体外培育平腹小蜂防治荔枝蝽蟓

荔枝蝽蟓(Tessaratoma papillosa)是荔枝产地的主要害虫,以若虫、成虫为害荔枝和龙眼的花、果和嫩梢,常造成荔枝和龙眼的减产甚至失收。六十年代初,蒲蛰龙、黄明度等成功地研究出利用柞蚕卵、蓖麻蚕卵作为中间寄主大量繁殖平腹小蜂(Anastatus japonicus)防治荔枝蝽蟓,在各荔枝产地推广应用,取得了良好的效果。但是,近几年来,由于作为平腹小蜂及赤眼蜂的大量繁殖寄主卵的柞蚕卵和蓖麻蚕卵供不应求,影响着这项防治措施的进一步发展。为满足大量繁殖平腹小蜂所用寄主卵的需     

枣园绿盲蝽种群周年消长动态及其影响因子

2011年-2014年,对河北廊坊枣园绿盲蝽种群周年消长动态进行了系统调查。结果表明,一代绿盲蝽若虫于4月中下旬发生,5月中旬陆续羽化为一代成虫;二代若虫于6月上中旬达到高峰期,6月中旬至7月上旬陆续羽化为二代成虫,随后迁出枣园。8月下旬至9月上旬,绿盲蝽成虫再次迁回枣园。分析发现,早春温度影响绿盲蝽越冬卵孵化进度,温度越高一代若虫出现的时间越早。研究结果为开展枣园绿盲蝽的发生期测报与及时防治提供重要的科学依据。     

蝽蟓沟卵蜂的初步观察简报

经过田间调查和室内饲养观察表明:蝽蟓沟卵蜂 Trissolcus flavipes 是蝽象卵的主要寄生蜂。在河北省的6—8月,蝽蟓沟卵蜂的每代历期8～13天,每头成虫平均产卵24.28粒;从6月初到8月上旬,田间自然寄生率平均为59.61%,最高为87.05%,最低为22.16%;是一种很有利用价值的天敌。     

新疆柽柳幽柽木虱的生物学特性

在新疆的柽柳属植物上发现3种木虱，对其中的柽柳幽柽木虱进行了研究。该种木虱在新疆阜康地区1年发生1代，以4龄若虫在柽柳多年生枝条上越冬。越冬若虫翌年4月中旬开始取食，并使枝条顶端形成虫瘿，若虫在虫瘿内发育到5龄，至6月开始羽化，成虫平均寿命7．3d。雌成虫将卵产在花苞内，若虫在花苞内取食形成虫瘿，4龄若虫10月中旬爬出虫瘿转移到多年生枝条上越冬。发现若虫寄生蜂1种。     

牧草盲蝽不同虫态在棉株上的分布规律

为了明确牧草盲蝽[Lygus pratensis(Linnaeus)]成虫、若虫和卵在棉株上的分布及其习性,采用目测法调查棉株不同器官上牧草盲蝽成虫、若虫和卵的数量。研究显示:蕾期、花期、铃期和全生育期,棉株不同器官上的牧草盲蝽成虫和若虫种群密度间的差异均达到了显著水平,成虫密度:叶片蕾花铃;若虫密度:蕾叶片铃花。牧草盲蝽卵在整个棉株上均有分布,43.5%卵分布在上部,同时叶柄和棉铃上卵量最多。以上结果表明牧草盲蝽成虫主要分布在棉株的叶片上,而若虫主要分布在蕾和叶片上。卵主要集中产在棉株上部,叶柄和棉铃上居多。本研究结果对进一步探明牧草盲蝽生物学特性有重要科学意义。     

防治荔枝椿象应把握好时机

荔枝椿象 ,又名椿象 ,俗称之为臭屁虫。属半翅目 ,蝽科 ,是我国荔枝、龙眼产区的 1种主要害虫。该虫以成虫及若虫刺吸嫩梢、花穗、幼果汁液 ,被害部变色干枯 ,导致落花、落果 ,而且其身体分泌的臭液亦可使果壳变色 ,品质下降 ,给果农带来较大的损失。荔枝椿象 1ａ发生 1代 ,以性未成熟的成虫越冬。翌年春季开始活动 ,喜聚集于花繁叶茂的树上取食 ,4月为交配产卵盛期。卵多产于树冠下层叶背 ,1只雌虫可产卵 5～ 1 0次 ,每次产卵大多 1 4粒 ,聚集排列成块。防治用药适期以两个时期最为关键。1 )在早春越冬成虫开始活动时期 ,即 3月中下旬 ,此…     

茶黄蓟马的生物学特性

茶黄蓟马(Scirtothrips dorsalis Hoods)是江西茶园茶树(Camellia sinensis)叶片上的重要刺吸性害虫。通过室内饲养和野外调查该虫在南昌地区的生物学特性。调查结果表明:该虫在江西黄马茶园1年发生8~10代,主要以成虫和少数若虫越冬。以若虫越冬的个体3月中旬开始羽化;以成虫越冬的个体4月上旬开始产卵。4月中旬茶园始见初孵若虫。11月出现的成虫和少数若虫进入越冬。成若虫喜食嫩芽和幼叶,导致叶片组织坏死。在22~30℃条件下,温度对茶黄蓟马发育历期有显著影响,随着温度升高,卵期、若虫期和成虫寿命都逐渐缩短,卵期8~3.83 d,若虫期15~7.4 d,成虫寿命26.92~16.9 d。     

用体外培育法测定敌百虫对荔蝽平腹小蜂的影响初报

荔蝽平腹小蜂是荔枝蝽蟓卵的一种重要寄生蜂。许雄等(1988)用柞蚕卵作此寄生蜂的寄主,测定了敌百虫对其不同发育期的毒性。但由于荔蝽舂平腹小蜂的卵期至蛹期都是在寄主卵内渡过的,故实际穿透过柞蚕卵壳作用于平腹小蜂的敌百虫量就难以估算。本文作者以人工寄主卵培育(体外培育)平腹小蜂的方法,测定了荔蝽平腹小蜂对敌百虫的耐药力。     

樟个木虱的生物学特性及防治

樟个木虱属同翅目个木虱科,在河南信阳危害香樟,一年发生3代,以2龄虫在香樟叶背越冬,3月上旬开始生长发育,3月中旬有少量羽化,羽化盛期为4月下旬,4月中旬于春梢上开始见卵和若虫,6月中旬随着夏梢不断萌发,成虫陆续羽化,5月下旬夏梢上开始见若虫,即为第二代若虫。9月上旬第二代若虫开始发育、羽化、交配、产卵于秋梢、秋叶,孵化发育至2龄后越冬。     

蠋蝽对荔枝蝽一龄若虫的捕食功能反应

为了筛选在荔枝蝽若虫期对其具有良好防效的天敌昆虫，本试验探究蠋蝽对荔枝蝽1龄若虫的捕食潜力，在室内条件下评价了蠋蝽4龄若虫、5龄若虫、雌成虫和雄成虫对荔枝蝽1龄若虫的捕食能力，结合果园的观察总结了蠋蝽捕食行为特点。结果表明：蠋蝽4龄若虫、5龄若虫、雌成虫和雄成虫对荔枝蝽1龄若虫的捕食功能反应符合Holling Ⅱ模型，对荔枝蝽若虫的日最大捕食量分别为9.066、8.210、8.354和5.903头，瞬时攻击率分别为0.956、1.327、1.100和1.244，处理时间分别为0.10、0.162、0.132和0.149 d。不同龄期蠋蝽对荔枝蝽1龄若虫的搜寻效应均随猎物密度的增大而减小。室内外观察发现，蠋蝽捕食荔枝蝽若虫时的行为和捕食草地夜蛾等其他猎物时相似，经历搜索、跟随、攻击、取食、转移等行为反应。捕食功能试验证实蠋蝽对荔枝蝽1龄若虫具有较高的控害潜能，是实现荔枝蝽绿色防控的一种良好备选天敌产品。     

应用敌百虫防治荔枝蝽象的大田试验

荔枝蝽象是华南地区的重要害虫之一。作者根据此虫自然抗药性季节变化的規律,結合荔枝的开花結果时期,采用有机磷杀虫剂敌百虫0.067％水溶液噴雾于3月中及5月初各噴药一次,防治效果达95％以上。基本可以消灭荔枝蝽象成虫及若虫的为害,达到保花保果的要求。根据試驗結果,掌握上述两个时期大面积噴敌百虫,对荔枝开花、結果以及品质,均无不良影响。噴药时最好暫时关閉蜂箱,噴药后再放蜂。大面积使用敌百虫防治荔枝蝽象,成本低廉,每株药剂及人工費用为0.177元,每亩15株計算,每亩費用为2.65元。防治时期,最好选择能在3—4天內天晴、气温较高、风力0—1級为宜,噴雾要求均匀周到。     

不同施氮量对杂交水稻纹枯病、紫鞘病及云形病的影响

近年来,随着化肥生产的迅速发展,稻田施氮量逐年增加。有些地区由于有机肥料的减少,不适当的增施化肥,出现“偏氮、偏多、偏晚”的三偏现象,从而导致水稻病害严重发生。本试验从氮肥这单一因子出发,在其他栽培措施相同的条件下,通过定位观察,系统调查,以探明不同施氮量以及无机氮肥与有机氮肥一定的配比,对杂交水稻纹枯病(Rhizoctonia solain)、紫鞘病(Acrocylindrium oryzae)和云形病(Rhycho-sporium oryzae)发生的影响。     

中国六省区荔枝蝽体内细菌组成及多样性分析

为探明荔枝蝽Tessaratoma papillosa体内细菌的群落组成及特点，自福建省、广东省、广西壮族自治区、海南省、云南省和台湾省采集荔枝蝽成虫或若虫30个样本，采用Illumina HiSeq高通量测序方法对其体内细菌的16S rRNA V3+V4保守区进行测序分析。结果显示，6省区荔枝蝽成虫及海南省1龄若虫的优势菌为变形菌门γ-变形菌纲肠杆菌目泛菌属Pantoea；福建省、广东省和广西壮族自治区1龄若虫的优势菌为放线菌门放线菌纲链霉菌目链霉菌属Streptomyces。6省区荔枝蝽成虫之间细菌多样性差异不显著，成虫体内优势菌群均为肠杆菌；但6省区1龄若虫之间细菌组成及其占比差异显著，其中福建省、广东省和广西壮族自治区1龄若虫体内优势菌群为链霉菌，海南省1龄若虫体内优势菌群为肠杆菌。表明荔枝蝽成虫和若虫体内共生细菌多样性差异明显，荔枝蝽成虫体内优势菌为肠杆菌，而多数1龄若虫体内优势菌为链霉菌。     

食物对荔枝蝽生殖和存活的影响

食物显著地影响荔枝蝽的卵巢发育,产卵量和成虫的产卵期寿命,罩养于支树花（果）枝上,荔枝蝽每雌平均产卵２２２．３粒,净增殖率为１１０．５７;雌、雄成虫的平均寿命分别为９６．２５和９３．１９ｄ。罩养于嫩枝上者,每雌平均产卵１９３．４ ,净增殖率为９６．２６;雌、雄成虫的平均寿命分别为８９．６９和８９．２５ｄ。罩养于老枝上的成虫不能产卵,雌,雄成虫的平均寿命分别为７０．４４和７０．３１ｄ。在花（果）枝上     

The dimpling bug,Campylomma austrina Malipatil (Hemiptera: Miridae): the damage and its relationship with ants in mango orchards in the Northern Territory of Australia

The dimpling bug, Campylomma austrina Malipatil, has been recognised since 2002 as a serious mango pest in the Northern Territory, Australia. To fully understand the damage the bug causes and its relationship with ants, field experiments were conducted in five mango orchards in the Darwin area from 2001 to 2003 along with laboratory rearing trials. The latter revealed that the dimpling bug sucked sap mainly from the ovary of the flowers. As the ovary ripened, each puncture resulted in a black pimple on the skin of the marble-sized fruit (<5 mm in diameter). All of the most heavily damaged marble-sized fruits (>10 pimples/fruitlet) dropped from the trees. A field survey and field experiments showed that marble-sized fruit damage levels on trees bearing abundant weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius, were similar to those protected by chemical insecticides, however both suffered less damage than trees bearing fewer or no weaver ants or black ants, Iridomyrmex sp. We propose that the weaver ant is an efficient bio-control agent of the dimpling bug, and to limit the bug damage, high levels of weaver ant populations are required in mango orchards.     

Associations betweenFrankliniella spp. andOrius niger populations in cotton

The distribution of theFrankliniella speciesF. occidentalis (Pergande) andF. intonsa (Trybom) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and of the predatory bugOrius niger (Wolff) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), in various organs of the cotton plant, as well as prey — predator interactions between thrips andO. niger, were investigated over 6 years in cotton fields in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. The highest number of larvae ofFrankliniella spp. were found inhabiting bolls, whereas the adults colonized mainly flowers. The majority of predatory bug nymphs were present on leaves, followed by bolls, whereasO. niger adults visited mostly flowers. The thrips larvae were most likely preyed upon on flowers and squares, and bolls were safe plant parts for thrips, with a low predation rate. An intermediate but relatively high predation rate occurred on cotton leaves. In further field experiments, the effects of insecticide treatment on the relationships betweenO. niger andFrankliniella spp. were investigated. These trials revealed that a higher correlation existed between the numbers of adultO. niger in flowers andFrankliniella spp. in non-treated cotton fields than in insecticide-treated fields. The proportions of prey/predator in flowers ranged from 1.53 to 19.28 and were below four thrips per predator at most sampling dates in some of the non-treated cotton fields. It is concluded thatO. niger is an effective predator that can play an important role in suppressing population increase ofFrankliniella spp. in cotton. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 12, 2006.     

茶硬胶蚧形态、习性及防治的研究

茶硬胶蚧[Tachardina theae(Gteen et Menn)]是近年来在部分茶区发生蔓延的一种茶树介壳虫,危害后招致严重煤病,造成茶叶减产,甚至茶树枯死。茶硬胶蚧在浙江一年发生一代,以雌成虫在茶树枝杆上越冬,翌年5月下旬盛见若虫。各虫态历期:雌成虫8个月,雄成虫最长1天,若虫60天左右,雄蛹10天左右。雌雄比例为1:1.22。营卵胎生繁殖,平均每雌繁殖量为167头。若虫全部寄生在枝杆上。若虫期防治以溴氰菊酯(5ppm)、辛硫磷(500ppm)和马拉硫磷(500ppm)效果较好。根据茶硬胶蚧危害后对茶树发芽和茶叶产量的影响,探讨了茶硬胶蚧的防治阀值。     

Effects of two different neem products on different stages of Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae)

In this study, the effects of two different commercial neem insecticides (NeemAzal T/S and Neem Oil) were determined on different stages of Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) under laboratory conditions. Neem Azal and Neem Oil were applied at concentrations of 0.5 % and 2 %, respectively. Mortality was recorded after 3, 7 and 14 days for nymphs and adults; 7 and 14 days for old (4-day-old) eggs; and 14 days for newly laid (one-day-old) eggs. Both products have no significant effect on adults and newly laid eggs. However Neem Oil was found to be more effective than NeemAzal T/S on nymphs and on old laid eggs after 7 and 14 days. It can be concluded that both neem products have potential for insecticidal efficacy (approximately 60 %) against nymphs of N. viridula. at concentrations recommended by manufacturers for registered pests.     

Effects of two different neem products on different stages of Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae)

In this study, the effects of two different commercial neem insecticides (NeemAzal T/S and Neem Oil) were determined on different stages of Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) under laboratory conditions. Neem Azal and Neem Oil were applied at concentrations of 0.5 % and 2 %, respectively. Mortality was recorded after 3, 7 and 14 days for nymphs and adults; 7 and 14 days for old (4-day-old) eggs; and 14 days for newly laid (one-day-old) eggs. Both products have no significant effect on adults and newly laid eggs. However Neem Oil was found to be more effective than NeemAzal T/S on nymphs and on old laid eggs after 7 and 14 days. It can be concluded that both neem products have potential for insecticidal efficacy (approximately 60 %) against nymphs of N. viridula. at concentrations recommended by manufacturers for registered pests.