动态脑电图联合脑干听觉诱发电位在脑卒中患者预后评估中的应用价值

目的：探讨动态脑电图联合脑干听觉诱发电位在脑卒中患者预后评估中的应用价值.方法选取脑卒中患者152例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各76例.观察组患者选用动态脑电图结合脑干听觉诱发电位进行监测,对照组患者选用常规脑电图进行监测,对比两组患者预后评估结果和预后评估中价值.结果观察组患者中真阴性和真阳性的例数均明显多于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;观察组患者中假阴性和假阳性的人数均明显少于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.观察组患者检测的敏感性、特异性、错误率均明显高于对照组,准确率明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论动态脑电图联合脑干听觉诱发电位能够有效增加脑卒中患者预后评估的特异性和敏感性,提高评估的准确率,值得在临床治疗中推广使用.     

Neural attenuation of responses to emitted sounds in echolocating rats

Bats of the family Vespertilionidae enmit strong ultrasonic pulses for echolocation. If such sounds directly stimulate their ears, the detection of echoes from short distances would be impaired. The responses of lateral lemniscal neurons to emitted sounds were found to be much smaller than those to playback sounds, even when the response of the auditory nerve was the same to both types of sounds. Thus, responses to self-vocalized sounds were attenuated between the cochlear nerve and the inferior colliculus. The mean attenuation was 25 decibels. This neural attenuating mechanism is probably a part of the mechanisms for effective echo detection.     

Restoration of auditory nerve synapses in cats by cochlear implants

Congenital deafness results in abnormal synaptic structure in endings of the auditory nerve. If these abnormalities persist after restoration of auditory nerve activity by a cochlear implant, the processing of time-varying signals such as speech would likely be impaired. We stimulated congenitally deaf cats for 3 months with a six-channel cochlear implant. The device used human speech-processing programs, and cats responded to environmental sounds. Auditory nerve fibers exhibited a recovery of normal synaptic structure in these cats. This rescue of synapses is attributed to a return of spike activity in the auditory nerve and may help explain cochlear implant benefits in childhood deafness.     

The role of GTP-binding protein activity in fast central synaptic transmission

Guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved in exocytosis, endocytosis, and recycling of vesicles in yeast and mammalian secretory cells. However, little is known about their contribution to fast synaptic transmission. We loaded guanine nucleotide analogs directly into a giant nerve terminal in rat brainstem slices. Inhibition of G-protein activity had no effect on basal synaptic transmission, but augmented synaptic depression and significantly slowed recovery from depression. A nonhydrolyzable GTP analog blocked recovery of transmission from activity-dependent depression. Neither effect was accompanied by a change in presynaptic calcium currents. Thus, G proteins contribute to fast synaptic transmission by refilling synaptic vesicles depleted after massive exocytosis.     

Development of the place principle: tonotopic organization

The tonotopic organization of brainstem auditory nuclei was compared in embryonic and hatchling chickens. In embryos, neurons at any given position in these nuclei were maximally sensitive to lower frequency sounds than the best frequency after hatching. This finding indicates that neurons are maximally stimulated by sounds of different frequencies as development proceeds and supports the hypothesis that during development there is a change in the spatial encoding of frequency along the cochlea.     

Inhibition of the carotid sinus reflex by stimulation of the inferior olive

A projection of nerve fibers from rostral brainstem areas, which produce pressor responses and tachycardia, terminates in the inferior olive. Electrical stimulation of the olive in the cat produces no cardiovascular response but inhibits the depressor cotnponent of the carotid sinusreflex.     

MRI诊断脑干梗塞的临床价值（附71例报告）

本组７１例脑干梗塞患者均作ＭＲＩ检查，其中５４例为亚临床病变，其临床表现与ＭＲＩ所见的病灶不符，且５４例均在ＭＲＩ检查前误诊，误诊率为７９％（５４／７１），误诊病种达１２种，且尤以误诊为颈内动脉系统梗塞最多（３２例），同时发现一些单颅神经损害和所谓的“椎动脉供血不足”实为脑于梗塞所致。最后本文对上述情况进行讨论。     

Calcium sensitivity of glutamate release in a calyx-type terminal

Synaptic efficacy critically depends on the presynaptic intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). We measured the calcium sensitivity of glutamate release in a rat auditory brainstem synapse by laser photolysis of caged calcium. A rise in [Ca2+]i to 1 micromolar readily evoked release. An increase to >30 micromolar depleted the releasable vesicle pool in <0.5 millisecond. A comparison with action potential-evoked release suggested that a brief increase of [Ca2+]i to approximately 10 micromolar would be sufficient to reproduce the physiological release pattern. Thus, the calcium sensitivity of release at this synapse is high, and the distinction between phasic and delayed release is less pronounced than previously thought.     

Inhibition of central auditory response

Sulitable electrical stimulaltion of the region of the decussation of the olivocochlear bundles, which supply efferent innervation to the organ of Corti, was found to abolish the response of the auditory cortex to a click, without changing the responses (N(1) and N(2)) of the eighth nerve in cats. At higher stimulation values the eighth nerve responses also were abolished, and at intermediate stimulus values responses at the medial geniculate and inferior colliculus were suppressed.     

BOLD responses reflecting dopaminergic signals in the human ventral tegmental area

Current theories hypothesize that dopamine neuronal firing encodes reward prediction errors. Although studies in nonhuman species provide direct support for this theory, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in humans have focused on brain areas targeted by dopamine neurons [ventral striatum (VStr)] rather than on brainstem dopaminergic nuclei [ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra]. We used fMRI tailored to directly image the brainstem. When primary rewards were used in an experiment, the VTA blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response reflected a positive reward prediction error, whereas the VStr encoded positive and negative reward prediction errors. When monetary gains and losses were used, VTA BOLD responses reflected positive reward prediction errors modulated by the probability of winning. We detected no significant VTA BOLD response to nonrewarding events.     

Distal lobe of the pilifer: an ultrasonic receptor in choerocampine hawkmoths

Evidence is presented for a novel mechanism mediating the auditory sense in the Choerocampinae (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Vibrations in the scale-free medial wall of the enlarged labial palp segment are transmitted by contact to the distal lobe of the pilifer, a derivative of the labrum, and are there transduced into afferent impulses in the labral nerve.     

鸡桡神经和腺胃初级传入向楔外核和孤束核的投射

 用跨神经节技术追踪了鸡桡神经和腺胃初级传入向楔外核和孤束核的投射。将ＣＢ－ＨＲＰ分别注入鸡一侧桡神经和腺胃腹侧壁。结果表明，桡神经初级传入纤维向楔外核几乎全长都有投射，以闩前０．３２～０．７２ｍｍ靠近迷走神经髓内根丝腹侧的标记终末最为密集；在孤束内侧核内也有一定量的投射；腺胃初级传入纤维经迷走神经进入脑干，丰富地投射于孤束核。标记终末密集区位于闩前０．８０～１．６０ｍｍ范围的孤束内侧核，在楔外核也有较为丰富的投射，浓密的标记终末出现在闩前０．４０～０．８０ｍｍ范围的该核内。另外，桡神经和腺胃初级传入纤维在三叉神经脊束内也见有少量投射。     

Garfish olfactory nerve: easily accessible source of numerous long, homogeneous, nonmyelinated axons

The olfactory nerve of the garfish, Lepisosteus, is about 1 millimeter in diameter and about 20 centimeters long, depending on the size of the fish; it is easily prepared by breaking off successive scored segments of the rostrum. It consists of a relatively homogeneous population of about 10(7) nonmyelineated nerve fibers, each about 0.24 micrometer in diameter. In most other nerves each fiber is separated from all others by an enfolding Schwann cell, but in the olfactory nerve the fibers are directly in contact with one another in groups of several hundred fibers. The Schwann cell, not directly concerned with propagation of the nerve impulse, forms a thin layer at the periphery of the group and makes up a small proportion of the total cellular material. The volume of axon cytoplasm is about five times greater than that of Schwann cell cytoplasm, and the axon surface is about 30 times the Schwann cell surface. The ratio of surface to volume for axons of a typical olfactory nerve is about 5400 times that for the squid axon of the same diameter. The large proportion of axonal membrane recommends this nerve for use in chemical and physical studies of properties of axon membranes.     

Auditory and vibratory responses in the midbrains of snakes

Airborne sound and substrate vibration each elicit electrical responses below the surface of the tectum in species of three families of snakes. Tones of 50 to 1000 hertz evoke responses independently of substrate vibration. Sensitivity to locally applied sound is present over much of the body surface. This sensitivity is attributed to the auditory nerve, because it is not altered by spinal section but is eliminated by destruction of the inner ear.     

Velocity and displacement responses in auditory-nerve fibers

With the help of nonsiniusoidal acoustic stimuli, it is demonstrated that most fibers of the auditory nerve respond to both displacement and velocity of the basilar membrane. Except at very high stimulus levels, motion and displacement toward scala tympani produce excitation; motion and displacement toward scala vestibuli produce inhibition. The displacement and velocity responses interact. When both are excitatory or inhibitory, they reinforce each other; when they are of opposite nature, a partial cancellation occurs. The presence of both displacement and velocity responses in the single fibers suggests that outer and inner hair cells of the cochlea interact.     

Cochlear neurons: frequency selectivity altered by perilymph removal

Removal of perilylmph from the scala tympani of the guinea pig cochlea reversibly broadened the tuning curves of single spiral ganglion cells emanating from the basilar membrane. Thus, fluid continuity along the membrane is essential for normal cochlear function, in particular for sharp neural tuning curves. These data reveal a possible source of error in some estimates of basilar membrane motion and suggest a reappraisal of current concepts of the mechanism of sharp tunig in primary auditory nerve fibers.     

Auditory frequency-following response: neural or artifact?

An electrical response which reproduces the waveform and frequency of the sound stimulus can be recorded from the central neural pathway for audition. Controversy has existed for some years over whether this frequency-following response (FFR) is neural or an artifact such as remote pickup of the cochlear microphonic or cross talk in the recording system. Two experiments resolve this issue by demonstrating that the frequency-following response depends upon functionally intact neural pathways. The frequency-following response, as well as auditory evoked potentials, is abolished by section of the eighth nerve; it is reversibly abolished by cooling of the cochlear nucleus.     

A micromechanical contribution to cochlear tuning and tonotopic organization

The response properties of hair cells and nerve fibers in the alligator lizard cochlea are frequency selective and tonotopically organized with longitudinal position in the organ. The lengths of the hair-cell hair bundles also vary monotonically with longitudinal position. In this study, quantitative measurements were made of the motion of individual hair bundles in an excised preparation of the cochlea stimulated at auditory frequencies. The angular displacement of hair bundles is frequency selective and tonotopically organized, demonstrating the existence of a micromechanical tuning mechanism.     

Septal tryptophan-5-hydroxylase: divergent response to raphe lesions and parachlorophenylalanine

A soluble form of tryptophan-5-hydroxylase activity was found to be present in areas rich in serotonergic terminals (colliculi, hippocampus, septal area, and remaining telencephalon) as well as in brainstem, an area rich in cell bodies. The enzymatic activity in all brain regions, except the septal area, was inhibited to varying degrees following administration of parachlorophenylalanine. Destruction of the raphe nuclei in the midbrain led to a large and comparable decrease in both serotonin content and tryptophan hydroxylase activity of the hippocampus. In contrast, these lesions did not significantly affect the enzymatic activity of the septal area although the serotonin content was decreased by 72 percent. These findings suggest that the major portion of the tryptophan hydroxylase activity of the septal area is uniquely different from that found in other telencephalic areas in that it is not localized in serotonergic nerve terminals nor is it inhibited by parachlorophenylalanine.     

A global geometric framework for nonlinear dimensionality reduction

Scientists working with large volumes of high-dimensional data, such as global climate patterns, stellar spectra, or human gene distributions, regularly confront the problem of dimensionality reduction: finding meaningful low-dimensional structures hidden in their high-dimensional observations. The human brain confronts the same problem in everyday perception, extracting from its high-dimensional sensory inputs-30,000 auditory nerve fibers or 10(6) optic nerve fibers-a manageably small number of perceptually relevant features. Here we describe an approach to solving dimensionality reduction problems that uses easily measured local metric information to learn the underlying global geometry of a data set. Unlike classical techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) and multidimensional scaling (MDS), our approach is capable of discovering the nonlinear degrees of freedom that underlie complex natural observations, such as human handwriting or images of a face under different viewing conditions. In contrast to previous algorithms for nonlinear dimensionality reduction, ours efficiently computes a globally optimal solution, and, for an important class of data manifolds, is guaranteed to converge asymptotically to the true structure.