低分子量有机酸对二氯喹啉酸在土壤中吸附-解吸的影响

采用高效液相色谱仪及批量平衡试验方法,研究了乙酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、草酸、丁二酸和柠檬酸6种低分子量有机酸对麻沙泥和第四纪红土红壤吸附-解吸二氯喹啉酸的影响。结果表明:低分子量有机酸可推迟二氯喹啉酸在土壤中的吸附平衡时间,其吸附动力学过程可用准二级动力学方程描述。Linear和Freundlich方程能较好地拟合二氯喹啉酸在供试两种土壤中的吸附等温线;二氯喹啉酸在麻沙泥中的吸附能力(lg Kf值)从大到小依次为苹果酸柠檬酸草酸=乙酸丁二酸酒石酸,在第四纪红土红壤中为苹果酸丁二酸乙酸草酸柠檬酸酒石酸;低分子量有机酸浓度对二氯喹啉酸解吸的影响因有机酸种类和供试土壤的不同而差异较大,6种供试有机酸均促进了第四纪红土红壤对二氯喹啉酸的解吸,且其解吸率均明显高于麻沙泥对二氯喹啉酸的解吸率,但在麻沙泥中呈现不同的影响模式。     

作物根际土壤有机酸含量动态变化研究

采用高效液相色谱法,测定了不同培养天数下,小麦、玉米根际土壤和非根际土壤中草酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸4种有机酸含量。结果表明:4种有机酸在小麦和玉米根际土壤中的含量均大于其非根际土壤。在小麦根际土壤与非根际土壤中,草酸含量最高,柠檬酸含量最低,根际土壤与非根际土壤中草酸平均含量分别达到6.78mg/kg、4.09mg/kg;柠檬酸平均含量仅为1.80mg/kg、1.33mg/kg,4种有机酸在小麦根际与非根际土壤中含量高低顺序依次是:草酸>乙酸>苹果酸>柠檬酸。而在玉米根际与非根际土壤中,苹果酸含量最高,乙酸次之,草酸含量最低,草酸最低含量仅为0.01mg/kg。4种有机酸在玉米根际与非根际土壤中含量高低顺序依次是:苹果酸>乙酸>柠檬酸>草酸。此外,随着培养天数的增加,小麦和玉米根际与非根际土壤中,4种有机酸的含量动态变化趋势也不尽相同。     

除草剂甲基磺草酮在土壤中的吸附特性

利用平衡振荡法研究甲基磺草酮在不同土壤中的吸附及其影响因素。结果表明,甲基磺草酮在2种供试土壤上的吸附性能较好地用Freundlich方程拟合,吸附常数K_d5,吸附性能较差;甲基磺草酮在盐城市、宜兴市土壤中温度为25℃时的吸附自由能分别为-18.23、-13.53 kJ/mol;甲基磺草酮在土壤中的吸附以物理吸附为主,该吸附过程是自发进行的;ΔH0,说明该反应为吸热反应,温度升高,有利于反应进行。     

Cu(Ⅱ)和温度对丁吡吗啉在土壤中吸附的影响

采用振荡平衡法研究了Cu(Ⅱ)和温度对丁吡吗啉在内蒙砂土,北京壤土,广西粘土中吸附等温线的影响。结果表明,丁吡吗啉添加Cu(Ⅱ)前后在3种土壤中的吸附均可以采用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程较好的描述,Cu(Ⅱ)降低了3种土壤对丁吡吗啉的吸附,3种土壤对丁吡吗啉的吸附量及Cu(Ⅱ)对土壤吸附丁吡吗啉影响的大小顺序为:粘土壤土砂土。根据综合试验结果,Cu(Ⅱ)与丁吡吗啉在占用土壤的吸附位点上可能存在竞争,土壤有机质含量高有利于Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附,丁吡吗啉与Cu(Ⅱ)之间的相互作用减少了土壤对丁吡吗啉的固定量,增加了其在土壤中的活动性;在10、25、35℃,丁吡吗啉在3种土壤中的吸附规律亦可以较好的用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程描述,丁吡吗啉在3种土壤中的吸附会受到温度的影响,丁吡吗啉的吸附常数Kd和吸附自由能△G的绝对值随着温度的升高而减小,说明温度的升高不利于土壤对丁吡吗啉的吸附。     

不同形态氧化铁对黄土性土壤吸附铅的影响

针对土壤含氧化铁的普遍性以及氧化铁对土壤理化性质的重要影响,探求氧化铁对土壤吸附重金属离子的作用与影响。采用了化学选择性溶提技术,分别去除黄土性母质上发育的古土壤、淋溶褐土和黄褐土中不同形态的氧化铁,采用了等温吸附试验,并以Langmuir和Freundlich方程拟合参数为指标,分析去除不同形态氧化铁前后土壤对Pb~(2+)的吸附特征。结果表明:原土壤对Pb~(2+)的吸附曲线逐渐递增,并无明显阶段特征,且更符合Freundlich方程;而去除不同形态氧化铁后的3类土壤对Pb~(2+)的吸附曲线均为L型,阶段特征显著,更加符合Langmuir方程,且土壤对Pb~(2+)的亲和力(KL)成倍增加;去除络合态铁和无定形氧化铁后,土壤对Pb~(2+)的最大吸附量均有不同程度增加,其中去除无定形氧化铁之后,古土壤对Pb~(2+)的最大吸附量增幅最大,增加了14.71 mg·g-1;去除游离态氧化铁后古土壤、淋溶褐土对Pb~(2+)的吸附量分别下降了5.95、3.10 mg·g-1,黄褐土对Pb~(2+)的吸附量则增加了2.98 mg·g-1。土壤中氧化铁对Pb~(2+)吸附能力与吸附容量的影响不完全依赖于氧化铁的含量,在很大程度上依赖于土壤中氧化铁的形态。对于不同氧化铁形态的土壤采用相应的化学溶提技术,能够获得具有较高吸附性能的粘土矿物环境材料。     

施磷对不同生育期棉田土壤磷素吸持特性的影响

以两种质地棉田土壤为材料,研究不同施磷处理对不同生育期棉田土壤磷吸附与解吸的影响.结果表明:各生育期磷素等温吸附曲线与Langmuir,Temkin和Freundlich方程拟合度均达极显著水平,尤以Freundlich方程拟合度最高,相关系数均在0.96以上;磷的吸附饱和度(DPS)、零净吸附浓度磷(EPC_0)、吸附量、解吸量和解吸率随施磷量的增加均呈增长趋势,而标准需磷量(SPR)呈下降趋势;以Freundlich方程估算原状棉田土壤各个生育期的需磷量,壤质棉田苗期、花铃期和吐絮期的需磷量(按含P_2O_5 46%的磷肥折算)分别为143.7,137.4 kg/hm~2和160.2 kg/hm~2,砂壤质棉田苗期、花铃期和吐絮期的需磷量分别为106.6,251.1 kg/hm~2和173.0 kg/hm~2.     

毒死蜱和氰戊菊酯在土壤中的吸附与迁移

为评估被用作白蚁预防药剂的毒死蜱和氰戊菊酯在土壤中的移动性,采用平衡吸附法和薄层层析法分别测定了两种农药在浙江宁波地区的东钱湖土(粉砂质壤土)、青岭土(粉砂质壤土)和象山土(粉砂质黏壤土)3种土壤中的吸附常数(Kd)和迁移率(Rf)。结果表明,两种供试药剂在东钱湖土中的吸附等温线线性化程度均较高,而在青岭土和象山土中的吸附等温线均近似于 "L"型。从Kd和有机质吸附常数Koc的数值看,氰戊菊酯在土壤中的吸附作用主要受土壤有机质因素影响,而毒死蜱的吸附并非只受土壤有机质因素的影响。毒死蜱在3种供试土壤中的Kd和Rf值均高于氰戊菊酯。这表明由Kd值推测不同农药在土壤中的相对移动性可能会存在一定偏差。毒死蜱和氰戊菊酯在3种土壤中的Rf值由大到小的顺序为:东钱湖土>青岭土>象山土;而Kd值由大到小顺序为象山土>青岭土>东钱湖土。对Kd和Rf值与土壤理化性质的多元线性回归分析表明:1)土壤有机质含量和阳离子代换量在决定Kd和Rf值中所起的作用相互重叠;2)土壤有机质含量(或土壤阳离子代换量)和土壤黏粒含量是影响Kd和Rf值的关键因素,而土壤pH值对于Kd和Rf值无决定性影响。     

基于高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱技术测定鲜荔枝果肉中10种有机酸含量

为明确鲜荔枝果肉中各有机酸的含量及对风味的影响,采用高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱技术,建立了鲜荔枝果肉中苹果酸、柠檬酸等10种主要有机酸含量的测定方法。样品采用Poroshell色谱柱分离,以甲酸水-乙腈为流动相等度洗脱,在电喷雾离子源负离子 (ESI?) 及多反应离子监测模式下进行分析,外标法定量。结果显示:在0.1~10 mg/L范围内,10种有机酸进样质量浓度与峰面积间线性关系良好,相关系数 (r) 大于0.99,方法的检出限 (LOD) 为0.1~0.8 μg/kg,定量限 (LOQ) 为0.2~2.5 μg/kg。10种有机酸在鲜荔枝果肉中的平均添加回收率为91%~99%,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 为1.9%~7.9%。该方法快速、简便、灵敏,可用于鲜荔枝样品中10种有机酸的测定,同时可为其他水果中有机酸的测定提供参考。     

七种农药在3种不同类型土壤中的吸附及淋溶特性

采用振荡平衡法和土柱淋溶法研究了2,4-滴酸、丁噻隆、毒草胺、炔草酸、氟环唑、甲基磺草酮和烯啶虫胺7种农药在江西红壤、太湖水稻土及东北黑土3种不同理化性质土壤中的吸附及淋溶特性,探讨了农药性质及土壤理化性质对供试农药在土壤中吸附、淋溶行为的影响。结果表明:农药的水溶性越大,其在土壤中的吸附性越弱,淋溶性越强;农药在土壤中的吸附性与土壤pH值、有机质含量以及阳离子交换量之间有较好的相关性。土壤pH值、有机质含量以及农药性质是影响农药在土壤中淋溶及迁移的主要因素。     

啶虫脒和阿维菌素在4种不同类型土壤中的吸附及迁移

采用薄层层析和平衡振荡法,分别测定了啶虫脒和阿维菌素在紫色土、砖红土、黄壤土和黑土4种不同类型土壤中的迁移率(Rf )和吸附常数(Kd),比较了2种农药在单用及混用下迁移和吸附行为的差异。结果表明:2种农药在单用及混用下的迁移行为几乎不存在差异,在4种土壤中的Rf 值大小顺序均为:黄壤土>紫色土>黑土>砖红土;2种农药的吸附过程均符合经典的Freundlich模型,混用时阿维菌素对啶虫脒的吸附无影响,但啶虫脒的存在会减少土壤对阿维菌素的吸附,表现为竞争吸附作用。     

苯噻酰草胺在海泡石和凹凸棒石中的吸附行为

吸附是农药在土壤环境中行为和归宿的重要过程,农药在土壤矿物上的吸附直接影响其在土壤中的迁移、转化和生物利用等过程。了解农药在土壤中的吸附,对于预测和评价农药对土壤、地下水存在的潜在危害,开展土壤修复具有十分重要的意义。本研究通过批量平衡试验,研究了苯噻酰草胺在海泡石和凹凸棒石中的吸附行为及机理。结果表明:苯噻酰草胺在海泡石和凹凸棒石中的吸附分为快速反应阶段和慢速平衡阶段,吸附平衡时间约为6 h。其吸附动力学曲线符合准二级动力学方程,线性方程和Freundlich吸附等温方程能较好地描述其在海泡石和凹凸棒石中的吸附行为,海泡石对苯噻酰草胺的吸附容量高于凹凸棒石。傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和X-射线衍射(XRD)分析显示:苯噻酰草胺在海泡石和凹凸棒石中的吸附不仅发生在其表面层,还进入了其内层。机理分析推测:苯噻酰草胺主要是通过氢键、电荷转移和电荷-偶极键形式吸附在黏土矿物中。     

低分子量有机酸对不同肥力土壤磷素的活化作用

针对石灰性土壤磷素固定累积问题,采用化学浸提方法,探讨低分子有机酸对不同肥力水平土壤磷素的活化作用,提高磷素的有效性.结果表明,对于低肥力和中肥力土壤,相同浓度下有机酸活化土壤磷的能力表现为草酸＞柠檬酸＞苹果酸;对于高肥力土壤,相同浓度下有机酸活化土壤磷的能力为柠檬酸＞草酸＞苹果酸.低浓度对有机骏对土壤磷的活化有抑制作...     

Interactions between organophosphorus compounds and soil materials I. Adsorption of ethyl methylphosphonofluoridate by clay and organic matter preparations and by soils

Data for the adsorption of ethyl methylphosphonofluoridate from aqueous and the vapour phases onto montmorillonite and kaolinite clays, onto soil organic matter preparations, and onto a limited number of soils are reported. These show that the phosphonofluoridate was absorbed from the vapour phase onto the dry clay preparations by physical-chemical forces but was not adsorbed by the organic soil materials. In a general way adsorption onto dry soils could be related to their clay contents when the organic matter contents were low. Water was found to compete effectively with the phosphonofluoridate for adsorption sites, and it is concluded that this molecule will be most effectively retained by dry soils low in organic matter and rich in clay. Mechanisms for its adsorption onto clays are discussed.     

Sorption and desorption of flumioxazin to soil, clay minerals and ion-exchange resin

Flumioxazin adsorption kinetics were described using a Greenville sandy clay loam soil. Adsorption kinetics experiments showed that 72% of total herbicide was absorbed after 1 h of continuous shaking and continued to increase to 78% after 72 h. Flumioxazin adsorption was then tested on seven agriculturally important soils throughout the southern USA. Adsorption isotherms for all soils had K(f) (Freundlich distribution coefficient) values that ranged from 8.8 to 0.4, with many near 1.5. Soil organic matter content was the parameter most highly correlated with flumioxazin adsorption (r(2) = 0.95, P < 0.001). Sorption to clay minerals had K(f) values ranging from 50 for bentonite to 4.7 for kaolinite. However, normalizing K(f) for sorbent surface area revealed that aluminum hydroxide (gibbsite) possessed the greatest flumioxazin sorption per unit area. Sorption to anionic exchange resin (K(f) 676) was greater than cationic exchange resin (K(f) 42). Molecular model calculations were performed to elucidate why sorption was greater to anionic exchangers. These calculations indicated that a region of dense electronegativity exists on the 3-dione moiety of the molecule. This would lead to greater flumioxazin sorption by positively charged surface sites. Desorption isotherms from soil exhibited no effect of hysteresis. Desorption from clay minerals was very rapid and flumioxazin in solution was undetectable after three desorption steps. From these data it was concluded that flumioxazin can become readily available in soil solution with increase in soil water content.     

Dégradation du chlorimuron-éthyle déposé sur divers minéraux et sur acides humiques

Degradation of chlorimuron-ethyl The chemical degradation of chlorimuron-ethyl and chlorimuron on various dry minerals (kaolinite, silica, bentonite H⁺, montmorillonite K10) and on solid humic acid was investigated at 30°C. Hydrolysis of sulfonylurea function was therefore always observed, and followed the same pathway as previously described in acidic aqueous solution. The formed phenyl-sulfonamide was transformed into saccharin on only weakly acidic minerals (kaolinite, silica). A relative affinity between pyrimidamine (hydrolysis product) and strong acidic minerals (bentonite H⁺, montmorillonite K10) or humic materials was observed.     

霜霉病菌侵染对藜麦叶片代谢的影响

霜霉病是藜麦生长期常见的病害之一,为了探究霜霉病菌侵染对藜麦叶片代谢的影响.基于代谢组学研究技术,分析鉴定对照组与侵染组藜麦叶片的代谢物共126种,包括有机酸43种、氨基酸17种、糖27种、其他物质39种.采用主成分分析并结合t检验的结果,筛选出造成对照组和处理组显著差异的10种主要代谢物.其中,处理组N-十七烷、琥珀...     

烟嘧磺隆在土壤中的吸附及与土壤性质的相关性研究

采用平衡振荡法研究了烟嘧磺隆在8种不同类型土壤中的吸附,结果表明,其吸附过程均符合经典的Freundlich模型,最大吸附常数为6.891,最小吸附常数为0.798。根据土壤有机吸附常数和吸附自由能的大小对该除草剂的移动性能进行了评价,认为其在8种土壤中均以物理吸附为主,且具有中等或较高的移动性能。通过对吸附常数Kf与土壤有机质含量、粘土含量和pH值的关系进行分析,发现土壤有机质含量、粘土含量和pH值在吸附过程中均属支配因素,Kf与土壤有机质含量、粘土含量呈正相关,而与土壤pH值呈负相关。     

Adsorption–desorption of 2,4-D by hydroxy aluminium montmorillonite complexes

Adsorption–desorption characteristics of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on pure montmorillonite and synthetic chlorite-like complexes [Al(OH)_x-montmorillonite complexes, obtained by coating montmorillonite surfaces with different amounts of Al(OH)_x] were investigated. The equilibrium adsorption of 2,4-D was described by both Langmuir and Freundlich type isotherms. The extent of adsorption as well as the type of interaction between adsorbate and adsorbent was affected by the nature of incubation buffer and the charge characteristics of supports. At pH 5·6 and in acetate buffer, 2,4-D was negatively adsorbed by montmorillonite and herbicide adsorption capacity increased with increasing amounts of Al(OH)_x species loaded on montmorillonite surfaces. When adsorption experiments were performed at the same pH but in phosphate buffer, strong reductions of both the amount of adsorbed pesticide and its affinity for the adsorbents were measured. Evidently, phosphate anions competed strongly with 2,4-D anions for the sorption site on chlorite-like complexes. Furthermore, desorption tests revealed that a large amount (about 60%) of the pesticide was firmly bound to the clay and was not removed even after repeated washings or 24 h exposure to desorption solution. Both electrostatic interactions between the negative COO^- moieties of 2,4-D and the positive sites on clays, and ligand exchanges of COO^- groups with -OH or water at the clay surface were probably involved in the adsorption process. ©1997 SCI     

西瓜嗜酸菌趋化性的初步研究

瓜类细菌性果斑病是世界范围的检疫性细菌病害,病原菌为西瓜嗜酸菌,带菌种子为主要侵染源。病原细菌在寄主表面的定殖能力与其致病能力关系密切,而趋化性是决定定殖能力的关键因素之一,研究不同物质对西瓜嗜酸菌趋化性的影响对防治瓜类细菌性果斑病具有重要意义。本文采用毛细管法,研究了碳源、氨基酸、有机酸及其他物质对西瓜嗜酸菌趋化性的影响。结果表明,所测碳源中,麦芽糖、葡萄糖、乳糖、蔗糖和半乳糖均显著促进西瓜嗜酸菌的趋化性;所测氨基酸中,L-精氨酸、L-天冬氨酸、L-组氨酸、L-谷氨酸、L-亮氨酸、L-缬氨酸、L-谷氨酰胺和L-丙氨酸显著促进西瓜嗜酸菌的趋化性;所测有机酸中,琥珀酸、半乳糖醛酸和酒石酸显著促进西瓜嗜酸菌的趋化性;氯化钠、硫酸镁等对西瓜嗜酸菌的趋化性无显著影响。