福建主推三种生态农业发展模式

记者日前从福建省农业厅获悉,福建省将把控制农业面源污染作为发展生态农业重要措施,主推节约型农业生产、畜禽生态养殖和能源生态三种模式。福建省农业厅相关负责人告诉记者,2013年,全省要新建农村户用、养殖小区、联户集中供气沼气3万户,新建大中型沼气工程20处,新建畜禽养殖污染治理示范点100个,新建"猪—沼—果(稻、菜、茶)"能源生态模式示范点1万处,新建农产品产地土壤重金属污染治理修复试点3个。     

沼液在茶园中的应用效果

正近年来,浙江省新昌县农村沼气发展迅速,全县已累计建成规模化畜禽场排泄物、农产品加工废弃物等污水处理沼气工程108处,总池容10950m~3;建成农村生活污水净化沼气工程282处,总池容24630 m~3;安装5户以上沼气集中(联户)供气工程点21处,集中供气总用户数465户。沼气工程不仅使148个村庄2万多户农民直接受益,而且在改善农村生态环境、发展循环农业、创建美丽乡村和国家级生态县方面发挥了积极的作用。但是,沼液的资源化利用率不高,不     

农村沼气的可持续发展探析

当前在我国农村发展以沼气利用为核心和纽带的生态农业是实现农业可持续发展的重要途径之一。分析了沼气利用特点与可持续农业的关系,针对目前农村沼气发展现状和存在问题,提出了进一步发展农村沼气的对策。     

浅析建瓯市农村大中型沼气建设工艺与要点

根据建瓯农村大中型沼气建设实践,详细介绍了农村大中型沼气建设内容、处理工艺和建设要求,以期为同行提供参考。     

浅谈发挥农村户用沼气功能与效益的主要技术措施

农村户用沼气具有能源、环境卫生、生态和社会等方面的功能与效益,就如何提高农村户用沼气的功能与效益提出主要技术措施。     

浅谈“猪-沼-茶”生态茶园建设模式的应用

“猪-沼-茶”生态茶园建设模式是以农户为基本单元,以发展茶叶为核心,以建沼气池为基础,以生猪养殖为辅助,实施改圈、改厨、改厕。通过生猪产生的粪便为沼气池提供原料,沼气池中产生的沼气用于做饭照明,沼液沼渣用于茶园。通过这种循环链,达到养猪、种茶双增收,实现经济、社会、生态效益三统一。我县自2004年实施沼气国债项目和2006年、2007年实施福建省为民办实事项目一户用沼气建设以来,已完成沼气建设8300口。     

“果-草-牧-沼”生态果园示范推广初报

介绍南平市"果-草-牧-沼"生态果园循环模式,总结包括果树生产技术、果园种草技术、畜禽养殖技术和沼气生产技术等技术要点,论述生态果园的经济、生态、社会效益。     

枇杷园施用沼气肥的初探

枇杷果园施用沼气肥的结果表明，沼气肥能明显改善果园土壤的理化性状，提高土壤的保肥能力，节省化肥用量、增加土壤有机质，减少农业和农村环境污染，促进绿色食品生产的发展，改善果园的生态环境，提高枇杷的种植成活率，增进果实的品质，延长果实的保鲜期。     

江西九江在棉花上示范应用沼肥效果好

“十一五”以来，国家加大了对农村基础设施建设和社会事业发展的投入，江西省九江市农村沼气建设进入快车道，从2003年实施农村国债沼气项目以来，截至2011年底止，全市共安排建设沼气池156891个，在产生清洁卫生能源的同时，年产沼肥约370kt左右。为了充分发挥沼肥的利用效益，江西省九江市农业局于2011年在湖口县武山镇西桥村棉田开展了沼肥综合应用示范，面积8hm^2，平均子棉产量达到5332．5kg／hm^2，比常规植棉增产12．9％。现将其施用方法介绍如下。     

福安绿茶系列“仙山绿”沼气炒制技术

福安是“中国茶叶之乡”,茶叶历来是福安重点扶持的三大主导产业之一,而且种类较多,有绿茶、红茶、乌龙茶、茉莉花茶等。绿茶比重约占茶叶总数的50％,加工主要以电锅手工炒制和厂家精制为主。近年来国家大力推广沼气建设,福安70％的农村都已使用沼气,既清洁又环保且供应充足、节能省电。绿茶系列“仙山绿”也称“苦茶”,主要是由福安菜茶制作而成,福安市现有菜茶面积3370亩。城阳乡仙岭村“仙山绿”茶叶精制厂通过两年试验采用沼气炒制的“仙山绿”绿茶,茶叶品质好,经济效益佳,     

我国南方草业发展存在的问题与对策

综述了我国南方农区畜牧业发展现状，并分析了我国南方草业发展的制约因素及有利条件。同时，针对南方草业目前存在的问题，提出解决的有效对策。在此基础上展望南方农区草产畜牧业的发展前景。     

Investigating external effects of shrimp farming on rice farming in southern Thailand: a technical efficiency approach

Rice and shrimp farming are two important economic activities in rural southern Thailand that compete each other in land allocation leading to land use conflicts. Moreover, it can be observed that the conversion of rice fields to shrimp farms is already extended from coastal areas to the inlands. These conversions are making more area be saline which is essential condition for shrimp cultivation but deleterious for rice farming. We are looking at the unidirectional externalities originating from the conversion which brings the productivity of adjacent rice fields further down. This study attempts to quantify the external effects on rice yield and efficiency of rice farming by constructing three models. Model I, we assess the rice yield function by using the multiple linear regression while in Model II, we attempt to delineate the technical efficient frontier of rice farms by using an input oriented non-parametric approach, so called data envelopment analysis. Model III, we probe into the factors influencing technical efficiency scores using the Tobit regression. Database of the study is constituted by primary survey data from 120 rice farms in Songkhla province for the crop year 2004/2005. The 30 out of 120 sample farms have been affected by externality of shrimp farming. The empirical results of all three models show that shrimp farming externalities caused a production drop of 467–515 kg paddy rice per ha and significantly affect the technical efficiency of rice farms. The measures of internalizing this externality are discussed.     

贵州省农业社会化服务体系发展现状与对策研究

农业社会化服务体系越发达，就代表着农业现代化发展的程度越高。贵州省属于典型的山区农业省份，农业经济发展水平相对落后，为推进贵州的农业现代化发展，首先需要完善农业社会化服务体系建设。介绍了贵州省农业社会化服务体系建设的发展现状，包括农业技术推广服务、农产品流通服务、农村金融服务、农产品质量安全监管服务、农村信息服务等，并阐述了几种典型的模式，针对贵州农业社会化服务体系建设过程中存在的问题，提出发展对策。     

广西农村供水工程建设管理思路

分析了当前广西农村供水工程建设管理过程中普遍存在的问题；借鉴各地的典型做法，从项目规划、前期工作、投资筹措、水价管理、机构建设、电力安装等方面探讨解决问题的思路和对策。     

我国农业可持续发展现状及对策

我国是传统的农业大国,近年来,因受传统的农业耕作方式、农业生态环境功能利用不合理、农业资源短缺及人口剧增导致掠夺式开发、城镇化发展等原因的影响而使生态环境遭到严重破坏,必须通过提高国民的认识水平、建立农业生态安全体系、科教兴农、控制农村人口数量、建立健全环境法规及完善政府宏观调控机制等有效措施的实施,才能实现农业的可持续发展。     

Effect of a Bio-decomposer on Utilization by Rice (Oryza sativa L.) of 15N Derived from Rice Chaff or Straw

Abstract

The ¹⁵N - labeled technique was used to study the stock, transformation, fate and utilization efficiency of N in the farming–pig husbandry–biogas ecosystem in rice areas. It was shown that the crude protein digestibility of the ensilaged milk vetch by pig was 53.76%, the recovery rates of ensilaged milk vetch N from the pig feces and urine were 39.36% and 24.71%, respectively. The recovery rate of biogas fermentation N of pig feces and urine was 97.9%. The quantity of alkali-hydrolysable N was 2.6 times as great as before the fermentation. The mixed application of milk vetch, biogas-tank sludge and chemical fertilizer could promote N partitioning to rice grain, therefore it was advantageous to yield improvement. The residual quantity in soil of the fertilizer N was equivalent to 2.0 - 2.5 times that of only chemical fertilizer and yet gaseous loss N of the latter was 2.6-8.2 times that of the former. The comprehensive economic effect of the whole ecosystem increased by times, compared with the only milk vetch-early rice-late rice pattern, and ecological effect and social effect were also very prominent.     

Acceptance of Innovation and Pathways to Transition Towards More Sustainable Food Systems

The main driver of agricultural systems of the twentieth century was yield. Awareness of the limits of the planet and the impacts of agriculture triggered the realization that new objectives have to be part of the food systems agenda. The development of new models of agriculture including environmental and sustainability dimensions implies a new view on the process of innovation and a better balance between the paradigms of innovation. Systemic lock-ins are keeping the agricultural and food systems on less relevant pathways. Acknowledgement of the relevance of alternative systems of production such as organic farming and a shift from a linear model of innovation diffusion to the building up of new partnerships of innovation are key enablers of a transition.     

中国热带地区区域性农业科技基层推广机构的构建研究

在分析中国热带地区农业科技基层推广机构建设现状的基础上,指出所存在的问题,提出构建区域性农业科技推广站,并从人才队伍建设、运行机制创新、服务模式创新等方面进行阐述,以推动现代热带农业的发展,促进农村繁荣、农业增效、农民增收。     

甘蔗叶生物力学特性研究理论与分析

甘蔗在中国糖料生产中占重要地位，甘蔗叶是一种储量巨大且亟待开发利用的生物质能源，具有很好的开发利用价值。然而，目前对甘蔗叶生物力学特性方面的研究尚缺乏有效的研究理论与方法。本研究引入新兴的农业生物力学研究理论，结合工程学、生物学、工程力学和工程材料学的基本原理与方法，研究甘蔗叶拉伸力学性能、甘蔗叶剪切力学性能、甘蔗叶力学性能，为研究甘蔗叶的生物力学特性寻找到有效的研究理论与方法，为甘蔗叶粉碎还田、甘蔗叶沼气利用预处理机械，以及甘蔗剥叶、收获等机械的研究开发、优化设计、计算机仿真及智能化提供参考。     

Flood vulnerability assessment in the light of rice cultivation characteristics in Mekong River flood plain in Cambodia

Demographic changes, such as aging and depopulation in rural areas, are major reasons for the recent abandonment of the terraced paddy fields in Japan. In addition, the low productivity of terraced paddy fields, due to their small area and the difficulty of using machinery on the plots, further abet this trend. Recent research has shown a growing interest in multifunctional conservation and maintenance of the ecosystem and traditional agro-culture of terraced paddy fields. This paper aims to elaborate on the conservation activities of endangered terraced paddy fields in Japan, by using the case of Shiroyone Senmaida to discuss conservation experience and lessons, and recommend future strategies for adaptive management of the rice terraces under the GIAHS framework, as well as the next necessary steps for research. As an outstanding cultural landscape and tourist attraction in Noto Peninsula, the conservation scheme combining financial support from governmental subsidy, the “owner system” of interaction with urban dwellers, and labor support by conservationist volunteers has contributed to the conservation of traditional farming on Senmaida’s terraced paddy fields. Still, as is the case in other parts of Japan, lack of financial support and an aging farming population threaten conservation of terraced paddy fields in Noto Peninsula.