林隙大小对蒙古栎和水曲柳人工更新幼树生长和形态的影响

【目的】研究林隙大小对蒙古栎、水曲柳人工更新幼树生长、形态、生物量及其分配特征的影响,为2个树种的林隙内及林冠下人工更新提供理论依据。【方法】以长白山地区15年生蒙古栎和9年生水曲柳人工更新幼树为研究对像,采用随机抽样法,对不同大小林隙(大、中、小林隙和林冠下)内蒙古栎和水曲柳幼树进行生长、形态(枝系特征、叶片特征)调查,测定2个树种的单株生物量并探讨其分配特征。【结果】随林隙减小,蒙古栎和水曲柳幼树的树高、地径、冠长和冠幅均显著减小(P0.05);2个树种的1级枝长度和1级枝基径均显著减小(P0.05),1级枝密度均表现为增加趋势,1级枝分枝角度均增大;2个树种的叶片长、宽、单叶面积及单株叶面积指数均呈下降趋势,比叶面积均表现为先下降后增加的趋势;2个树种的单株生物量显著减小(P0.05),蒙古栎幼树根冠比逐渐下降,水曲柳幼树根冠比则先下降后增加。【结论】大林隙能显著促进蒙古栎、水曲柳幼树生长,小林隙和林冠下则抑制其生长;林隙对更新苗木的影响长时间持续存在,因而用较长时间的林隙内幼树生长效果评价林隙大小对幼树生长的影响更可靠;林隙大小对人工更新蒙古栎幼树生长的影响高于对水曲柳的影响,人工更新时,蒙古栎适宜较大林隙,水曲柳则适宜较小林隙。     

不同生境对紫薇构型的影响

通过对位于林冠和林下2种生境中人工种植的紫薇(Lagerstroemia indica)的分枝长度、枝倾角、分枝率、叶面积等19个构型指标进行研究,结果表明,林冠和林下的紫薇在二级枝长度、逐步分枝率SBR2:3及叶倾角上存在显著差异,在一级枝分枝角度、三级枝分枝角度、总体分枝率、逐步分枝率SBR1:2及叶长指标尚存在极显著差异。这些差异表明,紫薇对不同生境有不同的适应策略,林下的紫薇主要通过调整一级枝和三级枝的角度、降低总体分枝率和SBR1:2以及增加叶片长度来适应弱光的生存环境。     

不同光照强度对银叶金合欢幼苗阶段生长的影响

以银叶金合欢（Acacia podalyriifolia）幼苗为材料,设置 3 个不同光照处理（分别为林下全光 照、70% 光照和半光照）,测定银叶金合欢的各项生长指标（苗高、地径）、叶片的叶绿素含量及其生物 量。结果表明：全光照最有利于苗高和地径生长,在半光照的光照条件下,幼苗生长指标均极低,表明 银叶金合欢不耐阴。随着光照强度的减弱,叶绿素含量逐渐增加,半光照的叶绿素含量最高,且与全光 照、70% 光照条件下的叶绿素含量差异显著。不同遮光度下的银叶金合欢的生物量随着遮光度的增加而 降低,在强光照水平下,植株增加了对叶和枝条的生物量分配,在低光照水平下增加了对根的生物量分 配,中度光照条件下植株对根和叶枝的分配则处于两者之间。综合各项生长指标（苗高、地径）、叶片的 叶绿素含量及其生物量的结果,表明弱光极不利于银叶金合欢幼苗的生长。     

壳斗科三树种幼苗对不同光环境的形态响应与适应

采用100%、56%和32%3种光强进行人工控光处理,研究锥栗、水青冈和青冈1年生幼苗对不同光环境的形态响应与适应.结果表明:锥栗、水青冈和青冈1年生幼苗对不同光照环境产生不同程度的形态响应,其生长指标随光环境的变化程度表现出锥栗＞水青冈＞青冈.随着光照的减弱,3树种幼苗的苗高、地径、主根长均表现出下降的趋势.锥栗幼苗的现存叶片数、叶长、叶宽、单叶面积表现出随光照减弱逐渐减少,水青冈和青冈幼苗的现存叶片数随光照减弱呈下降趋势,而其叶长、叶宽、单叶面积则呈明显增加趋势.锥栗幼苗叶面积在全光环境最大,而水青冈和青冈幼苗叶面积均以56%光照强度最小.3树种幼苗比叶面积和叶面积比都随光照减弱呈增加趋势,锥栗和水青冈的这种差异达到显著性水平,而青冈则无明显差异.不同树种的幼苗在不同的光环境下生物量积累有明显差异.锥栗、水青冈生物量随光照的减弱明显降低,锥栗降低幅度比水青冈明显,而青冈没有明显差异.3树种幼苗在不同的光环境下各器官生物量分配格局没有明显变化.质量指数可以反映苗木各部分之间的协调和平衡,可为判断更新苗移植成活率提供依据.3树种幼苗均表现出在全光下质量指数最高,锥栗、水青冈幼苗在全光下质量指数明显大于遮荫处理,而青冈幼苗的质量指数在3种光环境下没有明显差异.     

掌叶木幼苗对不同光照强度的响应

采用人工模拟不同的光照条件(100%全光照、40%光照、20%光照、10%光照)进行盆栽试验,探讨不同光照条件对掌叶木幼苗生长、生理指标的影响。结果表明:在不同光照环境条件下,掌叶木1年生幼苗高生长量差异显著,地径生长量差异不显著;总生物量、叶生物量、茎生物量、根冠比均随光照强度降低而减少,各器官生物量分配均为:叶根茎;随着光照强度的减弱,幼苗净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶绿素a/叶绿素b均表现出下降的趋势,叶片中SOD、MAD、质膜相对透性、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量均呈不同程度的上升趋势。研究表明适当遮荫有利于掌叶木幼苗的培育。     

光照对沙棘幼苗生长、生物量分配及光合特性的影响

为探索沙棘幼苗对光照强度的适应性,通过设置100%光照强度、60%光照强度、20%光照强度3个光照梯度,分析沙棘幼苗的生长、光合特性及生物量分配特征对不同光环境的响应。结果表明:光照显著促进沙棘幼苗的生长,苗高、基径、冠幅、叶长、叶宽、叶面积、净光合速率等指标均在100%光照强度下最大,而且均随光照强度的减弱而减小;沙棘幼苗的根、茎、叶和单株生物量均在100%光照强度下最大;根冠比、叶生物量比、茎生物量比及根生物量比在3种光环境下无显著差异;沙棘幼苗通过改变光合特性和生物量积累来适应光环境的变化,其中光照强度的降低限制了生物量的积累,但并未显著改变生物量在地上和地下部分的分配比例,在3种光环境下生物量分配比例并无显著的改变;幼苗的比叶面积随着光照强度减弱而增大,在20%光照强度下达到最大值。     

窄冠福建柏与福建柏不同生长阶段构型差异分析

对窄冠福建柏和福建柏的冠型结构、枝系特征和叶片形态特征进行分析,结果表明,在年龄和环境条件基本一致的情况下,二者对环境条件变化的适应策略不同:1)窄冠福建柏的冠长、冠幅和树冠率均小于福建柏,而树高和胸径则显著大于福建柏。2)福建柏各生长阶段的总体分枝率、逐步分枝率、一级枝长度、枝径比及枝倾角均大于窄冠福建柏。3)二者总体分枝率在幼苗、幼树阶段差异不显著,在成树阶段达到显著水平;逐步分枝率除幼苗和成树阶段SBR1:2差异显著,其它生长阶段的逐步分枝率差异都不显著;一级枝长度、枝径比及枝倾角差异均达到极显著水平。4)从叶片特征看,二者叶片长度在幼苗阶段差异显著,叶片宽度和长宽比在幼树、成树阶段差异显著,叶面积在各生长阶段差异均达到显著水平。     

红松在不同光环境下的生长及结构的变化

本文对红松在不同光照条件下的生长情况进行了调查分析，结果表明：冠下红松树高是全光下树高的47．5％-70．1％；胸径是全光下的18．2％-40．7％；叶面积是全光下的35．8％-43．6％。在树高、胸径、叶面积3个指标中，光照对胸径和叶面积影响较大。高径比：强光区(平均相对照度15．21％，相对照度幅度13．10％-17．50％。)为121．2、弱光区(平均相对照度5．82％，相对照度幅度3．20％-8．50％。)为183．3、全光区为70．4，林冠下红松是全光区红松的1．5—2．5倍，说明林冠下红松属细高型。林冠下红松近3a树高平均生长量只有全光的19．5％-27．1％，说明随着树龄的增加，树高生长量在下降，同时也说明红松耐荫性下降。胸径和生物量近3a平均生长量也和树高的规律一样。叶干物质强光区是全光区的81．7％，弱光区只有全光区的33．1％。全光区c／f比值大，即非同化部分比重大，弱光区c／f比值小，即非同化部分比重相对较小，而同化部分相对较大，说明叶片生产能力低下。冠根比，弱光区相对较大。枝干比，强光区是全光区的1．5倍，弱光区是全光区的2．3倍，弱光区的红松同化产物主要用于侧枝生长。     

不同光环境下6种常绿阔叶林树种苗期的叶片功能性状

研究不同光环境(旷地、林窗、林下)下缙云山常绿阔叶林6种常见树种的叶片功能性状及性状间的相互关系,并对不同演替阶段物种的叶片性状进行比较.结果表明:1)在光照较弱的林窗和林下,树种的比叶面积(SLA)、叶片氮含量(LNC)和叶片N:P比显著高于光照充足的旷地,叶干物质含量(LDMC)变化趋势与SLA相反,叶片磷含量(LPC)在3种光环境下无显著差异;2)演替前期种具有较高的SLA,LNC和LPC,而演替后期种的LDMC和N:P比显著高于演替前期种.随光照的减弱,演替前期种的LPC无显著差异,而演替后期种则呈下降趋势;3)在3种光环境下,LNC与LPC,SLA正相关,LDMC与LPC,LNC,SLA负相关,N:P比与LPC负相关,而与LNC无显著相关性.随光照的减弱,SLA-LDMC,LPC-N:P及LNC-LPC性状关系沿共同斜率或Y轴截距发生了显著的变异,表明研究材料主要通过增大SLA,LNC及维持较高的N:P比来适应低光环境,不同演替阶段物种适应策略不同;叶功能性状间的权衡关系沿光资源梯度发生了相应的变化.     

松华坝水库云南松林隙天然更新研究

对昆明地区松华坝水库库区天然云南松林隙更新情况通进行调查,分析了坡位、林隙面积大小等因子对林隙更新的影响．结果表明,坡中部林隙幼树天然更新情况较下部和上部好;当林隙面积小于200m^2时更新情况较差,在400～600m^2时更新情况最好;林隙中部更新情况最好,边缘次之,林隙外（林冠下）最差．     

Three-dimensional lamina architecture alters light-harvesting efficiency in Fagus: a leaf-scale analysis

Modification of foliage exposition and morphology by seasonal average integrated quantum flux density (Qint) was investigated in the canopies of the shade-tolerant late-successional deciduous tree species Fagus orientalis Lipsky and Fagus sylvatica L. Because the leaves were not entirely flat anywhere in the canopy, the leaf lamina was considered to be three-dimensional and characterized by the cross-sectional angle between the leaf halves (theta). Both branch and lamina inclination angles with respect to the horizontal scaled positively with irradiance in the canopy, allowing light to penetrate to deeper canopy horizons. Lamina cross-sectional angle varied from 170 degrees in the most shaded leaves to 90-100 degrees in leaves in the top of the canopy. Thus, the degree of leaf rolling increased with increasing Qint, further reducing the light-interception efficiency of the upper-canopy leaves. Simulations of the dependence of foliage light-interception efficiency on theta demonstrated that decreases in theta primarily reduce the interception efficiency of direct irradiance, but that diffuse irradiance was equally efficiently intercepted over the entire range of theta values in our study. Despite strong alteration in foliage light-harvesting capacity within the canopy and greater transmittance of the upper crown compared with the lower canopy, mean incident irradiances varied more than 20-fold within the canopy, indicating inherent limitations in light partitioning within the canopy. This extensive canopy light gradient was paralleled by plastic changes in foliar structure and chemistry. Leaf dry mass per unit area varied 3-4-fold between the canopy top and bottom, providing an important means of scaling foliage nitrogen contents and photosynthetic capacity per unit area with Qint. Although leaf structure versus light relationships were qualitatively similar in all cases, there were important tree-to-tree and species-to-species variations, as well as evidence of differences in investments in structural compounds within the leaf lamina, possibly in response to contrasting leaf water availability in different trees.     

光质对云南红豆杉生长及紫杉烷含量影响的研究

将2年生云南红豆杉置于用滤光膜营造白光、黄光、红光和蓝光4种光环境中栽培1 a。栽培期间,测定光合作用,试验期末取样测定植株大小、枝叶特性、生物量和紫杉醇含量等,以揭示不同光质对云南红豆杉形态、光合作用和紫杉烷类物质含量的影响。结果表明:红光能提高最大净光合速率(Pmax)、表光量子效率(AQY)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP),抑制叶生长,增加第一级枝枝条总数,促进株高生长,提高茎和植株生物量;黄光使Pmax、AQY降低、使LCP和LSP提高,抑制叶生长,提高茎、叶和植株总生物量;蓝光降低Pmax、AQY,提高LSP、LCP、Rd,抑制叶和地径的生长,促进高的生长。不同光质处理下,根、茎、叶中紫杉烷的含量无显著差异,但是对叶中巴卡亭Ⅲ,根中紫杉醇、10-去乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ和7-差向紫杉醇含量的影响差异显著。红光显著抑制叶中巴卡亭Ⅲ合成和积累,提高根中7-差向紫杉醇的含量;黄光显著提高了根中紫杉醇、10-去乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ、7-差向紫杉醇的含量;蓝光显著提高根中紫杉醇的含量,但降低叶中巴卡亭Ⅲ的含量。     

Influence of light availability on growth, leaf morphology and plant architecture of beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.), maple ( Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and ash ( Fraxinus excelsior L.) saplings

In a field study, we measured saplings of beech, ash and maple growing in a fairly even-aged mixed-species thicket established by natural regeneration beneath a patchy shelterwood canopy with 3–60% of above canopy radiation reaching the saplings. Under low light conditions, maple and ash showed a slight lead in recent annual length increment compared with beech. With increasing light, ash and maple constantly gained superiority in length increment, whereas beech approached an asymptotic value above 35% light. A suite of architectural and leaf morphological attributes indicated a more pronounced ability of beech to adapt to shade than ash and maple. Beech displayed its leaves along the entire tree height (with a concentration in the middle crown), yielding a higher live crown ratio than ash and maple. It allocated biomass preferentially to radial growth which resulted in low height to diameter ratios, and expressed marked plagiotropic growth in shade indicating a horizontal light-foraging strategy. In addition, beech exhibited the highest specific leaf area, a greater total leaf area per unit tree height, a slightly greater leaf area index, and a greater plasticity to light in total leaf area. Ash and maple presented a “gap species” growth strategy, characterized by a marked and constant response in growth rates to increasing light and an inability to strongly reduce their growth rates in deep shade. In shade, they showed some plasticity in displaying most of their leaf area at the top of the crown to minimize self-shading and to enhance light interception. Through this, particularly, maple developed an “umbrella” like crown. These species-specific responses may be used for controlling the development of mixed-species regeneration in shelterwood systems.     

Crown architecture of Abies balsamea from four canopy positions

Data collected from four distinct canopy positions from each of 39 Abies balsamea (L.) Miller trees were used to construct models to describe the cumulative leaf area distribution within the crown and to predict the needle mass of individual branches, the average branch angle, branch diameter, branch length, and crown radius per whorl, and the average number of living branches per whorl. We tested the hypotheses that regression models are equal among canopy positions and that a model to predict branch needle mass is valid at the northern and southern extremes of the central climatic zone of Maine. Canopy position had an effect on the models constructed to predict needle mass, branch angle, branch diameter, branch length, crown radius, and the number of living branches per whorl. However, compared with an expanded model that incorporated parameters calculated for each crown class, there was only a small loss in model precision when a general model constructed from data pooled from all crown classes was used to predict needle mass, branch angle, and branch diameter. Regression equations unique to each crown class were needed to predict crown shape and leaf area distribution in the crown satisfactorily. Our branch needle mass model, which was constructed from data collected at the southern extreme of the central climatic zone of Maine, consistently underestimated needle branch mass when applied to the northern extreme of the central climatic zone.     

Crown characteristics of juvenile loblolly pine 6 years after application of thinning and fertilization

Total foliage dry mass and leaf area at the canopy hierarchical level of needle, shoot, branch and crown were measured in 48 trees harvested from a 14-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation, six growing seasons after thinning and fertilization treatments.

In the unthinned treatment, upper crown needles were heavier and had more leaf area than lower crown needles. Branch- and crown-level leaf area of the thinned trees increased 91 and 109%, respectively, and whole-crown foliage biomass doubled. The increased crown leaf area was a result of more live branches and foliated shoots and larger branch sizes in the thinned treatment. Branch leaf area increased with increasing crown depth from the top to the mid-crown and decreased towards the base of the crown. Thinning stimulated foliage growth chiefly in the lower crown. At the same crown depth in the lower crown, branch leaf area was greater in the thinned treatment than in the unthinned treatment. Maximum leaf area per branch was located nearly 3–4 m below the top of the crown in the unthinned treatment and 4–5 m in the thinned treatment. Leaf area of the thinned-treatment trees increased 70% in the upper crown and 130% in the lower crown. Fertilization enhanced needle size and leaf area in the upper crown, but had no effect on leaf area and other variables at the shoot, branch and crown level. We conclude that the thinning-induced increase in light penetration within the canopy leads to increased branch size and crown leaf area. However, the branch and crown attributes have little response to fertilization and its interaction with thinning.     

Biomass allocation and assimilation efficiency of naturalTilia amurensis samplings in response to different light regimes

Biomass allocation and assimilation efficiency of natural Amour linden (Tilia amurensis) samplings in different light regimes were analyzed in the paper. The results showed that shoot increment of samplings in gap was the highest and that of samplings under canopy was the least. Samplings in gap expressed apical dominance strongly but samplings in full sun and under canopy behaved intensive branching. Lateral competition or moderate shading was favored to bole construction. The patters of biomass allocation of samplings in different light environment were rather similar. The biomass translocated to stem was more than that to other organs, and about one half of photosynthate was used to support leaf turn over. On the contrary, photosynthates of samplings in full sun were mostly consumed in leaves bearing and energy balancing. The carbon assimilation for leaves of samplings in gap was the most efficient, and more carbons were fixed and translocated to non-photosynthetic organs, especially to stemwood. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Biomass allocation and assimilation efficiency of natural Tilia amurensis samplings in response to different light regimes

IntroductionAmourIinden(THisamurensiS),animportantcom-ponentofnaturaIIymixedbroad-Ieaved--KoreanpinecommunityineasternmountainareaofNortheastregionofChina,isoneofmainspeciesusedashighqualjtyveneerandcabinetworkingtimber.ButtheamountofnaturallindenresourceswithhighquafitywassharplydecreasedwithIonghistoricaIexpIoita-tionwithoutpIantingsothatlittleIindentimberhavebeenslJppliedintimbermarket.BeIongingtoassociatingspeciesinclimaxcom-munityintheregion,thespecieshasabigfacuIty.Butthegerminat…     

异质光环境中旱柳的光截取和利用反应

比较了不同光环境中旱柳枝，叶的生物量分配，形态特征，光能利用和水分特征。（1）阳性枝的枝重比显著大于全不遮荫枝；阴生枝的枝重比显著小于全部遮荫枝，而叶重比恰好相反。（2）阳生枝与全不遮荫枝的形态特征无显著差异。阴生枝的叶面积比率，比枝长和单位枝长叶数都显著大于全部遮荫枝，因而阴生枝的截光潜力大于全部遮荫枝。（3）阳性枝和阴生枝的植冠生产力指数分别显著大于全不遮荫枝和全部遮荫枝，因此，异质光环境中旱柳植株对光资源的利用效率大于同质光环境，（4）阳生枝的水分饱和亏缺和失水系数都显著小于全不遮荫枝，这暗示，前者的抗旱保水性大于后者。     

Shoot structure and growth along a vertical profile within a Populus-Tilia canopy

We investigated shoot growth patterns and their relationship to the canopy radiation environment and the distribution of leaf photosynthetic production in a 27-m-tall stand of light-demanding Populus tremula L. and shade-tolerant Tilia cordata Mill. The species formed two distinct layers in the leaf canopy and showed different responses in branch architecture to the canopy light gradient. In P. tremula, shoot bifurcation decreased rapidly with decreasing light, and leaf display allowed capture of multidirectional light. In contrast, leaf display in T. cordata was limited to efficient interception of unidirectional light, and shoot growth and branching pattern facilitated relatively rapid expansion into potentially unoccupied space even in the low light of the lower canopy. At the canopy level, T. cordata had higher photosynthetic light-use efficiency than P. tremula, whereas P. tremula had higher nitrogen-use efficiency than T. cordata. However, at the individual leaf level, both species had similar efficiencies under comparable light conditions. Production of new leaf area in the canopy followed the pattern of photosynthetic production. However, the species differed substantially in extension growth and space-filling strategy. Light-demanding P. tremula expanded into new space with a few long shoots, with shoot length strongly dependent on photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Production of new leaf area and extension growth were largely uncoupled in this species because short shoots, which do not contribute to extension growth, produced many new leaves. Thus, in P. tremula, the growth pattern was strongly directed toward the top of the canopy. In contrast, in shade-tolerant T. cordata, shoot growth was weakly related to PPFD and more was invested in long shoot growth on a leaf area basis compared with P. tremula. However, this extension growth was not directed and may serve as a passive means of avoiding self-shading. This study supports the hypothesis that, for a particular species, allocation patterns and crown architecture contribute as much to shade tolerance as leaf-level photosynthetic acclimation.     

Crown structure and leaf area index development in thinned and unthinned Eucalyptus nitens plantations

The crown structure of Eucalyptus nitens (Deane & Maiden) Maiden 6 years after thinning, and the development of stand leaf area index both immediately and 6 years after thinning, were investigated. Thinning did not alter branch angle, branching density or the relationship between branch size and branch leaf area. However, larger branches were found in the lower crown of thinned trees and the increase in leaf area as a result of thinning occurred on the northern aspect of the crown. The vertical distribution of leaf area in unthinned trees was skewed toward the top of the crown and correlated with live crown ratio. The vertical distribution of leaf area in thinned trees tended to be less skewed and was unrelated to tree size or dominance. Leaf area index, as estimated from light interception measurements, increased at a constant rate soon after thinning regardless of residual stocking. In the longer term, residual stocking had a strong influence on leaf area increase per tree and was correlated with changes in crown length.