农药的对靶喷撒技术在综合防治技术体系中的意义

在病虫害综合防治技术体系中,农药的不良副作用是一种消极因素。本文论述了产生这种副作用的原因,指出问题在于常用的粗放施药方法药剂沉积效率太低面常规喷撒方法又缺乏严格的喷撒技术指标。提出应发展农药的对靶喷撒技术,提高药剂在有效靶区的沉积效率,以减少药剂向非目标靶区的飘移损失,使综合防治技术体系更趋完善。文章介绍了对靶喷撒技术的研究发展概况。     

农药使用技术的发展趋势

农药的使用是农作物病、虫、草、鼠害防治的重要措施，可实际上，喷撒出去的农药只有极少部分能达到防治靶标上，Ｍｅｔｃａｌｆ（１９８０）估算，从施药器械喷撒出去的农药只有２５％～５０％能沉积在作物叶片上，不足１％沉积在靶标害虫上，只有不足 ０．０３％的药剂能起到杀虫作用。因而，化学农药是高效的，但使用却是低效率的。农药使用中的低效率，不仅浪费大量农药，还使大量农药流失到非靶标环境中，造成人畜中毒、环境污染。如何提高农药的有效利用率，降低农药在非靶标环境中的投放量，便成为农药学科亟待解决的问题，这也构成…     

农药喷撒技术和喷撤质量与药效的关系

农药的喷撒质量对防治效果影响很大。许多田间化学防治试验往往是在没有考虑喷撒质量的情况下进行的。虽然考虑到了每亩用药量,但并不清楚究竟有多少药打到了作物上,多少药散落在土壤和环境中。然而绝大多数情况下防治效果取决于真正打到作物上的药剂量(靶体沉积量)。实际上往往并不是喷药量越大沉积量越高,情况比较复杂。     

农药兑水茎叶喷施对靶沉积剂量传递与调控研究进展

农药兑水茎叶喷施对靶沉积是一个复杂的剂量传递与分布过程，涉及制剂形成、药液配制、雾化分散、空间运行、叶面沉积和稳态持留等动态过程，受到药剂特性、环境因素、为害规律、植株形态和叶面结构等多因素影响，在水稻、小麦和玉米三大粮食作物上对靶沉积率为40.6%。其中，对不同区域、不同靶标作物种植体系中农药损失规律和高效利用机理研究与认识不足，是农药对靶沉积剂量传递效率低的主要原因之一。本文以农药向靶标作物及有害生物传递的过程行为为主线，将农药兑水茎叶喷施对靶沉积的剂量传递过程分解为雾滴空间运行、叶面动态沉积和稳态持留3个过程，从空间维度综述了各过程中的表观现象与行为、损失规律及其调控机制途径与技术等；从技术发展与进步角度，分析了农药对靶沉积剂量传递与调控研究和认知的发展思路，概述了典型代表性成果，提出了未来研究与发展建议。期望客观认知农药高效对靶沉积的损失规律与调控机制，探析主控过程与影响因子，提出农药减量施用调控方法、控制技术指标及功能助剂施用限量标准等，为农药减施增效关键技术与产品研发提供理论与技术支持。     

日光温室黄瓜后期不同施药技术对操作者污染的初步研究

近年来,我国保护地蔬菜种植面积发展迅速,但保护地独特的高温高湿环境,造成病虫害发生严重,种植一茬温室大棚黄瓜,在一百多天的生长季节中往往需要喷撒十几次农药,是我国目前农业生产中喷撒农药最频繁的作物之一。生长盛期的黄瓜株高超过２ｍ,叶片茂密,而此时又是...     

农药使用技术规范化研究进展

农药使用技术研究是“七五”期间的国家科技攻关项目,主要目的是研究不同类型的作物田里的农药使用技术标准及其科学依据.多年来农民群众已习惯于各种无规范的农药喷撒方法,这是造成农药用量大,农药损失和污染环境的根本原因.所以,农药使用技术规范化是在生产中推行科学用药的关键.农药使用技术规范化,涉及农药的剂型选择、使用的方式方法以及使用手段等,这些方面又同农作物种类和防治对象有紧密联系,甚至也同地理条件有关.本攻关项目的近期研究内容,是比较各类农作物田里雾     

国家重点研发计划“化学农药对靶高效传递与沉积机制及调控”项目专刊 引言

农药对靶高效传递是一个复杂的剂量传递过程,期间受到农药药剂特性、环境气象因素、有害生物为害规律、靶标作物叶面结构等多种因素的影响,导致农药的脱靶和流失,是农药过量使用的主因。国家重点研发计划项目"化学农药对靶高效传递与沉积机制及调控"以我国主要粮食作物、经济作物、蔬菜和果树等靶标作物种植体系中典型有害生物防控为核心,重点开展了:①不同种植体系中环境因子影响农药对靶高效传递及飘移流失的规律,②不同作物界面结构特性影响农药对靶润湿铺展与沉积持留的规律及机制,③功能助剂调控农药对IB动态沉积及静态持留的作用原理,④基于不同粑标作物、施药场景与不同助剂协同作用下化翔药纖关键参数与流失酸途縫方面的研究,并取得阶展。     

农药对陆生环境生物的污染影响及污染控制技术

农业生态环境是靶生物与非靶生物共存的生态环境,使用农药对环境中非靶生物的毒害是农药环境危害的主要表现形式之一。长期、大量不合理使用农药对环境中有益生物(非靶生物)造成不同程度的危害影响,它危及自然生态的相对平衡,并造成不可估量的经济损失。     

“化学农药对靶高效传递与沉积机制及调控”项目进展

项目启动以来,已取得以下主要研究进展:一、研究了主要作物上农药茎叶喷雾施用的"全剂量分布谱",明确了影响农药对靶沉积的主控因素:目前广泛使用的茎叶喷雾方式,所施用的农药约60%在向作物冠层运行和叶面沉积的过程中脱靶损失,而且主要受环境因子和作物特性等不可控因素制约。二、研究了农药在不同靶标作物不同生长期的"冠层沉积结构",阐明了农药损失规律:因不同作物及其不同生长时期株型结构及叶面特性的不同,农药在作物冠层的沉积结构与有害生物未形成"时空与剂量"的有效匹配,是农药有效利用率低的主因。     

韩国农用化学品销售下降

据韩国作物保护协会提供数据．2003年韩国农用化学品在保持原生产水平下．销售额为7．74亿美元．比2002年略有下降。按本国货币计算．约9270亿韩元．销售下降了近4％．与2001年比较下降了约10％。作物保护协会认为造成这种状况的主要原因是病虫害大发生少．以及由于安全使用技术的广泛采用．减少了药物的喷撒量。     

Patch spraying: future role of electronics in limiting pesticide use

Developments relating to the control of application equipment can deliver improvements in pesticide use by better matching applications to target requirements. This may have components relating to the spatial distribution of a weed, pest or disease or methods by which the target, particularly a crop canopy, can be described with respect to a given application. Changes in application can relate to the dose and/or volume applied, but may also concern the way in which a treatment is delivered in terms of parameters such as spray trajectory angle and droplet size distribution. For many weed species there is evidence of patchy distributions in field situations. Studies have shown that savings of typically up to 40% in herbicide use can be achieved by adopting patch spraying approaches in such situations. Weed patch detection is key to the performance of such patch spraying systems. In widely spaced rowcrops such as vegetables, there is considerable scope for developing fully automated detection systems based on image analysis, and for the development of accurate guidance systems that apply pesticides only to the crop row. In crops with a relatively high plant density, weed detection in the medium/short term is likely to be based on manual discrimination. The costs of labour for manual weed patch mapping have been estimated at less than 1.50 ha(-1) pounds sterling. Potential savings in pesticide use can also be made if applications are matched to crop canopy structure. This is most important in bush and tree crops where savings of up to 75% in pesticide use could be achieved. In crops such as cereals, studies have shown that savings in fungicide use may be possible, particularly at earlier stages of growth by adjusting spray delivery to measured canopy characteristics. Key components of the performance of application systems concern the ability to deliver over a dose rate range of more than 3:1 while maintaining control of variables such as delivery trajectory angle and spray quality. Traceability and the effective monitoring of applications is likely to be a major driver influencing the uptake of more sophisticated control systems. Methods of labelling pesticides with systems that can be read by the application unit will be an important step in the development of recording and data handling systems that will operate safely with the minimum of operator input and enable the environmental advantages of targeted pesticide application to be monitored.     

Recent Developments in Pesticide Application by the United States Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service1

Aerial application of pesticides is generally the method used by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in the control of pests of rangeland, cultivated crops, and forested areas. With increased restrictions placed on pesticides, then- continued use requires improved application technology to meet acceptable levels of risk at reasonable cost The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of USDA is developing an aerial spray drift model for use by their field personnel to minimize drift from aerial application of pesticides to environmentally sensitive areas. Input information utilizing a low cost, field-deployable microcomputer includes aircraft type, application technique and hardware, pesticide formulation, meteorological conditions, and type (roughness) and extent of the site. Expected output computations will be: 1) distribution pattern of downwind deposition, including evaporation corrections and matching to empirical field measurement; 2) optimal aircraft swath spacing; and 3) buffer distance between the target area and the environmentally sensitive areas.     

Challenges and opportunities of unmanned aerial vehicles as a new tool for crop pest control

The application of pesticides is not simply delivering chemicals to the target area. It also involves considering the negative aspects and developing strategies to deal with them during the application process, to ensure the maximization of pesticides use efficiency and the maintenance of the ecosystem. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayers demonstrate unique advantages compared to traditional ground sprayers, particularly in terms of maneuverability and labor intensity reduction, showed great potential for chemical application in pest control. It is undeniable that there exist challenges in the practice of UAV spraying, such as higher potential risks of pesticide drift or pathogen transmission, uncertainty canopy deposition for different crops, and unexpected leaf breakage induced by downwash flow. Maximizing the utilization of downwash flow while avoiding lateral air movement outside the intended target crop area is a major issue for chemical application with UAV sprayers, particularly in light of the increasingly apparent consensus on the need for enhanced environmental protection during the chemical application process. It must be considered that the operation strategy in different scenarios and for different crop targets is not the same, unique requirements should be given on nozzle atomization, flight parameters, adjuvants and aircraft types in specific working situations. In future, the implementation of spray drift prediction, technical procedures development, and other solutions aimed at reducing pesticide drift and improving deposition quality, is expected to promote the adoption of UAV sprayers by more farmers. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.     

人工智能在农药精准施药应用中的研究进展

传统农药施药方式大多依靠人工经验识别单位种植面积内作物的主要病虫草害并针对该症状均匀连续喷洒农药。该方法难以根据作物的不同病虫草害种类和严重程度及时调整农药种类及用量,可能会导致不足或过量用药,喷洒在非症状区域的农药还会对生态环境造成污染。精准施药技术在平衡使用农药与保护生态安全之间给出了一种有效的解决方案,值得大力推广。近年来,人工智能技术的发展推动了精准施药相关研究。为进一步总结人工智能在农药精准施药关键技术中的应用进展,探索人工智能在农药精准施药未来发展方向,本文分析了人工智能在农药精准施药关键技术领域的应用现状,并展望了人工智能在农药精准施药应用中的发展趋势。     

给农业插上科技的翅膀：植保无人机低容量喷雾技术助力农药减施增效

十三五期间以植保无人机低容量施药技术为代表的现代航空植保产业发展迅速。科研协作研究与大量田间试验示范表明,采用植保无人机施药技术能够提高靶标作物上药液沉积量并减少农药流失,实现精准减量施药;同时能够解决地面机具无法作业时的病虫害防治问题。航空植保技术实现了人机分离作业,避免了农药中毒,降低了劳动强度,极大地提高了作业效率,达到减少农药使用量、提高农药利用率的目的。以水稻为对象,综述植保无人机在农药减量、水稻病虫害防效、技术简易性、农药利用率提升、水稻增产以及成本效益提升等发面发挥的作用。航空植保产业的迅速发展加快了植保无人机智能精准控制系统质量的提升和新技术的研发步伐,且植保无人机的普及性提出了飞防药剂、助剂和施药飘移风险控制技术研发的迫切需求,基于此进一步梳理总结了植保无人机低容量喷雾技术在农药减施增效中的作用和未来发展方向。     

Comparison of adherence tendencies of pesticide residues sprayed on small-, medium-, and large-sized tomatoes

Crop field trials were conducted to investigate the residues of sprayed pesticides on the different sizes of tomatoes. Pesticide residue data in tomatoes varied due to different locations of the three crop fields selected and/or physicochemical properties of the three pesticides tested. The pesticide residue levels in the medium- and small-sized tomatoes were 1.5 and 2.4 times higher than the level in large-sized tomatoes under similar spray conditions, whereas amount of pesticides adhered per unit surface area were approximately equal among all three sizes of tomatoes. The results of this study suggested that the differences in pesticide residue levels were due to differences in the degree of specific surface area of each tomato size. Resultant residue data of medium-sized tomatoes demonstrated a proportional relationship between pesticide residue levels and the specific surface area of tomatoes.     

二点委夜蛾化学防治方法研究

二点委夜蛾是夏玉米区新发生的一种害虫.由于没有行之有效的防治方法,而使其扩展迅速,为害渐趋加重,对夏玉米生产构成严重威胁.为了探索二点委夜蛾的有效防治方法,本试验通过不同化学防治方法对二点委夜蛾的防效进行研究,结果显示:9种供试药剂在二点委夜蛾2龄期进行田间喷雾试验总体防治效果较好,其中50％辛硫磷乳油防治效果高达95.03％,明显高于其他药剂;采取不同的施药方法研究表明,选用有效农药喷雾或配成毒饵、毒土顺垄撒施均有较好的防治效果,其中毒饵、毒土效果最好,而顺垄喷淋灌根防治效果最差,仅为30.10％.     

基于推荐用量分析我国新烟碱类杀虫剂的登记现状

本文对目前中国农药信息网上公布登记的吡虫啉、烯啶虫胺、啶虫脒、噻虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、呋虫胺、氯噻啉、哌虫啶、环氧虫啶等10种新烟碱类杀虫剂的信息进行了查询,分别从登记剂型、作物、防治靶标等方面对这10种杀虫剂的登记推荐有效成分用量情况进行了统计分析,最后,挑选用量范围最大的3种有效成分,5种作物,5种靶标进行组合,并对可能的18种组合进行了数据分析。结果发现:1)在防治草坪-蛴螬和甘蔗-蔗螟上,吡虫啉的有效成分用量要明显高于噻虫嗪和噻虫胺两种药剂,最高分别为2 100.00和1 500.00 g/hm~2;2)在防治韭菜-韭蛆上,噻虫嗪的有效成分用量要明显高于吡虫啉和噻虫胺,最高为1 732.50 g/hm~2;3)在防治小麦-蚜虫方面,吡虫啉的推荐有效成分用量范围最大(相差120倍),且偏高数值点最多;4)在防治水稻-飞虱上,同样是吡虫啉的偏高数值点最多。为减少农药施用,建议在病虫防治时推荐应用有效成分用量较低的农药类型(包括推荐有效成分用量更低的农药剂型和生物活性更高的农药有效成分)。未来农药登记用量将在农药最低有效剂量研究的基础上,针对不同药剂在不同作物的特定防治靶标提出更加科学、合理的推荐用量,为我国农药的合理减施提供科学依据。     

水稻田农药使用技术研究Ⅰ.雾滴在稻叶上的沉积特性-叶尖优势

在沉降塔内进行的雾滴沉积试验,证明雾滴在稻叶上的沉积是叶尖部分较高。不论稻叶处于直立、倾斜(60°)、自然弯斜或处于水平位势,雾滴沉积密度以及药液沉积率均以叶尖部分为最高。用模拟稻叶形状的水敏纸在水平位势进行的塔内雾滴沉积试验,以及在池栽水稻和田间水稻上所做的试验,均证明存在上述现象。说明这种现象是稻田喷雾中的一种特征性现象,可以称为“叶尖优势”现象。防治水稻株冠上层的病虫害时,利用这种现象可以大幅度降低用药量,将有利于提高经济效益和改善稻田生态条件,并可为改造和设计新类型的喷雾机械提供依据。