假臭草对南方几种常见杂草化感作用的盆栽试验研究

本研究以假臭草为化感物质供体, 飞机草(Eupatorium odoratum L.)、巴西含羞草(Mimosa pudica L.)、稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli (L.)Beauv)、三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)和茼麻(Abutilon theophrasti Medic)种子为受体做盆栽试验, 测定杂草种子发芽率、株高、地上生物量和地下生物量,探讨假臭草作为绿肥时对几种常见大田草的抑草作用。研究结果表明,假臭草对杂草种子发芽具有很强的抑制作用,特别是稗草和飞机草,在较低（0.005 kg/ kg、0.010 kg/ kg）施肥水平即可完全抑制其萌发;假臭草对杂草植株的抑制作用相对较小,甚至还会促进某些杂草的生长。因此,在利用假臭草的化感作用控制杂草时,应在杂草萌发前进行控制,而且控制对象应该是对化感作用敏感的杂草。     

以夷制夷——入侵植物提取物或可开发成为新型除草剂

正为探究入侵植物在入侵地的种间相互作用,海南师范大学生命科学学院用2种菊科入侵植物假臭草和三叶鬼针草进行了种间化感作用研究。研究人员采用2种植物的浸提液互相作用于对方的种子萌发和幼苗生长过程,结果发现,二者的浸提液对对方的种子萌发、幼苗生长在高浓度(50000mg/L)时均表现出较强的相互     

不同品种紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）的化感效应研究

用砂培法研究紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）的六个品种苗期地上部分水浸提液对鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata L.)的化感效应。结果表明,紫花苜蓿六个品种茎叶水浸提液对鸭茅的化感效应在供试品种间差异显著。游客、苜蓿对鸭茅的种子发芽及幼苗生长有抑制作用,但游客却对鸭茅的苗干重有促进作用;三得利和赛迪对鸭茅的种子发芽、根长及根干重有抑制作用,却对苗生长的影响无显著差异。此外,供试紫花苜蓿浸提液对鸭茅的化感作用,随着浓度的升高,抑制作用随之增强。     

泽漆水浸提液对3种蔬菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以泽漆为供试植物,以其地上部不同浓度水提液为化感物质,分别以萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)、白菜(Chenopodium album L.)和甘蓝(Brassica oleracea Linnaeus var.capitata L.)种子为受体,采用培养皿滤纸法进行化感试验,结果表明:泽漆地上部水提液对萝卜、白菜和甘蓝种子的发芽率、发芽指数、根长、苗高和鲜重的影响存在差异,高浓度泽漆浸提液对3种蔬菜种子的发芽率和发芽指数均有显著的抑制作用,泽漆地上部分水浸提液对萝卜幼苗的根长和苗高有着“低促高抑”的影响,对白菜和甘蓝的根长表现为抑制作用,但对其苗高有促进作用,对3种蔬菜的鲜重均表现为促进作用.     

刺槐根际土壤水浸提液对5种常见园林植物种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感作用

为了探讨刺槐的化感作用,以5年树龄的刺槐根际土壤为试材,采用化感隶属值累加值综合评价化感效应,研究不同浓度土壤水浸提液对一串红(Salvia splendens Ker-Gawler)、高羊茅(Festuca elata)、红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop)、结缕草(Zoysia japonica Steud.)、鸡冠花(Celosia cristata L.)种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理指标的影响。结果表明,随着浸提液浓度的升高,5种园林植物的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、叶绿素含量、株高、茎粗及总干重逐渐降低;相对电导率和MDA含量逐渐升高;POD、SOD和CAT活性先升高后降低;土壤水浸提液对5种园林植物的综合化感效应表现为化感抑制,抑制程度由轻到重依次为高羊茅、结缕草、鸡冠花、一串红和红豆草。     

西芹根及根际区物乙醇浸提液对黄瓜枯萎病菌的化感作用

为解决农药在西芹生产中的残留与污染问题,采用生长速率法研究了西芹根及根际区物乙醇浸提液对黄瓜枯萎病菌的化感作用.结果表明,西芹根乙醇浸提液在所试浓度范围内对黄瓜枯萎病菌有不同程度的化感抑制作用,其抑制率最高达42.31%.最低为12.22%;除了l%浓度的处理在作用时间为120,132 h时菌落直径与对照(CK)无显著差异外,其余各浓度处理在不同作用时间对黄瓜枯萎病菌都有显著或极显著的化感抑制作用.西芹根际区物乙醇浸提液在较高浓度时(RSl00%到RS60%)对黄瓜枯萎病菌表现出强的化感抑制作用,且浓度越高,抑制效果也越好,最高抑制率达94.37%,比相应的非根际土壤浸提液的高出49.02百分点;在较低浓度时(RS40%,RS20%)对供试病原菌表现为弱的化感促进作用,但明显小于与之相对应的非根际土壤浸提液的促进作用.乙醇浸提液对黄瓜枯萎病菌的化感抑制效果有随着浓度的降低和作用时间的增加而逐渐减弱的趋势.     

喜旱莲子草浸提液对萝卜种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

喜旱莲子草是我国的一种重要入侵植物,目前对农田生态系统的危害严重。因此研究其不同部位浸提液对农作物萝卜种子萌发和幼苗的影响,以探寻喜旱莲子草的化感作用。结果表明:1)喜旱莲子草不同部位浸提液对萝卜种子的萌发和幼苗的生长产生了显著的影响,其中叶浸提液的抑制作用最大,其次是茎,抑制作用最小的是根浸提液;2)喜旱莲子草影响萝卜种子的萌发、苗高、根长、叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量。3)萝卜的萌发和幼苗的生长都随浸提液浓度(0~50mg/L)的增加抑制作用增加。这些结果暗示,喜旱莲子草对农作物的影响通过其根生长,从而造成营养物质的吸收降低,其合成体内所需的可溶性蛋白质含量、降低光合作用所需的酶,同时降低植物叶绿素含量,减少其对光能的吸收,降低其光合作用,从而对邻近植物产生抑制。     

入侵植物含羞草对7种植物的化感作用

以7种植物为受体,采用室内生物测定法研究含羞草(Mimosa pudica Linn.)茎叶水浸提液对7种植物的化感作用.结果表明:含羞草茎叶水浸提液对7种受体植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长均有一定的化感效应,对7种受体植物的化感综合效应均为负值,化感作用综合效应的平均值大小顺序为:皱果苋＞柱花草＞白菜＞豇豆＞萝卜＞绿豆＞苦瓜,佐证了化感作用是含羞草成功入侵的机制之一.     

4种杂草浸提液对柳枝稷种子萌发的化感作用研究

采用室内生物测定法,研究不同浓度梯度下白草(Pennisetum flaccidum)、赖草(Leymus secalinus)、硬质早熟禾(Poa sphondylodes)和猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)地上部分和根系浸提液对柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum)种子萌发的化感作用,以期为揭示柳枝稷与本土杂草之间的相互作用机制提供借鉴意义.结果表明:不同浓度的白草、赖草和硬质早熟禾浸提液处理均抑制了柳枝稷的种子萌发和幼苗生长,尤其是对发芽指数、胚芽长度和幼苗生物量的影响较大.同时,地上部分浸提液的抑制作用强于根系.在0.1 g/mL白草、赖草和硬质早熟禾地上部分浸提液处理下,柳枝稷胚芽长分别降低了81.13％、86.42％和90.19％.猪毛蒿浸提液在低浓度下抑制作用较小,甚至提高柳枝稷胚根和胚芽长度,表明其浸提液中某些化感物质起到促进作用.4种杂草浸提液在0.1 g/mL浓度下的综合化感效应值分别高达-5.89,-6.17,-5.17和-6.15.综上所述,不同杂草对柳枝稷的影响存在明显差异,生产实践中要根据不同物种和密度采取相应防治措施,以保证柳枝稷良好生长.     

四种菊科入侵植物茎水浸提液对狗牙根种子萌发的影响

为探讨不同菊科入侵植物对替代植物狗牙根种子萌发的化感作用,采用培养皿滤纸法,比较研究紫茎泽兰、小飞蓬、飞机草和肿柄菊等四种入侵植物茎水浸提液不同浓度处理(0(ck)、0.25 g/L、0.50 g/L、1.00 g/L和2.00 g/L)对狗牙根种子的发芽率、发芽势和化感效应指数的影响。结果表明,四种入侵植物茎水浸提液对狗牙根种子发芽均产生显著抑制效应,且随着浓度的升高抑制效应呈递增趋势;在中高浓度(0.50 g/L、1.00 g/L和2.00 g/L)时,其水浸提液对狗牙根种子发芽率抑制作用和化感指数大小顺序为：紫茎泽兰<飞机草<小飞蓬<肿柄菊;在低浓度(0.25 g/L)时,紫茎泽兰对狗牙根种子发芽率抑制强度最小,而其他三种入侵植物对狗牙根种子发芽率抑制效应无显著差异;四种入侵植物茎水浸提液对狗牙根种子发芽势的影响随浓度的增大而增强,但呈现不同的变化规律。研究表明,四种菊科入侵植物茎水浸提液对狗牙根种子萌发具有较强的化感作用,应用狗牙根抵御或进行生态修复需采取适当措施应对化感作用的不利影响。     

Impact of the Cropping Systems of a Minor Dry Season on the Growth, Yields and Nitrogen Uptake of Maize (Zea mays L) Grown in the Humid Tropics during the Major Rainy Season

A field study evaluated the residual effect of a cropping system in two minor (dry) seasons on the productivity pattern and nitrogen utilization of a maize crop grown in the subsequent major (wet) seasons. The cropping systems established in the minor seasons, where evaporation exceeds rainfall, were either monocultures of maize (Zea mays L), or maize intercropped with either common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) or sunhemp (Crotolaria juncea L). In addition, monocultures of two green manures, namely sunhemp (Crotolaria juncea) or Tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia), were established. The residues of maize and beans and the green manures were incorporated at the end of the minor season; at the onset of rains in the major season, maize crops were established on the same plots. Germination of maize was not affected by the previous cropping system. In contrast, crop growth and yields of maize and nitrogen utilization were affected by the previous cropping system. Optimum growth and highest yields were procured in maize that was grown after a green manure crop. Similarly, although the yields were high, the planting of a green manure crop reduced nitrogen utilization by maize in the major season, thereby indicating its potential contribution to sustainability, due to its lower mining of soil nitrogen. On the basis of the results of this two‐year study, the impact of cropping systems in minor seasons on the productivity of maize, a very important highland cereal in the tropics, grown under rain‐fed conditions in a major season, is presented.     

18种果园常用豆科绿肥作物微量元素含量分析

为了筛选出适合果园微量元素补充的绿肥种质,使绿肥能够更好的在果园中得到应用,测定18种果园常用豆科绿肥植物体内微量元素铁、锌、锰、铜的含量,并对不同作物进行了比较。结果显示：4种微量元素含量最高的是铁元素,其次是锌和锰,铜含量最低;在供试的18种绿肥作物中,狗爪豆花期植物体内4种元素总含量最高,达到了1082 mg/kg;铁含量最高的是狗爪豆（870 mg/kg）;锌含量最高的是狗爪豆（105 mg/kg）;锰含量最高的是小豆（120 mg/kg）;铜含量最高的是狗爪豆（26 mg/kg）。初步认为,狗爪豆对果园土壤微量元素补充能力最强,扁荚山黧豆对果园土壤微量元素补充能力最弱。     

不同种类有机肥对盆栽葡萄的生物学效应

为了探讨不同种类的有机肥对葡萄的生物学影响,利用盆栽方式研究了4种有机肥对赤霞珠葡萄生长量和根际微生物的作用。结果表明,施用有机肥明显提高根际土壤的放线菌和细菌含量,但对真菌含量增加不明显。施有机肥明显促进了新根的发生和生长,与对照相比各种肥料均显著增加了植株生物量及各器官的生长量。其中绿源有机肥成百倍增加了根际放线菌和细菌的数量,显著增加了新根数量,促进了枝干增粗,极显著增加了1、2年生枝条和褐色根的可溶性糖含量和淀粉含量;施用羊粪的效果次之;施用鸡粪显著促进植株生长,不利于可溶性糖和淀粉含量的积累,同时增加了土壤真菌数量;施用牛粪对微生物影响很小,但能促进生长。总体上看绿源肥效果最佳。     

冬种绿肥对早稻病虫草发生及产量的影响

研究不同冬种绿肥对后茬早稻病虫草发生和产量的影响,为南方稻区种植模式的筛选提供技术支持。以马铃薯、油菜和紫云英为绿肥植物,以冬闲田处理作对照,研究冬种绿肥翻压后早稻病虫草发生变化特征及产量变化趋势。结果表明,不同冬种绿肥翻压后,对水稻病虫草发生种类无影响,主要病虫草害均为纹枯病、二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟、鸭舌草和稗草,而对纹枯病、鸭舌草和稗草发生程度有显著影响,对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟发生量无显著影响。在水稻孕穗期,纹枯病株发病率表现为马铃薯—水稻油菜—水稻冬闲田—水稻紫云英—水稻处理,至黄熟期表现为冬闲田—水稻马铃薯—水稻油菜—水稻紫云英—水稻处理;鸭舌草和总草密度均以冬闲田—水稻紫云英—水稻马铃薯—水稻油菜—水稻,而稗草则以冬闲田—水稻油菜—水稻马铃薯—水稻紫云英—水稻。冬种绿肥对水稻有效穗数、穗粒数和结实率无显著影响,但可显著提高千粒重,从而提高水稻产量。在病虫草发生初期,选用适当的农药可有效控制冬种绿肥翻压后早稻病虫草发生,提高水稻产量。在江西红壤稻区,冬种绿肥可抑制纹枯病和杂草发生,提高水稻产量;绿肥选择上以紫云英对水稻产量和病虫草害控制综合效果最好。     

羌活种子浸提液对3种作物种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感作用

[目的]探讨提高羌活种子快速萌发的最佳方法.[方法]通过室内生物测定法,研究在不同温度下提取羌活种子浸提液,并配制成不同浓度处理小白菜、黑麦和芹菜3种作物种子,以观察其对3种作物种子的萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用.[结果]实验结果表明,在35℃条件下提取的羌活种子浸提液对3种作物种子萌发及幼苗生长各指标的抑制作用最强,其次为25℃,而15℃最弱;对3种作物的萌发率、发芽势、根长、地下鲜重的测定结果均显示,随着浸提液浓度的增加其抑制作用显著增强;对苗高和地上鲜重2个指标的研究发现,小白菜和芹菜幼苗的生长随浸提液浓度升高,呈现出“低促高抑”的现象.另外,3种作物幼苗根系的SOD酶及小白菜和黑麦的POD酶活性都随浸提液浓度的增加表现为持续增高,而芹菜根系POD酶活性却呈“先升后降”趋势.[结论]:适宜温度下浸泡羌活种子有助于减少羌活种子的化感物质,提高萌发率,低浓度有促进小白菜和芹菜幼苗生长的作用,而较高浓度对3种作物幼苗具有一定的损伤作用.     

不同秸秆及绿肥浸提液对水稻的化感作用研究

研究不同秸秆及绿肥对水稻的化感作用,为稻田秸秆及绿肥还田提供参考。采用室内培养试验,通过测定稻草、油菜秸秆、麦秸、紫云英及紫云英+油菜混合浸提液对水稻发芽及幼苗生物量的影响,研究不同秸秆及绿肥对水稻的化感作用。不同秸秆及绿肥化感作用对水稻种子发芽率均无显著影响,只是不同程度地延迟了种子的发芽进度;不同浓度的各浸提液对水稻幼苗鲜重有显著的促进作用,稻草、油菜秸秆、麦秸、紫云英及紫云英+油菜浸提液各浓度下对鲜重的最大促进作用分别为16.84%、6.72%、17.50%、16.13%、25.84%;稻草、油菜秸秆、麦秸、紫云英及油菜+紫云英的综合敏感指数分别为4.70%、4.10%、7.96%、0.94%、5.20%。各秸秆及绿肥对水稻均表现为化感促进作用,紫云英与油菜混合使用对水稻的化感促进作用较二者单一使用效果更好。     

Organic fertilizer effects on pea yield,nutrient uptake,microbial root colonization and soil microbial biomass indices in organic farming systems

In the present field experiment, horse manure and compost derived from shrub and garden cuttings were supplied at nearly equivalent N amounts but different C amounts to field peas (Pisum sativum L.), either as a sole crop or intercropped with oat (Avena sativa L.). The objectives were: (1) to evaluate the beneficial effects of C-rich manure and compost on pea productivity in different cropping systems (2) to investigate whether these effects were reflected by microbial root colonization, microbial biomass and CO₂ production and (3) to study the residual effects of the organic fertilizers on the yield of succeeding crop. Short term application of horse manure and compost greatly stimulated soil microbial biomass C, N, P, fungal ergosterol and CO₂ evolution, but failed to stimulate productivity of the current crops. However, significant positive residual effects of organic fertilizer, especially horse manure were observed on the grain yield of the succeeding winter wheat. Mycorrhizal colonization and ergosterol concentration were significantly higher in pea than in oat roots. Intercropping is an important tool for controlling weeds on pea plots under organic farming conditions, but did not affect microbial root colonization, soil microbial biomass indices or CO₂ evolution from the soil surface. According to the extrapolation of the CO₂ evolution rates into amounts per hectare, approximately 40% of the manure C and 24% of the compost C were mineralized to CO₂ during the 124-day experimental period. There were close relationships between grain N and P concentrations in both crops and microbial biomass C, N and P, suggesting that soil microbial biomass can be used as an indicator of nutrient availability to plants.     

湘、鄂、赣三省稻田三熟制轮作与连作试验研究报告

<正> 湘、鄂、赣三省五十年代初的稻田耕作制度是以一年一熟制为主,一季稻占稻田面积的85%以上,冬季多为冬炕或冬泡,只有部分种冬作物。六十年代中期始,推广一季稻改双季稻,复种指数不断提高,双季稻面积逐年扩大,与此配套的紫云英绿肥也很快发展起来。七十年代“绿肥—双季稻”已成为稻田复种制度的主体,到1977年,三省双季稻面积达到最高峰,占水田总面积的60%以上,“绿肥—双季稻”又占双季稻面积的70%以上。这种改革措施对三省粮食增产,尤其是水稻增产,起了重要作用。     

Effect of Three Tillage Systems on Weed Flora in a 3-Year Rotation with Four Crops

Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of tillage on the dry weight, frequency (PF), density (PD) and species composition of the weed population. Three tillage systems (CT: conventional tillage, MT: minimum tillage and NT: no tillage) were compared in a 3-year rotation [wheat–vetch (green manure)–cotton–barley]. Decreases in PF, mean PD and number of species were observed under NT because in this system the soil remains undisturbed, and conditions are not suitable for seed germination. In contrast, annual weeds had a higher PF under the CT system, because they mainly propagate by seed and soil tillage creates more favourable growth conditions; thus they also had a higher PD. The highest PF and PD were found for the species Sinapis arvensis and Solanum nigrum . Perennial weeds had higher PD under the NT system, because their roots cannot be destroyed by soil tillage. The number of species was not altered in CT and MT, but was decreased in NT. In winter crops, annual species under CT and MT, and perennial species under NT were observed. In cotton crops, perennial species under CT and MT, and annual species under NT were observed. The mean PD of weed species in the first crop followed the sequence NT > MT > CT and in subsequent crops followed the reverse sequence CT > MT > NT.