灰豆象生物学特性的初步观察

灰豆象Callosobruchus phaseoli(Chevrolate)是我国尚无分布的危险性害虫。我们于1984年底至1986年在我所室内对来自澳大利亚扁豆中的灰豆象进行了饲养观察。现将初步观察结果整理如下。发生历期和越冬代:灰豆象在昆明地区一年最多发生6代,以幼虫在豆粒内越冬。灰豆象幼虫对低温的忍受有一定限度,2龄幼虫在低于14.6℃条件下,不能越冬。卵期:在恒温26℃,卵期为7.6天,32℃为6天,35℃为7天,受温差影响幅度不大。昆     

灰豆象生物学特性观察

经在浙江省室内饲养,灰豆象以幼虫在豆粒中越冬,1a发生5代。当日平均温度26.6℃时,完成1个世代需35d;当日平均温度30.1℃时,完成1个世代仅需26d。通过生活习性观察分析,影响其生长发育的主要因子是温度和食料。     

菜豆象在温州适生性的初步研究

本文对菜豆象在温州的适生性进行了初步的研究。结果表明，在温州室内条件下，该虫一年有５个世代；以幼虫，蛹，成虫越冬，越冬幼虫或蛹在翌年３月下旬或４月上旬羽化。温州存在菜豆象嗜食的菜豆与豇豆以及能为之为害的绿豆，赤豆，小豆，蚕豆等。温州的气候条件也适于菜豆象生存。     

关于柳州药材站白扁豆发现危险性害虫——灰豆象的调查报告

1987年8月26日接到柳州地区植检站关于在柳州药材站仓库中药材白扁豆内发现国家列为危险性害虫——灰豆象的疫情报告后,我们于9月3日到现场进行了调查,现将情况报告如下:柳州地区植检站是在收到北海动植物检疫所8月10日关于在北海市医药公司中药仓从柳州药材站仓库购进106公斤的白扁豆上发现灰豆象的疫情通知后,马上对柳州药材     

瑞丽桔小实蝇、瓜实蝇生物学特性的观察

在瑞丽，桔小实蝇一年发生5－6代，以第5代和第6代成虫越冬，完成一个世代需要120－150天。瓜实蝇一年发生7－8代，以第7代和第8代成虫越冬，完成一个世代需要90－120天。温度影响卵、幼虫及蛹的历期，湿度影响羽化率。用不同寄主饲养桔小实蝇，其产卵量、孵化率、幼虫成活率及幼虫历期具明显差异。     

灰豆象对寄主选择性的研究

本文就灰豆象的寄主进行试验研究。经多次试验结果，灰豆象产卵对豆类表现为无选择性，而取食危害有选择性。灰豆象危害的豆类为各种扁豆、绿豆、豇豆、蚕豆、赤豆、大豆等；最嗜食的扁豆、豇豆、绿豆、蚕豆。不危害的豆类为各种菜豆、大菜豆、利马豆、棉豆、木豆、鹰咀豆、豌豆、饭豆等。     

溴甲烷对灰豆象检疫熏蒸处理试验

应用溴甲烷熏蒸剂对豆类中所携带的灰豆象Ｃａｌｏｓｏｂｒｕｃｈｕｓｐｈａｓｅｏｌｉ（Ｃｈｅｖｒｏｌａｔｅ）进行检疫熏蒸处理试验的结果表明，灰豆象对溴甲烷熏蒸剂耐药性较低。几种虫态相比之下，卵耐药性最低，蛹耐药性最强，而幼虫耐药性程度居于二者之间。在熏蒸处理平均温度为１８℃以下较低温度条件下熏蒸，卵和幼虫１０ｍｇ／Ｌ，１０ｈ；蛹１５ｍｇ／Ｌ、１０ｈ、１０ｍｇ／Ｌ，２４ｈ，其各虫态校正死亡率均可达１００％。在熏蒸处理平均温度为２６．５℃以上较高温度条件下熏蒸，卵５ｍｇ／Ｌ，１０ｈ、３ｍｇ／Ｌ，２４ｈ；幼虫５ｍｇ／Ｌ，２４ｈ及１０ｍｇ／Ｌ，１０ｈ；蛹１５ｍｇ／Ｌ，１０ｈ或１０ｍｇ／Ｌ，２４ｈ，以上各虫态校正死亡率也均可达１００％。     

溴甲烷熏蒸处理几种豆象致死剂量及死亡率的测试

采用溴甲烷对鹰嘴豆象、灰豆象及巴西豆象进行检疫熏蒸处理的试验结果表明，以上３种豆象对溴甲烷熏蒸剂均较敏感，耐药性较弱，而且几种豆象耐药性程度均较接近。其中，鹰嘴豆象在１８±０．５℃处理温度下，７ｇ／ｍ３，４８ｈ，１０ｇ／ｍ３，２４ｈ，其死亡率可达１００％。而在２８±０．５℃处理温度下，７ｇ／ｍ３，２４ｈ，其死亡率即可达１００％；灰豆象、巴西豆象在处理温度平均为１７℃下，１０ｇ／ｍ３，２４ｈ，在处理温度平均为２６℃下，１０ｇ／ｍ３，１０ｈ，其校正死亡率均可达１００％     

用不同蚜虫饲养对大灰食蚜蝇生长发育的影响

在室温下分别用甘蓝蚜、豌豆蚜、桃蚜和大麻长管蚜饲养大灰食蚜蝇，幼虫历期分别为10．17天、10．29天、9．16天和9．50天，蛹期分别为8．69天、8．96天、8．46天和7．30天，蛹重分别为32．2毫克、32．3毫克、31．9毫克和26．6毫克，以大麻长管蚜饲养成虫获得率最高，达23．3％，桃蚜最低只有15．1％，研究表明，蚜虫种类对大灰食蚜蝇发育历期、蛹重及存活率有一定影响，人工饲养蚜蝇必需选择适合的蚜种。     

几种生态因子对银纹夜蛾实验种群的影响

本文以主要质量指标对比了用人工半合成饲料与天然饲料饲养银纹夜蛾的结果，表明人工半合成饲料明显优于天然饲料。研究了幼虫饲养密度对存活的影响，四龄末幼虫存活率与一龄幼虫密度呈抛物线关系，化蛹率、蛹重与五幼虫密度呈直线下降关系，相对湿度、夜间光照强度、食物等对成虫生殖有显著影响。     

耐草甘膦菜豆耐性酶学机理的研究

感性、耐性菜豆从萌芽到24d的EPSP合成酶比活性是不同的,但变化规律相似。出苗时比活性较高,10d时降至最低点,随后上升,16d时达到最高点,然后缓慢下降;两种菜豆在生长的同一天酶比活性差异小,最大倍数仅为1.1;用草甘膦处理两种三出复叶时的菜豆1d后酶比活性上升15%～25%。实验测定了经4步纯化,比活性达6219.4nmol· min-1· mg-1蛋白以上的两种菜豆EPSP合成酶的一些酶学性质。PEP是酶的最适底物,感性、耐性 Km(PEP)分别为3.5和7.1μmol· L-1,两者相差2倍,亲和力Ki(草甘膦)分别是6.2和 16.7μmol· L-1,两者相差2.7倍。两种菜豆对草甘膦耐性不同的酶学机理在于耐性菜豆的EPSP合成酶与草甘膦的亲和力小,与酶底物亲和力大;而感性菜豆EPSP酶则与草甘膦的亲和力大,与其底物亲和力小。     

The effect of growing beans together with maize on the incidence of bean diseases and pests

Compared with mono-cultures, beans grown in association with maize showed generally less incidence of the following diseases and pests: halo blight, bean common mosaic, anthracnose, common blight, scab,Phoma, mildew, bolworm and to a lesser extent angular leaf spot. For white mold and the black beetleSystates the opposite was observed. Rust and aphilds were erratic in this respect. Apparently a kind of cultural control of the major bean diseases in Kenya is effected by growing beans in association with maize.     

豆野螟对寄主的选择性及豇豆品种抗螟眭比较

研究了豆野螟(Maruca testulalisGeyer)对豇豆、扁豆、普通菜豆3种寄主植物的选择性,以及30个豇豆品种对豆野螟的抗性。结果表明普通菜豆的花与荚的虫量均为零,豆野螟对普通菜豆表现出明显的不选择性,对豇豆和扁豆表现出明显的嗜食性,但对扁豆则更偏食,扁豆与豇豆在豆荚中的幼虫虫量存在极显著差异。豇豆不同品种的抗螟性也存在一定差异,高产4号等5个品种较为感虫,而云优油青、惠丰8号、8月冬求3个品种对豆野螟有较高的抗性且与其他品种存在极显著差异。     

豆野螟对寄主的选择性及豇豆品种抗螟性比较

研究了豆野螟(Maruca testulalisGeyer)对豇豆、扁豆、普通菜豆3种寄主植物的选择性,以及30个豇豆品种对豆野螟的抗性。结果表明普通菜豆的花与荚的虫量均为零,豆野螟对普通菜豆表现出明显的不选择性,对豇豆和扁豆表现出明显的嗜食性,但对扁豆则更偏食,扁豆与豇豆在豆荚中的幼虫虫量存在极显著差异。豇豆不同品种的抗螟性也存在一定差异,高产4号等5个品种较为感虫,而云优油青、惠丰8号、8月冬求3个品种对豆野螟有较高的抗性且与其他品种存在极显著差异。     

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) as a bean intercrop or rotation crop contributes to the survival of bean root rot pathogens and perpetuation of bean root rots

Root rots (RR) are the main cause of declining bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production in southwestern Uganda. Here, beans are mainly intercropped/rotated with maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) and garden peas (Pisum sativum). These crops also suffer from RR and bean RR pathogens have been isolated from some of these crops. This study aimed to determine the extent of RR on maize, sorghum and peas, and their potential to contribute to the survival of bean RR pathogens. Therefore, experiments were carried out in bean RR‐infested farmers’ fields as well as soils inoculated with bean RR pathogens (Pythium spp. and Fusarium spp.) under screen house conditions and a susceptible bean cultivar served as a control. High RR incidence/severity scores were recorded in beans and sorghum in both farmers’ fields and screen house experiments. The high field RR incidence/severity in sorghum correlated with the screen house scores. This study shows that RR is also a problem to other crops, especially sorghum, warranting attention. The findings also imply that sorghum plays a potential role as an alternate host to bean RR pathogens, increasing inoculum density of bean RR pathogens and potentially negatively impacting the bean RR problem. Intercropping or rotating beans with sorghum in this region is not recommended. However, maize was RR‐resistant and therefore appropriate as an intercrop/rotational crop to beans in the system. A holistic rather than commodity approach is recommended for managing RR in this cropping system.     

扁豆小灰蝶的生物学特性及其防治研究

扁豆小灰蝶在湖南洪江全年可发生８～９代，主要以蛹和部分幼虫在扁豆残株等处越冬。一～四代幼虫在４～７月先后为害豌豆，长江豆，豇豆和扁豆，四代后８～１１月集中为害扁豆。该虫完成一代需３０～５０ｄ，卵期５～８ｄ，幼虫期１５～２５ｄ，前蛹和蛹期８～１１ｄ，成虫寿命２～５ｄ。卵主要产在花萼和花蕾上，少数产在幼荚处。幼虫蛀食花蕾和豆夹，并能转蕾和转夹蛀害。老熟幼虫在地面杂草，落叶或土缝中化蛹。在卵盛孵期喷施８０％敌敌畏８００倍液，２．５％敌杀死１５００倍液和２５％杀虫双２００倍液，防治效果分别为８５．７％～８７．８％、８７，２％～８８．８％和８０％～８１．３％。     

小豆白粉病菌的鉴定与小豆品种抗白粉病评价

为明确小豆白粉病病原菌的种类以及小豆种质资源对白粉病的抗性,采用形态学和系统发育学方法对近年来在北京市发生的小豆白粉病病原菌种类进行鉴定,并采用室内苗期人工接种法评价小豆常见栽培品种（系）对白粉病的抗性。结果表明,从北京市采集的感白粉病小豆病样中培养获得病原菌BJ1,该菌能在小豆叶片和茎上产生明显的白色粉斑,分生孢子梗直立,不分枝,分生孢子单细胞,成链状着生于分生孢子梗上,呈椭圆形或卵圆形。通过rDNA-ITS序列系统发育分析,小豆白粉病菌BJ1被鉴定为白粉菌目白粉菌科的苍耳叉丝单囊壳Podosphaera xanthii。室内苗期人工接种条件下,19个供试小豆品种（系）接种小豆白粉病菌BJ1后均可发病,其中9个审定品种均表现为中度感病或高度感病,10个优良品系发病略轻。     

Mitigation of vanillic acid-promoted faba bean Fusarium wilt by faba bean–wheat intercropping

Long-term continuous monocropping of faba beans increases the incidence of faba bean wilt, while faba bean–wheat intercropping can effectively control it. This study aimed to understand the underlying mechanism of faba bean–wheat intercropping for the control of Fusarium oxysporum and vanillic acid (VA)-promoted occurrence of faba bean wilt. The occurrence of faba bean wilt was investigated among the monocropped and intercropped plants of faba beans in a field experiment. The contents and types of phenolic acids were examined in the rhizosphere soil. Monocropped and intercropped faba beans were examined under the dual stress of F. oxysporum and different concentrations of VA (0, 50, 100, 200 mg/L) to understand the alleviating mechanism of faba bean–wheat intercropping. Exogenous addition of high concentrations of VA significantly inhibited the growth and reproduction of F. oxysporum, but under the dual stress of F. oxysporum and different concentrations of VA, it significantly inhibited the defence enzymes of faba bean roots, stems, and leaves, and rhizosphere soil enzymes. Interestingly, faba bean–wheat intercropping alleviated VA stress and thereby the incidence and disease index of faba bean Fusarium wilt by improving plant resistance and soil enzyme activity. The dual stress of F. oxysporum and VA promotes the occurrence of Fusarium wilt by damaging the defence system of the faba bean root system and rhizosphere soil environment. However, faba bean–wheat intercropping effectively alleviates the autotoxicity of VA by improving the physiological and biochemical resistance of faba beans and soil enzyme activities, and thus controls the occurrence of Fusarium wilt.     

Relationship Between Oxalate, Oxalate Oxidase Activity, Oxalate Sensitivity, and White Mold Susceptibility in Phaseolus coccineus

ABSTRACT Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic pathogen that devastates the yields of numerous crop species, including beans. The disease in common bean and pea is referred to as white mold. We examined the relationship between oxalate, an established virulence factor of S. sclerotiorum, and partial white mold resistance of scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus). P. coccineus genotypes PI 255956 ('Mayan White Runner') and PI 535278 (Tars-046A) were more resistant than susceptible 'Wolven Pole'. Sensitivity to oxalate ranked highest for Wolven Pole, lowest for PI 255956, and intermediate for PI 535278. Oxalate concentrations were similar in infected stem tissues of the partially resistant lines and lower than Wolven Pole. Moreover, oxalate oxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were absent in the more resistant lines but induced in Wolven Pole. Collectively, these results suggest that genetic differences in susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum among different P. coccineus lines are partially dependent on oxalic acid.     

健康和虫害菜豆对二斑叶螨、西花蓟马发育及繁殖的影响

为明确西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis （Pergande）和二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch取食的菜豆对后取食昆虫的影响,研究了二斑叶螨和西花蓟马分别取食健康和虫（螨）害菜豆时生长发育和繁殖情况,并组建生命表,比较生命参数的异同。二斑叶螨取食健康菜豆和西花蓟马2龄若虫为害菜豆时未成熟期没有明显区别,但各螨态的存活率在健康菜豆上较高;取食健康菜豆时,雌成螨寿命为24.56 d,内禀增长率为0.2640,均高于取食西花蓟马为害菜豆。西花蓟马的未成熟期取食两种菜豆时也没有明显的区别,但二斑叶螨为害菜豆使西花蓟马的存活率下降;西花蓟马雌成虫平均寿命和单雌日产卵量在健康菜豆上分别为33.35 d和4.02粒,显著高于螨害菜豆,在健康菜豆上净增殖率也较高,为40.4264。研究表明,西花蓟马或二斑叶螨为害后的叶片对后取食害虫的生长发育影响不大,但对其存活率和繁殖均产生不利影响,西花蓟马和二斑叶螨取食诱导菜豆产生了一定的防御反应。