灌溉施肥对冬小麦土壤氮素盈亏的影响

通过田间小区试验，研究了灌溉和施肥对冬小麦生育期间0～400cm土壤硝态氮累积、移动特征及小麦产量的影响，并对0～200cm土壤氮素的盈亏、氮肥利用率、残留率及损失率进行了表观估算，旨在为小麦的氮素利用与推荐施肥提供理论依据。结果表明，0-400cm硝态氮累积量随着施氮量的增加而显著增加。施氮量对0～100cm土体硝态氮累积量有显著影响，施氮与灌水对200cm以下土壤中的硝态氮累积都有影响，同时水氮交互作用不容忽视。施氮并结合灌水可以显著提高冬小麦籽粒产量，施氮而不灌水也有一定的增产作用。0～200cm土壤氮素的表现盈余主要出现在小麦拔节～灌策期间，表观亏缺主要在播种～拔节期及灌策～收获期。相同灌水量下，氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加显著降低，而损失率增加。施氮130kg／hm^2、灌水60mm处理的氮肥利用率最大，为25．7％。从硝态氮累积量、产量及氮肥利用率等方面考虑，本试验比较合理的肥水配比应为施氮130kg／hm^2，灌水60mm。     

不同氮源配施对豫北高产小麦花后氮代谢及土壤硝态氮的影响

为探索不同氮源配施对小麦花后氮代谢及土壤硝态氮积累的影响,在大田条件下,以矮抗58为材料,研究了5个肥料处理（100%无机氮、25%有机氮＋75%无机氮、50%有机氮＋50%无机氮、75%有机氮＋25%无机氮、100%有机氮）对小麦旗叶和籽粒中GS活性、游离氨基酸含量、氮素利用效率、产量、籽粒蛋白质积累量及0~100 cm土壤各层硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明,与纯施无机氮和纯施有机氮相比,三种配施处理均能显著提高小麦叶片和籽粒的GS活性及游离氨基酸含量,显著提高籽粒产量、籽粒蛋白质积累量和氮素利用效率,其中以50%有机氮＋50%无机氮处理的籽粒产量（11 124.08 kg·hm^-2）、蛋白质积累量（1 231.70 kg·hm^-2）和氮素利用效率（46.381 g·g^-1）最高。随着有机氮施入比例的提高,收获期各土层中硝态氮的含量逐渐下降。与纯施无机氮相比,不同氮源配施在获得较高产量的同时减少了硝态氮对地下水的污染。综合分析认为,5个肥料处理以有机、无机等氮量配施效果最佳,是豫北的环保型施肥方法。     

秸秆还田配施氮肥对麦田氮素平衡和籽粒产量的影响

为明确秸秆还田配施不同水平氮肥下麦田的氮素平衡状况,在夏玉米秸秆全部还田的基础上设置了不同的氮肥处理,测定了小麦植株全N含量、土壤硝态氮含量、氮肥氨挥发量和籽粒产量,分析了麦田不同土层硝态氮含量和积累量的变化趋势以及施氮量对氮素利用效率和麦田氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,小麦植株氮含量、植株氮素总积累量、籽粒产量均随施氮量的增加而显著增加;施加氮肥使氮素养分利用率、氮肥偏生产力显著降低。与播种时期土壤硝态氮含量相比,成熟期硝态氮含量降低,且施氮处理下土壤硝态氮含量、硝态氮积累量高于不施氮处理;硝态氮积累量主要分布在麦田土壤表层,与施氮量成正相关关系。施氮量为0、160、220、280kg·hm~(-2)时,硝态氮淋失量分别为5.04、13.10、17.10、37.26kg·hm~(-2)。氮肥的氨挥发速率在施肥后第一天达到最高,随后逐渐降低,遇到降雨或灌溉迅速降低至不施氮处理的氨挥发水平,氮肥氨挥发量与施氮量及时间存在正相关关系。160、220、280kg·hm~(-2)施氮量处理下,氮肥氨挥发量分别为0.65、0.77、1.01kg·hm~(-2)。从麦田氮素平衡来看,不施氮肥处理耗竭土壤氮素资源;施氮量为160kg·hm~(-2)时,有消耗土壤氮的风险;施氮量为220kg·hm~(-2)时,氮素投入与氮素输出保持平衡;施氮量为280kg·hm~(-2)时,有大量氮素损失到环境中的风险。为有效控制氮素淋溶和氨挥发损失,兼顾产量和节约生产成本,该区推荐施氮量为220kg·hm~(-2)。     

豫北高地力条件下施氮量对冬小麦花后氮代谢特征及产量的影响

为探讨施氮量对高地力条件下冬小麦花后氮代谢特征及产量的影响,以矮抗58为供试材料,采用大田试验法,研究了0、150、200、250和300 kg.hm-2施氮水平对小麦花后旗叶和籽粒GS活性、游离氨基酸含量、籽粒产量和蛋白质含量及小麦成熟后0-100 cm土壤各层硝态氮积累量的影响。结果表明,施氮量达200 kg.hm-2时能够显著提高旗叶和籽粒中GS活性及游离氨基酸含量,但与250和300 kg.hm-2的施氮量处理间差异不显著;小麦成熟后随着施氮量的增加,0~100 cm土层内硝态氮的残留量上升,小麦成穗数增加,千粒重下降,籽粒蛋白质含量提高;小麦产量在施氮200 kg.hm-2时为最高,在施氮300 kg.hm-2时最低,说明在高地力条件下,小麦实现高产的适宜施氮量为200 kg.hm-2。     

施磷对旱地小麦土壤水分、干物质累积和转运的影响

为探明旱地小麦最佳施磷量和施磷方式,在山西省闻喜县进行了施磷量(P2O5)为75、112.5、150kg·hm-2和施磷土层深度为20、40cm的田间试验,分析了不同处理对旱地麦田土壤水分、干物质累积与转运的影响。结果表明,随着施磷量的增加,小麦花前0~100cm土层的土壤水分含量提高,且40cm土层施磷较20cm土层施磷效果显著;小麦各生育时期单株干物质量增加,且40cm土层施磷条件下差异显著。施磷150kg·hm-2时,40cm土层施磷较20cm土层施磷,小麦花前叶片和茎秆+茎鞘的干物质量增加,成熟期茎秆+茎鞘干物质量显著降低,籽粒干物质量及其所占比例增加。随施磷量的增加,小麦花后干物质累积量及其对籽粒的贡献率均显著增加,且40cm土层施磷较20cm土层施磷效果显著。施磷条件下,花后干物质累积量与小麦越冬-孕穗期土壤水分含量关系密切,与孕穗期土壤水分含量尤为密切。40cm土层施磷150kg·hm-2有利于提高旱地麦田孕穗期前0~100cm土层土壤水分含量,促进小麦茎秆+茎鞘中的干物质向籽粒转运和花后干物质累积及其对籽粒的贡献率,从而提高籽粒产量。     

基于土壤硝态氮时空分布的玉米氮肥施用分析

研究了不同施氮水平对玉米产量、氮肥效应、氮素平衡以及对环境的影响。结果表明,施氮量为225kg／hm^2（处理N3）时,产量最高达8378．02kg／hm^2,比对照（处理N00）增产29．78％,达极显著水平;土壤剖面硝态氮浓度曲线呈波浪状变化趋势,40em土层附近出现一个累积峰;适量施氮有利于土壤无机氮平衡,过量减产施氮（N;）使氮素损失高达230．53kg／hm^2,氮素利用率降至10．47％;兼顾玉米产量、经济效益和生态效益的最高施氮量为249．06kg／hm^2。     

休闲期覆膜与施氮量对旱地小麦水氮利用效率和籽粒产量的影响

为探寻旱地小麦休闲期覆盖下的适宜施氮量,在旱地小麦休闲期覆盖与不覆盖条件下,分别设置75、150和225kg·hm-2三个施氮量,分析了休闲期覆盖配施氮肥对旱地小麦水氮利用效率和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,休闲期覆盖显著提高播种至孕穗期0~300cm土壤蓄水量,其中播种期土壤水分增加70~81mm,其蓄水保墒效果可延续至孕穗期,进而提高了小麦产量和水分利用效率。休闲期覆盖促进了小麦植株对氮素的吸收和积累,增加了植株花前氮素转运量、花后氮素积累量以及籽粒氮素积累量,提高了氮素收获指数和氮素生产效率。休闲期覆盖配施氮素150kg·hm-2时,蓄水、增产和水分高效利用、氮素积累与转运的效果最好。     

长期施肥对氮素利用以及土壤剖面氮素分布、积累的影响

依托28年长期定位试验，采集不同施肥处理土壤剖面样品，测定土壤硝态氮含量，结合产量计算氮素利用效率。结果表明，长期施肥显著增加玉米子粒产量、地上部总吸氮量及氮收获指数。化肥+有机肥(NPKM)处理产量最高，较单施化肥(NPK)处理提高8.7%。各处理硝态氮含量随着土层的加深均呈先降低后升高的趋势，硝态氮主要积累在0～100 cm土体，NPK、NPKM处理硝态氮积累量占比高于55%。因此，有机肥替代部分化肥可显著提高子粒产量，增加氮素利用效率，减少氮素淋溶。     

灌水与施磷对小麦氮素积累运转及水分利用效率的影响

为探讨小麦产量形成过程中灌水与施磷的作用,以黄淮南部高产麦田主导小麦品种百农207和豫麦49-198为供试材料,在大田多年定位试验条件下,研究了灌水与施磷对冬小麦干物质积累、转运及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,与不施磷(P0)相比,施磷条件(P1,150 kg·hm~(-2))下小麦花后干物质积累量、营养器官氮素转运量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率均显著提高,其中百农207和豫麦49-198花后干物质积累量分别增加132.9%和105.9%,花后营养器官氮素转运量分别增加65.3%和51.2%,籽粒产量分别提高76.9%和51.8%,水分利用效率提高55.1%和29.2%。灌水有利于小麦花后营养器官氮素转运量及籽粒氮素积累,提高籽粒产量。与不灌水(W0)相比, W1(拔节水)和W2(拔节水+开花水)条件下百农207花后营养器官氮素转运量分别增加14.1%和17.7%,籽粒产量分别提高15.3%和28.8%;豫麦49-198氮素转运量分别增加40.1%和58.9%,籽粒产量分别提高22.8%和16.8%。水、磷对小麦籽粒产量的影响存在一定的互作效应。百农207和豫麦49-198籽粒产量分别以W2P1和W1P1处理最高,较W0P0处理分别提高116.3%和69.1%。综合考虑,施用磷肥150 kg·hm~(-2)结合灌水1～2次既能实现小麦高产,又能维持较高的水分利用效率。     

中性紫色土施氮对小麦氮素吸收利用及产量和品质的影响

为给西南地区小麦高产优质栽培中合理施氮提供依据，以西农麦1号为材料，在西南地区有代表性的中性紫色土上，研究了施氮对小麦氮素吸收利用及产量和品质的影响。结果表明。施氮在0～225kg／ha范围内，随氮肥用量的增加，小麦对氮的吸收量、籽粒粗蛋白质含量、籽粒产量和茎叶干重都显著增加，但氮的收获指数和氮肥的农艺效率却呈下降趋势。小麦各处理氮肥利用率平均为39．6％，以施纯氮75kg／ha水平最高。施氮对改善小麦的品质作用明显，其中籽粒淀粉含量以施纯氮量150kg／ha时最高。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Role of Benzoxazinones in Cereals

Summary

Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding

Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding.     

Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds

The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant.     

Biological factors influencing the transmission of potato leafroll virus by different aphid species

Summary Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani.