Polyphenol screening of pomace from red and white grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS

Phenolic compounds of 14 pomace samples originating from red and white winemaking were characterized by HPLC-MS. Up to 13 anthocyanins, 11 hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, and 13 catechins and flavonols as well as 2 stilbenes were identified and quantified in the skins and seeds by HPLC-DAD. Large variabilities comprising all individual phenolic compounds were observed, depending on cultivar and vintage. Grape skins proved to be rich sources of anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, and flavonol glycosides, whereas flavanols were mainly present in the seeds. However, besides the lack of anthocyanins in white grape pomace, no principal differences between red and white grape varieties were observed. This is the first study presenting comprehensive data on the contents of individual phenolic compounds comprising all polyphenolic subclasses of grapes including a comparison of several red and white pomaces from nine cultivars. The results obtained in the present study confirm that both skins and seeds of most grape cultivars constitute a promising source of polyphenolics.     

Study of low molecular weight phenolic compounds during the aging of sparkling wines manufactured with red and white grape varieties

Thirty-two phenolic compounds of low molecular weight were identified in 36 white, blanc de noir, and rosé sparkling wines by using HPLC with photodiode array and mass spectrometry detection. Some of the identified compounds, such as cis- and trans-ethylcaftaric, cis- and trans-ethylcaffeic, and cis- or trans-ethyl-p-coumaric acids, 2R,3R-dihydroquercetin, 2R,3R-dihydrokaempferol 3-O-beta-d-glucoside, and a lignan derivative are described for the first time in sparkling wines manufactured with grapes of red varieties. This is also the first time that cis- or trans-diethylfertaric acids have been identified in wines. When cluster analysis was applied to the data of 19 of the 32 identified compounds, the greatest differences found in the low molecular weight phenolic compounds in sparkling wines were due to the grape variety from which they were manufactured, whereas aging time did not significantly influence phenolic composition. Nine phenolic compounds, that is, trans-p-coumaric and trans-caftaric acids, trans-resveratrol glucoside, cis-coutaric, trans-coutaric, cis-p-coumaric, and cis-caftaric acids, tryptophol, and syringic acid, permit the wines to be classified correctly in accordance with the grape variety from which they were manufactured.     

Phenolic composition of the Brazilian seedless table grape varieties BRS Clara and BRS Morena

The detailed phenolic composition (anthocyanins, flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, stilbenes, and flavan-3-ols) in the skin and flesh of the new BRS Clara and BRS Morena seedless table grapes has been studied using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. The two grapes, especially BRS Morena, contained high amounts of phenolic compounds, mainly located in their skins and qualitatively not different from those found in Vitis vinifera grapes. In addition, BRS Morena (a teinturier variety) showed qualitatively different phenolic compositions in its skin and flesh, mainly affecting the anthocyanin and flavonol profiles. Consistent with high phenolic contents, high antioxidant capacity values were registered for both grape varieties, especially for BRS Morena. Proanthocyanidins and hydroxycinnamoyl-tartaric acids were the major phenolic compounds found in BRS Clara and were also important in BRS Morena, although anthocyanins were the main phenolic compounds in the latter case. These results suggest that the entire grapes, including the skin, may potentially possess properties that are beneficial to human health. In this context, the BRS Morena grape can be considered as a high resveratrol producer.     

Occurrence of pyranoanthocyanins in sparkling wines manufactured with red grape varieties

The anthocyanin pigments in rosé (Vitis vinifera cv. Garnacha) and blanc de noir (V. vinifera cv. Monastrell) base and sparkling wines were studied by LC-DAD/ESI-MS. Anthocyanins of grape origin and pyranoanthocyanins resulting from C-4/C-5 cycloaddition of the former ones with pyruvic acid, acetaldehyde, 4-vinylphenol, 4-vinylguaiacol, and 4-vinylcatechol were identified in the different wines. Rosé wines presented a higher total pigment content than blanc de noir wines. Pyranoanthocyanins represented 68.9-76.0% of total pigment content in rosé wines and 49.4-60.7% in blanc de noir wines. Malvidin 3-glucoside-pyruvate was the most abundant pigment in both rosé and blanc de noir base wines. Important qualitative and quantitative changes were observed in terms of the anthocyanin and pyranoanthocyanin pigments after the second (bottle) fermentation and 9 months of aging on yeast lees, but not after a further time (3-9 additional months) of aging on lees. Evaluation of the wine color characteristics was consistent with a greater color stability for the rosé sparkling wines that could be associated with the high content, structural diversity, and spectroscopic features of the pyranoanthocyanins present in these wines.     

Aroma potential of two bairrada white grape varieties: Maria Gomes and Bical

Maria Gomes and Bical are the main white grape varieties in Portuguese Bairrada Appellation, which represent 80% and 15%, respectively, of white vineyard. To estimate their aroma potentialities, free and potential volatile components from the musts were examined. The free volatile components were extracted using a liquid-liquid continuous method and were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The potential volatile compounds were determined after elimination of the free components by heat and enzymatic treatments. Principal component analysis was used to establish relations between the compounds and the varieties and also the form (free or in potential). Maria Gomes has 11.5 mg/L volatile compounds, of which 33% are in free form; Bical has 4.4 mg/L volatile compounds, of which 46% are in free form. A total of 59 compounds was identified and quantified. In Maria Gomes, the sum of the terpenoids is within the perception limits for hotrienol (0.21 mg/L) and linalool (0.20 mg/L). In Bical, benzyl alcohol and phenylethylethanol represent 20% of the volatile compounds. Considering that the volatile composition pattern of Maria Gomes and Bical varieties are different, wine-making technologies should be developed specifically for each variety.     

Comparison of ozone and UV-C treatments on the postharvest stilbenoid monomer, dimer, and trimer induction in var. 'Superior' white table grapes

Postharvest treatment of seedless white table grapes (var. 'Superior') with different gas ozone concentrations (3.88 and 1.67 g/h) for 1, 3, and 5 h induced an increase in stilbenoid biosynthesis [trans-resveratrol, piceatannol, and viniferinas (resveratrol dehydrodimers and dehydrotrimers)] during storage at 22 degrees C and 95% relative humidity. The maximal resveratrol concentration was reached after 2 days of storage, and this amount was similar to that induced by optimized UV-C treatments (1 min, 510 W, 40 cm). Although similar resveratrol concentrations accumulated in grapes after both UV-C and O3 treatments (maximum ozone production and time), the ozone treatment was more efficient in inducing viniferins accumulation in grape berries. A sequence in the biosynthesis of stilbenoids was observed, starting with the resveratrol monomer, continuing with the resveratrol dehydrodimers epsilon-viniferin and delta-viniferin, and ending with four different resveratrol dehydrotrimers. These trimers were different from alpha-viniferin, a trimer previously reported to be induced in grapes after biotic and abiotic stresses. Two alpha-viniferin isomers were also detected in the ozone-treated grapes, although at very low concentrations that prevented their quantification.     

Variation in the selection of Rhizobium trifolii by varieties of red and white clover

The selection of Rhizobium trifolii by six varieties of red and white clover was examined under laboratory conditions. The varieties differed in their selection of strains and there was considerable variation within any one variety. The implications of such variation are discussed with particular reference to clover seed inoculation.     

采用改进Mask R-CNN算法定位鲜食葡萄疏花夹持点

为实现鲜食葡萄疏花机械化与自动化,该研究提出了一种鲜食葡萄疏花夹持点定位方法。首先基于ResNeXt骨干网络并融合路径增强,改进Mask R-CNN模型,解决鲜食葡萄花穗、果梗目标较小难以检测的问题;进而针对花穗、果梗生长姿态的复杂性与不确定性,提出一种集合逻辑算法,该算法采用IoU函数剔除重复检测的花穗与果梗,建立花穗、果梗对,并对果梗掩模进行形态学开运算,利用集合关系获取主果梗掩模,确定以主果梗质心附近的中心点为果梗的夹持点。最后,随机选取测试集中的图像进行试验。试验结果表明：果梗夹持点平均定位准确率为83.3%,平均定位时间为0.325 s,夹持点x、y方向定位误差及定位总误差最大值分别为10、12和16像素,能够满足鲜食葡萄疏花的定位精度与速度要求,可为实现鲜食葡萄疏花机械化与自动化提供理论支撑。     

葡萄二倍体与四倍体品种间杂交胚挽救的培养基筛选

筛选培养基是胚挽救成功的基础,也是影响胚挽救成功率的关键因素之一.葡萄二倍体与四倍体品种间杂交的胚挽救分3个阶段,即胚继续发育培养-发芽诱导-继代培养.在第一阶段胚发育培养,以MS配以一定浓度的激素为宜;第二阶段的发芽诱导中,MS不加任何激素,或仅仅提供低浓度的生长素(NAA)发芽最好,添加BA明显不利于胚萌发.第三阶段继代扩繁时基因型不同要求的培养基类型也不同,文中给出了一部分杂交组合适宜的继代培养基类型.     

不同品种酿酒葡萄根系抗寒性鉴定

越冬冻害是制约中国北方酿酒葡萄产业发展的限制性因素之一,葡萄根系的抗寒能力很弱且随品种遗传性状差异而变化。为鉴定不同品种酿酒葡萄根系抗寒性,为葡萄越冬冻害的监测、预警和防御提供理论依据。本研究以贺兰山东麓‘赤霞珠’‘美乐’‘马瑟兰’‘威代尔’‘西拉’‘北玫’‘北红’‘龙眼’8个品种酿酒葡萄根系为试材,测定其在模拟自然降温冷冻过程中的生理响应指标(过冷却点、结冰点、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、电导率及半致死温度)。运用相关分析与聚类分析方法,综合评价8个品种酿酒葡萄根系的抗寒能力。研究结果表明:1)可溶性蛋白含量显著影响葡萄根系组织的抗寒性。2)供试的8个品种葡萄根系抗寒能力可分为3类:弱抗寒型(‘赤霞珠’‘美乐’‘西拉’),过冷却点–3.8～–3.2℃,结冰点-2.8～-2.3℃,半致死温度–4.34～–3.19℃;中抗寒型(‘北玫’‘马瑟兰’‘威代尔’),过冷却点为–5.4～–4.4℃,结冰点在–4.1～–3.7℃,半致死温度–5.90～–4.43℃;强抗寒型(‘北红’‘龙眼’),过冷却点在–6.4～–6.3℃,结冰点–5.2～–4.8℃,半致死温度–6.55～–6.11℃。3)根系抗寒能力在不同品种间有显著性差异,8个品种葡萄根系的抗寒能力强弱顺序为:‘北红’‘龙眼’‘北玫’‘威代尔’‘马瑟兰’‘赤霞珠’‘美乐’‘西拉’。过冷却点、结冰点温度可以作为评价葡萄抗寒性的重要指标。研究结果对于完善葡萄抗寒性评价方法及指导防寒减灾工作具有重要意义。     

鲜食葡萄SO2气体精准熏蒸保鲜控制系统设计

鲜食葡萄商业化贮藏保鲜主要采用二氧化硫(SO_2)熏蒸方式处理,但保鲜产品释放SO_2不均匀,熏蒸杀菌不完全,易产生漂白斑点和药害积累等问题。为了精准控制熏蒸过程中SO_2浓度变化,减少SO_2在葡萄果实中的残留积累,该文采用SO_2气体浓度控制装置、熏蒸装置和气体回收装置相结合的形式,设计了一套SO_2熏蒸葡萄装置的控制设备,在可编程逻辑控制器(programmable logic controller, PLC)有序控制下,通过组态王软件(Kingview 6.55)实现SO_2熏蒸浓度、熏蒸温、湿度及压力的实时监测。在对木纳格葡萄进行短时SO_2熏蒸处理的过程中,熏蒸系统能够精确控制SO_2浓度和压强,并使残留SO_2气体回收率达99%以上。熏蒸装置可以精准控制SO_2熏蒸浓度,当熏蒸浓度为3 000μL/L,时间为10 min,压强为0.05 MPa时,熏蒸装置能够有效抑制木纳格葡萄果梗褐变指数、果实腐烂率、失质量率、落粒率及漂白指数的增加,维持果实的硬度,保持了木纳格葡萄果实的品质,降低了果实中SO_2的残留,同时可进行SO_2残留气体回收,提升了熏蒸装置的使用安全性和鲜食葡萄的食用安全性,该研究结果可为鲜食葡萄储藏提供参考。     

Measurement of condensed tannins and dry matter in red grape homogenates using near infrared spectroscopy and partial least squares

Samples (n = 620) of homogenized red grape berries were analyzed using a visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectrophotometer (400-2500 nm) in reflectance. The spectra and the analytical data were used to develop partial least-squares calibrations to predict dry matter (DM) content and condensed tannins (CT) concentrations. The coefficient of determination in cross-validation and the standard error of cross-validation were 0.92 and 0.83% w/w for DM and 0.86 and 0.46 mg/g epicatechin equivalents for CT, respectively. The standard error in prediction was 1.34% w/w for DM and 0.89 mg/g epicatechin equivalents for CT, respectively. By implementing a NIR spectroscopy method to measure DM and CT in red grape homogenates, we have developed an approach that is suited to large-scale compositional analysis in commercial wine production facilities, as it enables the analysis of large numbers of samples needed to stream batches of fruit. From an economical point of view, the calibration models could be achieved with relatively small data sets. Thus, NIR offers a suitable and efficient tool for the simultaneous measurement of DM and CT in addition to other important parameters in red grape homogenates such as total anthocyanins, total soluble solids, and pH, with minimal sample preparation and low cost.     

Suppression of lipopolysaccharide and galactosamine-induced hepatic inflammation by red grape pomace

Grape pomace is generated in the production process of wine and grape juices and is an industrial waste. This study investigated whether an intake of grape pomace was able to suppress chronic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and galactosamine (GalN) in vivo. When Sprague-Dawley rats were orally given methanolic extracts from red and white grape pomace, the extracts inhibited the LPS/GalN-evoked activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) dose-dependently, and red grape pomace exerted a stronger effect than white grape one. Next, rats were fed an AIN93 M-based diet containing 5% red grape pomace for 7 days, followed by the intraperitoneal injection of LPS and GalN. The intake of the red grape pomace-supplemented diet was found to suppress the LPS/GalN-induced activation of NF-κB and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 proteins. These results suggest that red grape pomace may contain an abundance of effective compound(s) for anti-inflammatory action.     

Roles of grape thaumatin-like protein and chitinase in white wine haze formation

Grape chitinase was found to be the primary cause of heat-induced haze formation in white wines. Chitinase was the dominant protein in a haze induced by treating Sauvignon blanc wine at 30 °C for 22 h. In artificial wines and real wines, chitinase concentration was directly correlated to the turbidity of heat-induced haze formation (50 °C for 3 h). Sulfate was confirmed to have a role in haze formation, likely by converting soluble aggregates into larger visible haze particles. Thaumatin-like protein was detected in the insoluble fraction by SDS-PAGE analysis but had no measurable impact on turbidity. Differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated that the complex mixture of molecules in wine plays a role in thermal instability of wine proteins and contributes additional complexity to the wine haze phenomenon.     

低磷红壤-玉米-磷肥品种的匹配研究

研究不同品种磷肥在低磷红壤上的吸收利用对合理选择磷肥品种、提高红壤磷肥利用效率、减少红壤磷的固定具有重要意义。基于西南典型低磷红壤的两年田间定位试验和盆栽试验,研究施用不同品种磷肥[不施磷（CK）;普通过磷酸钙（SSP）;磷酸一铵（MAP）;磷酸二铵（DAP）;钙镁磷肥（CMP）]对玉米产量、磷吸收、磷分配和磷利用效率的影响。结果表明,田间试验和盆栽试验发现在低磷红壤上,不同施磷品种间,SSP处理的玉米产量、生物量和收获指数最高,较MAP、DAP和CMP处理玉米产量平均增加53.1%、37.5%和50.1%,生物量平均增加32.0%、21.4%和30.9%,收获指数平均增加15.6%、12.8%和14.1%。施用不同品种磷肥均显著增加玉米磷累积量、各器官（秸秆、叶片和籽粒）磷吸收量和玉米磷收获指数,其中,施用SSP处理的玉米磷累积量较MAP、DAP和CMP处理平均增加32.6%、48.2%和39.5%,玉米磷收获指数在2019年平均增加22.7%,盆栽试验中平均增加13.7%。玉米磷素利用效率总体表现为SSP>CMP>DAP>MAP,SSP较MAP、DAP和CMP处理...     

White wine with red wine-like properties: increased extraction of grape skin polyphenols improves the antioxidant capacity of the derived white wine.

Lower antioxidant activity in white wines in comparison to red wines lies in the low grape-skin-derived polyphenol content. This paper reports the analysis of the antioxidant capacities of white wine samples obtained along two different processing procedures directed to enrich the wine with polyphenols. White wine samples derived from whole squeezed grapes stored for increasing periods of time (up to 18 h) contained increasing concentrations of polyphenols (from 0.35 to 0.55 mmol/L) and, in parallel, exhibited increased capacity to scavenge free radicals and to inhibit copper ion-induced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. However, addition of increasing concentrations of alcohol (up to 18%) to the whole squeezed grapes remarkably augmented the extraction of grape skin polyphenols into the wine up to 1.25 mmol/L, resulting in an increased capacity of the wine to scavenge free radicals and to inhibit LDL oxidation, to an extent similar to that of red wine. The extent of LDL oxidation inhibition was directly related to the wine polyphenolic content (r = 0.986). It is concluded that processing white wine by imposing a short period of grape skin contact in the presence of alcohol leads to extraction of grape skin polyphenols and produces polyphenol-rich white wine with antioxidant characteristics similar to those of red wine.     

Enzymatic treatment and use of starters for the nutrient enhancement in fermented flour of red and white varieties of finger millet (Eleusine coracana).

Two varieties of finger millet (Eleusine coracana)-a tannin-containing red variety, CO13, and nontannin white variety, CO9-processed by treatment with enzymes (cellulase and hemicellulase) and fermentation with starters (from previously fermented finger millet batter), achieved the desirable goals of reduced fermentation time (12 h), increased acidity (2.2 to 2.4%), enhanced in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) (14 to 26%), and mineral availability compared to 48 h uncontrolled natural fermentation (Usha Antony and Chandra, 1998). Fermentation with starters alone increased titratable acidity (1.02 to 1.88%), IVPD (5. 5 to 22%) and mineral availability, and decreased phytate (23 to 26%) and tannin (10.8 to 40.5%) in the millets. Enzymatic treatment (3 h, 50 degrees C) did not significantly alter the pH, phytate, tannins, IVPD, or HCl-mineral extractability but enhanced fermentative changes. Overall, the changes were marked when the 48 h starter was used and the improvements in nutrient availability was greater in the CO13 variety.