陕西关中小麦品种籽粒硬度及测定方法研究

采用四种测定小麦硬度的方法对陕西关中地区33个小麦品种（品系）的籽粒硬度进行了评价，结果表明，陕西关中小麦有9．1属于硬麦，78．8％属于中硬麦，12．1％属于软麦。提出颗粒指数法（PSI），研磨体积法，近红外法（NIR），角质率法测定小麦硬度的评价标准。结果认为：PSI法，研磨体积法和NIR法测定结果的分布对应性较高，NIR法与其它测定方法相关性较高，高角率法有一定局限性。     

普通小麦籽粒硬度的分子标记研究

籽粒硬度是决定小麦磨粉品质和食品品质的重要性状，蛋白复合体Friabilin的两种主要肽Puroindolinea（PinA）和Puroindolineb（PinB）是决定籽粒硬度的关键。用单籽粒谷物特性仪（SKCS）、PCR技术和改进的SDS-PAGE方法分析了85份小麦品种的籽粒硬度和基因突变形式，结果表明，与软质小麦相比，硬质小麦品种在基因或蛋白质表达水平上发生了变化，有31份野生型的软质小麦Pina-Dla／Pinb-Dla和6份Pina-D1b／Pinb-D1a突变型，42份Pina-D1a／Pinb-D1b和6份Pina—D1a／Pinb-D1p突变型。     

小麦籽粒硬度研究

本文从硬度的概念、硬度的遗传、硬度与其它品种性状间的相关、硬度的测定方法等方面对小麦籽粒硬度进行了综述，为小麦品质育种和贸易分类提供依据。     

长江中下游麦区小麦品种籽粒硬度及puroindoline基因等位变异的分子检测

为了明确长江中下游麦区小麦籽粒硬度及puroindoline基因型的分布,以该麦区105份小麦育成品种为材料,利用单籽粒硬度仪(SKCS)测定其籽粒硬度,利用分子标记检测和基因序列分析鉴定puroindoline基因的等位变异。结果表明,在长江中下游麦区历年育成的小麦品种中软质麦比例较高,占52.4%,硬质麦和混合麦分别占38.1%和9.5%;硬质麦和混合麦中存在Pinb-D1b、Pina-D1b和Pinb-D1p三种变异类型,突变频率分别为29.5%、10.5%和3.8%。     

小麦籽粒硬度研究

本文从硬度的概念、硬度的遗传、硬度与其它品种性状间的相关、硬度的测定方法等方面对小麦籽粒硬度进行了综述，为小麦品质育种和贸易分类提供依据。     

青海小麦籽粒硬度等位变异研究

为了解小麦品种籽粒硬度的遗传多样性,利用单粒谷物硬度测定、PCR扩增和核苷酸测序技术,分析了66份青海小麦品种籽粒硬度主效基因的等位变异。结果表明,青海小麦以硬质类型为主,比例达到47.0%,混合麦比例为19.7%,软质麦比例为33.3%。硬度基因有5种组合类型:野生型、Pina-D1a/PinbD1b、Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1c、Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1x和Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a。野生型小麦类型比例最高,占59.09%,SKCS硬度指数平均为44.12,变化范围为12.75~84.89。突变类型的品种籽粒均为硬质。因此,在青海硬质小麦可以通过突变类型的分子标记进行选育,软质小麦选育需在利用硬度基因分子标记筛选的基础上进一步考察籽粒硬度性状的表现型。     

山西小麦品种籽粒硬度与主要品质性状研究

为明确山西省近十年育成小麦新品种的籽粒硬度和品质状况,利用单籽粒谷物特性测定仪(SKCS)、DA7200多功能近红外分析仪,对来自山西省近十年审定的56个小麦新品种的籽粒硬度、蛋白质含量、出粉率等指标进行了检测和分析。结果发现,山西省近十年审定的小麦品种中,硬质麦比例较高,为78%,混合型麦和软质麦比例较低,分别为12%和8%;硬度指数范围较宽,为16.33～78.93。经相关分析,小麦籽粒硬度指数与被测品质性状均呈正相关关系,其中,与出粉率、吸水率、最大拉伸阻力均呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。硬质麦的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、出粉率、沉降值等品质参数均显著高于混合型麦和软质麦。混合型麦的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、出粉率、沉降值等品质参数略高于软质麦。     

小麦籽粒硬度研究进展

小麦籽粒硬度是当前小麦育种的主要目标之一,对小麦的制粉品质有重要影响,是小麦品质评价的重要指标之一。本文从小麦籽粒硬度测定方法、籽粒硬度与胚乳结构的关系、籽粒硬度对面粉品质和面制品品质的影响、籽粒硬度的遗传规律、品种与环境对籽粒硬度的影响、籽粒硬度育种改良等方面介绍了国内外相关领域的研究现状,并对未来发展提出展望,为小麦育种中籽粒硬度的改良提供参考。     

新疆小麦品种籽粒硬度及puroindoline基因等位变异的分子检测

为了解新疆小麦品种籽粒硬度概况和puroindoline基因等位变异类型及其分布,以121份新疆冬、春小麦品种(包括51份农家品种和70份育成品种)为材料,采用单粒谷物特性测试仪(SKCS)和分子标记技术,对其SKCS硬度及puroindoline基因型进行了测试和鉴定。结果表明,新疆小麦硬度变化范围较大,以硬质麦为主,占61.2%。冬性农家品种籽粒硬度高于春性农家品种,冬、春小麦育成品种籽粒硬度基本相同(60.6和60.8)。新疆小麦puroindoline基因的类型丰富,共检测到野生型(Pinb-D1 a)、Pina-D1 b、Pinb-D1 b、Pinb-D1 p、Pinb-D1 ab和Pinb-D1 ac6种类型。硬质麦以Pina-D1 b、Pinb-D1 p、Pinb-D1 b3种突变类型为主,其频率分别为33.8%、31.1%和28.4%。冬性农家品种含有3种类型,以Pina-D1 a/Pinb-D1 b类型居多,春性农家品种含有4种类型,以野生型(Pina-D1 a/Pinb-D1 a)为主,冬、春麦育成品种含有4种常见类型,其中冬麦以Pinb-D1 b类型为主,其频率为39.5%,春麦以Pina-D1 b(PINA缺失)类型为主,其频率为59.4%。另外,冬性农家品种中有4个品种属于Pina-D1 a/Pinb-D1 ab类型,春性农家品种中有1个品种属于Pina-D1 a/Pinb-D1 ac类型,均属硬质麦的稀有突变类型。不同puroindoline基因型的籽粒硬度大小也存在差异,其中Pinb-D1 ab突变型的硬度值最高,Pinb-D1 a最低,并且Pina-D1 b、Pinb-D1 b和Pinb-D1 p3种硬质类型的籽粒硬度没有显著性差异。     

软质冬小麦籽粒特性的变异

籽粒硬度是美国小麦贸易中关键的籽粒性状之一。本研究昆在鉴定品种、环境、品种×环境互作对闰硬度的效应。籽粒硬度由鉴定法测得。此外，对粒重和粒宽也进行了研究。１１个软质冬小麦品种被种子米歇根州的１９种环境下，设有重复，品种×环境互作对粒重、粒宽和硬度都有显著效应。品种间和环境籽粒硬度的变异都较大，而且呈现连续变异，Ｈｕｎｈ的非参数稳定性统计值表明品种的排序稳定性无差异。品种×环境互作效应的主成份分析表     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).