highest root formation frequency (96.7%), root number (5.73), and root length (4.76 cm) were with MS medium containing 2.0 mg/l IBA plus 0.1 mg/l α-naphthalene acetic acid. In addition, the effect of four sodium nitroprusside (SNP) treatments on acclimatization was also studied. Highest morphological traits such as survival rates, fresh and dry root weights as well as antioxidant enzymatic activities such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase was achieved with 125 ppm SNP. The α-amino acid, proline, content was highest with this treatment while the highest H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) was in the controls. This study introduces a cost-effective, prolific, and efficient in vitro multiplication system to supply pharmaceutical and ornamental needs. It is the first report of an in vitro organogenesis protocol for F. religiosa by direct regeneration through axenic seedling-derived petiole and leaf explants, which can be efficiently employed for the utilization of active biomolecules.     

武当山地区盾叶薯蓣薯蓣皂苷元含量及生物特性的相关性研究

通过对武当山地区盾叶薯蓣(Diosorea zingiberenzis C．H．Wright)4个居群29个单株根茎的单株质量、折干率、生长速率、薯蓣皂苷元含量检测，及其各生物学特征的差异的研究，探讨了薯蓣皂苷元含量及其它生物特性的相关性。结果表明：武当山地区野生盾叶薯蓣根茎薯蓣皂苷元含量绝大多数在1．6％以上，含量超过2．0％的单株为79％，含量超过3．0％的单株为31％，最高含量达3．51％；武当山泰山庙盾叶薯蓣居群的根茎平均单株质量、平均生长速率、薯蓣皂苷元平均含量显著高于其它3个居群，折干率显著低于其它居群。盾叶薯蓣根茎的薯蓣皂苷元含量与根茎单株质量呈极显著正相关性，相关系数为0．6078，与根茎折干率呈极显著负相关，相关系数为-0．5989，与根茎生长速率不显示显著的相关性；盾叶薯蓣根茎单株质量和生长速率呈极显著正相关，相关系数为0．7199；武当山泰山庙盾叶薯蓣居群为优良的盾叶薯蓣种质，武当山区适合建立野生盾叶薯蓣的种质保护基地。     

苏云金杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白基因转化美洲黑杨的研究

本研究首先建立了美洲黑杨叶片外植体的再生系统，并利用Ｈｏｒｓｃｈ等人１９８５年发明的叶盘法，将分别带有嵌合基因ＮＰＴＩＩ和１．８ｋｂ或２．１ｋｂ Ｂｔ．基因的土壤杆菌ＬＢＡ４４０４与美洲黑杨叶片共培养。采用３０ｍｇ／ｌ和５０ｍｇ／ｌ两种浓度的卡那霉素筛选转子，约２８天左右的时间，有不定芽从外植体切口处形成。两种卡那霉素浓度下共形成２７５个伸长芽，存活了１８７株。这１８７株分别进入卡那霉素３０ｍｇ／     

Carbon dioxide enrichment accelerates the decline in nutrient status and relative growth rate of Populus tremuloides Michx. seedlings

Changes in growth dynamics and mineral nutrient concentrations were measured in Populus tremuloides Michx., trembling aspen, grown for 100 days following germination in atmospheres containing 350 or 750 microl l(-1) CO(2). Seedlings were fertilized with nitrogen (N) at concentrations of 15.5 mM (high-N), 1.55 mM (medium-N), or 0.155 mM (low-N). Initially, relative growth rates were enhanced by CO(2) enrichment in each N regime, but the effects did not persist. In plants grown in high-N or medium-N, foliar concentrations of Ca and Mg decreased in response to CO(2) enrichment. During the 100-day study, whole-plant concentrations of N and P decreased in all treatments. The decreases in mineral nutrient concentrations over time were accelerated in CO(2)-enriched plants and accompanied the disappearance of the CO(2)-induced growth enhancement. It is concluded that the depression of relative growth rates often associated with long-term CO(2) enrichment of plants may result from decreases in plant nutrient status.     

蜜环菌根朽病病原菌的抗药试验

针对蜜环菌根朽病的病原菌,收集了30种药剂进行筛选试验。其中,杜邦克露、退菌特、杜邦新万生、粉锈宁、代森锰锌等5种效果最好。杜邦克露、退菌特100mg／L以上浓度时杀菌率100％,杜邦克露50mg／L时90％以上,方差分析及q-检验表明,浓度水平间差异极其显著,而药剂作用时间无差异。杜邦新万生、粉锈宁、代森锰锌250mg／L以上浓度时杀菌率100％,100mg／L时80％以上,其抑菌效果随药剂浓度的加大而提高,随时间的延长而降低。     

Acaricidal,repellent and oviposition deterrent activities of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Datura stramonium</Emphasis> L. against adult <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetranychus urticae</Emphasis> (Koch)

The ethanol extracts obtained from both leaf and seed in the Thorn apple (Datura stramonium L.) (Solanaceae) were investigated for acaricidal, repellent and oviposition deterrent properties against adult two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae) under laboratory conditions. Leaf and seed extracts, which were applied in 167,250 and 145,750 mg/l concentrations, respectively (using a Petri leaf disc-spray tower method), caused 98 and 25% mortality among spider mite adults after 48 h. The simple logistic regression analysis showed that the independent variable, an increase in the dose of leaf extract was associated with a significant increase in the death rate of T. urticae females, but an increase in the dosage of seed extracts did not have a significant effect. Using probit analysis and estimating the parameters with a confidence limit of 95%, we determined the LC₅₀ values of leaf extract to be 70,593 mg/l. According to Pearson’s χ² test, mites showed the strongest run off to bean leaf surfaces sprayed with both leaf and seed extracts (in sub-lethal doses: <7,500 mg/l and <25,000 mg/l, respectively) and moved towards surfaces that had not been sprayed with extracts. Furthermore, repeated measures ANOVA indicated a significant difference between the number of eggs laid on unsprayed bean leaves compared to bean leaves that were sprayed with leaf and seed extracts at sub-lethal doses, 2,500 and 25,000 mg/l concentrations, respectively. These results suggest that D. stramonium extracts could be used to manage the two-spotted spider mite.     

In vitro flowering of green and albino Dendrocalamus latiflorus

To propagate Dendrocalamus latiflorus, we used in vivo inflorescences to produce calli on Murashige and Skoog basal (MS) medium supplemented with 3 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2 mg/l kinetin, 250 mg/l polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and 1% coconut milk. Multiple shoots were generated on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l thidiazuron (TDZ). The green plantlets were successfully transferred to soil. Multiple albino shoots also regenerated and were able to proliferate on medium containing cytokinins, especially TDZ. Albino multiple shoots rooted in medium containing α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and callus formation was observed in the presence of 2,4-D and picloram. Green and albino regenerates flowered after 8 months of subculture. The flowering ratio increased to 44% after three treatments in medium containing 1 mg/l TDZ. Morphological observations revealed that the in vitro green and albino flower organs were normal. However, pollen derived from the in vitro flowers of both the green and albino plants were sterile.     

Rosmarinic acid from Zataria multiflora tops and in vitro cultures

Rosmarinic acid (RA) was obtained from Zataria multiflora tops' extract and its structure was confirmed by spectroscopic methods. Various in vitro cultures were established on Murashige and Skoog (MS) or Modified Tobacco (MT) medium containing growth hormones. The results indicated that cultures of Z. multiflora biosynthesize RA (55-355 mg/100 g dry wt.) and the highest accumulation were reached on MT media containing NAA 2 mg/l.     

甘肃省干旱半干旱地区爬地柏扦插繁殖试验

在甘肃省干旱半干旱地区,以粗沙作为扦插基质,应用不同植物生长调节剂进行爬地柏硬枝扦插育苗试验,结果表明:爬地柏硬枝扦插的最优处理为ABT1号生根粉100mg/L浸泡4h,生根率为71.35%,其次为较优组合ABT1 100mg/L+NAA 100mg/L浸泡2h,平均生根率为54.42%;ABT1 100mg/L+IBA 100mg/L浸泡2h,平均生根率为51.78%;IBA 100mg/L+NAA 100mg/L浸泡2h,平均生根率为50.04%;IBA 100mg/L+NAA 50mg/L浸泡2h,平均生根率为50.02%,以上各处理的平均生根数大于4条/株,平均根长大于3cm。