进境番荔枝种苗根腐病的鉴定与处理

从携带进镜的番荔枝种苗上发现根腐病，经鉴定，病原菌为潮湿镰刀菌，试验表明，用杀菌剂扑霉灵处理带病种苗，可取得较好的防治效果。     

Partial characterization and insecticidal properties of Ricinus communis L foliage flavonoids

Aqueous leaf extract of Ricinus communis L (Euphorbiaceae), a cultivated plant in tropical countries, showed excellent insecticidal activity against Callosobruchus chinensis L (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). We have isolated and tested flavonoids as insecticidal and antimicrobial agents. The isolated flavonoids showed potential insecticidal, ovicidal and oviposition deterrent activities against C chinensis L. However, antimicrobial activity against the common microbial infestants of stored pulses, of which C chinensis is a major pest, was found to be insignificant. Two bands having Rf 0.63 and 0.69 were seen on HPTLC plates using mobile phase benzene + ethyl acetate + methanol + formic acid (12 + 4.5 + 2 + 1.5 by volume) as eluant. The Rf values and scanning of the spectrum in the ultraviolet region, showed identity with the flavonoids quercetin and kaempferol. This was further confirmed using HPLC and IR and UV spectrometry. HPLC and HPTLC chromatograms also suggested quercetin to be the major flavonoid present in the hydrolyzed aqueous leaf extract of R communis.     

Effect of storage on the efficacy of powdered leaves ofAnnona squamosa for the control ofCallosobruchus maculatus on cowpeas(Vigna unguiculata)

Annona squamosa L. is widespread in Sri Lanka and its leaves are collected by some farmers to protect their stored cowpeas from predation by bruchids. Removal of the leaves during the dry season, when the fanners harvest their cowpeas, can decrease the yield ofA. squamosa fruit. This study investigated whether storing the leaves before they are used would reduce the insecticidal activity of the leaves. Overall, acetone and ethanol extracts made from fresh and stored leaves ofA. squamosa decreased the number of adultCallosobruchus maculatus (F.) emerging from cowpeas; however, in some bioassays the extracts from fresh leaves were more active than those from leaves stored for 6 months. Acetone extracts from fresh and stored leaves were toxic to adult beetles, whereas the ethanol extracts were not active. Acetone and ethanol extracts from fresh leaves had potent ovicidal activity when applied to 2-day-old eggs.     

The effect of temperature and water potential on the production of conidia by sclerotia of Botrytis squamosa

The rate of conidiogenic germination of Botrytis squamosa was highest at 16°C and the greatest numbers of conidia per sclerotium (up to 5 × 10⁴) were produced at temperatures of 5–10°C. At temperatures above 20°C, the percentage of sclerotia producing conidia declined rapidly. Decreasing water potential reduced the rate at which conidia were produced and also resulted in fewer conidia produced per sclerotium. However, conidia were produced at water potentials as low as −2 MPa, at which sclerotial germination was at least 60%. A simulation model that included effects of both temperature and water potential was developed from laboratory and field data obtained for conidial production in sclerotia exposed for periods of 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks during an entire year. There was good agreement between conidiogenic germination predicted by the model and conidial production observed in onion plots artificially inoculated with sclerotia. Temperature and water potential were therefore considered to be the principal microclimatic factors affecting conidial production by B. squamosa. The role of sclerotia in the context of UK onion production is discussed.     

枯草芽胞杆菌HZB02的分离及其室内抑菌效果

从施用SupperGreen的小白菜‘凤山5号’根际土壤中分离筛选到1株对白菜炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum higginsianum)有较强拮抗活性的细菌菌株HZB02。该菌株对白菜炭疽病菌孢子萌发、菌丝生长、盆栽白菜发病等均有明显的抑制能力。根据菌落形态、菌体电镜观察及16SrDNA序列测定结果判断,该菌株属于Bacillus subtilis subsp.subtilis。进一步研究不同培养基条件及添加大豆油对HZB02抗生作用的影响,发现其在SYMA、PDA培养基上抑制炭疽病菌菌丝生长的能力最佳,此外其SYM、PDB发酵液对炭疽病菌孢子萌发的抑制作用亦最强,然而它的TSB发酵液则显示出最优抑制菌丝生长的效果。研究发现在SYM与PDB中添加5%大豆油的发酵液可显著提升HZB02的抑菌功效。     

干旱胁迫下甘蔗叶类黄酮及相关酶活性的变化

以两个抗旱性不同的甘蔗品种ROC22和ROC16为试材,采用聚乙二醇模拟干旱胁迫,研究了甘蔗幼苗在干旱胁迫下叶片中类黄酮含量及相关酶活性的变化.结果表明,与对照相比,10% PEG胁迫2 h至14 h,耐旱性强的ROC22品种类黄酮含量降低,耐旱性弱的ROC16品种类黄酮含量先降后升;2个品种幼苗叶片中苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性呈现先降低后升高的变化规律.ROC22叶片多酚氧化酶活性呈先升后降的变化,ROC16叶片多酚氧化酶活性下降;2个品种甘蔗叶过氧化物酶活性持续下降.     

喹唑啉衍生物的合成及农药生物活性研究进展

喹唑啉衍生物具有广泛的农药生物活性,如抗细菌、抗真菌、杀虫、除草、抗病毒及杀螨等,近年来受到越来越多的关注。将不同药效团引入到喹唑啉骨架中,经结构修饰后能合成一系列具有农药生物活性的新型喹唑啉衍生物。本文综述了2000年以来喹唑啉衍生物的合成及农药活性研究进展,旨在为喹唑啉结构的修饰改造提供参考。     

唐古特莨菪中生物碱的分离鉴定与杀虫活性研究

本文采用MCI柱层析、硅胶柱层析等天然产物分离方法,从唐古特莨菪地上部甲醇粗提物中分离得到了2个莨菪烷类生物碱单体。通过化合物特征反应,质谱、碳谱和氢谱数据,并结合相关文献报道鉴定了其结构,分别为樟柳碱和山莨菪碱。采用微量点滴法和玻片浸渍法测定了2种生物碱对甘蓝蚜等6种常见蚜虫和朱砂叶螨等4种常见叶螨处理24 h的触杀活性,结果表明,樟柳碱对豆蚜、棉蚜、麦长管蚜和山莨菪碱对棉蚜具有较强的触杀活性,处理24 h的LC_(50)依次为0.495、0.429、0.881和0.404 mg/mL,其活性均高于对照药剂鱼藤酮或与其相当,相对毒力分别为鱼藤酮的1.246、1.017、1.168和1.078倍;樟柳碱对朱砂叶螨、二斑叶螨和山莨菪碱对朱砂叶螨、二斑叶螨具有较强的触杀活性,处理24 h的LC_(50)依次为0.484、0.446和0.331、0.430 mg/mL,其活性均高于鱼藤酮,相对毒力分别为鱼藤酮的1.136、1.154和1.662、1.198倍。     

Contact and fumigant activities of constituents of Foeniculum vulgare fruit against three coleopteran stored‐product insects

The insecticidal activities of materials derived from the fruit of fennel, Foeniculum vulgare, against adults of Sitophilus oryzae, Callosobruchus chinensis and Lasioderma serricorne were examined using direct contact application and fumigation methods. The biologically active constituents of the Foeniculum fruits were characterized as the phenylpropenes (E)‐anethole and estragole, and the monoterpene (+)‐fenchone, by spectroscopic analysis. Responses varied with insect species, compound, dose and exposure time. In a filter paper diffusion test, estragole at 0.168 mg cm^?2 caused 91% mortality to S oryzae adults within 1 day after treatment (DAT), whereas (+)‐fenchone and (E)‐anethole gave over 90% mortality at 2 and 4 DAT, respectively. Against C chinensis adults, all test compounds revealed potent insecticidal activities at 0.021 mg cm^?2 at 2 DAT. Against L serricorne adults at 0.105 mg cm^?2, (E)‐anethole gave 100% mortality at 1 DAT, whereas 90 and 60% mortality at 4 DAT was achieved with estragole and (+)‐fenchone, respectively. In a fumigation test, the test compounds were much more effective against adults of S oryzae, C chinensis and L serricorne in closed cups than in open ones, indicating that the insecticidal activity of test compounds was largely attributable to fumigant action. As naturally occurring insect‐control agents, the F vulgare fruit‐derived materials described could be useful for managing field populations of S oryzae, C chinensis and L serricorne. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

滴灌土壤基质势调控对红豆杉生理特性及次生代谢物含量的影响

以盆栽太行红豆杉为材料,于2019和2020年通过将滴灌滴头正下方20 cm深处的土壤基质势分别设定为-10(W1)、-20(W2)、-30(W3)、-40(W4)、-50 kPa(W5)5个下限,分析不同土壤基质势对红豆杉生理特性及次生代谢物含量的影响.结果表明:(1)W2处理显著提升了红豆杉的光合能力,2019年和...     

Persistence and residual activity of an organophosphate, pirimiphos-methyl, and three IGRs, hexaflumuron, teflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen, against the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Three insect growth regulators (IGR), the chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSI) teflubenzuron and hexaflumuron and the juvenile hormone mimic (JHM) pyriproxyfen, as well as the organophosphate (OP) pirimiphos-methyl, were evaluated for their activity against the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F), in cowpea seeds stored for up to 8 months post-treatment. The initial activity data showed that, based on LC50 level, teflubenzuron had strong ovicidal activity (LC50 = 0.056 mg kg(-1)) followed by pirimiphos-methyl (1.82 mg kg(-1)) and pyriproxyfen (91.9 mg kg(-1)). The residual activity data showed that none of the IGRs tested had strong activity when applied at 200 mg kg(-1) in reducing the oviposition rates of C maculatus at various storage intervals up to 8 months post-treatment. However, teflubenzuron reduced adult emergence (F1 progeny), achieving control ranging from 96.2% at 1 month to 94.3% at 8 months. Hexaflumuron showed a similar trend in its residual activity, ranging between 93.8% control at 1 month to 88.2% control at 8 months post-treatment. However, pyriproxyfen was more active than the CSIs tested and caused complete suppression (100% control) of adult emergence at all storage intervals. Unlike the IGRs tested, pirimiphos-methyl applied at 25 mg kg(-1) was more effective in reducing oviposition rates of C maculatus up to 8 months post-treatment. A strong reduction of adult emergence was also observed at various bimonthly intervals (98.6% control at 1 month to 91.6% control at 8 months post-treatment). The persistence of hexaflumuron and pirimiphos-methyl in cowpea seeds was also studied over a period of 8 months. The loss of hexaflumuron residue in treated cowpeas (200 mg kg(-1)) was very slow during the first month post-treatment (4.43%). At the end of 8 months, the residue level had declined significantly to 46.4% of the initial applied rate. The loss of pirimiphos-methyl residue in treated cowpeas (25 mg kg(-1)) was relatively high during the first month post-treatment (36.7%) and increased to 81.6% after 8 months.     

格氏沙雷菌CNY-04对灰霉病菌作用机制及抑菌物质理化性质研究

从蔬菜根际土壤中筛选到一株生防格氏沙雷菌(Serratia grimesii)CNY-04,利用抑菌圈法测定其对灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea Pers.ex Fr.)的抑制效果,通过抑制孢子萌发、影响菌丝正常生长试验对CNY-04的作用机制进行研究,并对CNY-04菌株相关性状及抑菌物质的理化性质进行了研究.结果表明,CNY-04菌株对灰霉病菌拮抗能力强且遗传稳定,抑菌圈直径达到34 mm; CNY-04可对灰霉病菌菌丝结构造成破坏;可显著抑制灰霉病菌分生孢子萌发,抑制率为99％;CNY-04菌株不产生硝吡咯菌素、氢氰酸及水解酶类,可产生嗜铁索和蛋白酶;抑菌物质具有较好的热稳定性和酸碱稳定性.抑菌物质由灰霉病菌诱导产生,与已报道的沙雷菌属的作用机理完全不同.     

Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and their components against the three major pathogens of the cultivated button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus

Essential oils of Matricaria chamommilla, Mentha piperita, M. spicata, Lavandula angusti folia, Ocimum basilicum, Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare, Salvia officinalis, Citrus limon and C. aurantium and their components; linalyl acetate, linalool, limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, camphor, carvacrol, thymol and menthol were assayed for inhibitory activity against the three major pathogens of the button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, i.e. the fungi Verticillium fungicola and Trichoderma harzianum and the bacterium Pseudomonas tolaasii. The highest and broadest activity was shown by the Origanum vulgare oil. Carvacrol possessed the highest antifungal activity among the components tested.     

大蓟总黄酮对尖孢镰刀菌甜瓜专化型生长、生理的影响及其田间防治效果

为探究大蓟总黄酮对尖孢镰刀菌甜瓜专化型Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis的抑制效果,采用微波超声法提取大蓟种子中的总黄酮,并测定其对其尖孢镰刀菌甜瓜专化型生长、生理指标的影响及其田间防治效果。结果显示,大蓟总黄酮浓度为10 mg/mL时,对尖孢镰刀菌甜瓜专化型的菌丝生长抑制率和孢子萌发抑制率达到100.0%,菌丝畸变、断裂;尖孢镰刀菌甜瓜专化型OD650 nm和pH最小,分别为0.3和5.5;其电导率是对照组1.2倍。不同浓度大蓟总黄酮处理下尖孢镰刀菌甜瓜专化型呼吸强度、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,羧甲基纤维素酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性降低,浓度为10 mg/mL大蓟总黄酮处理尖孢镰刀菌甜瓜专化型60 h后,呼吸强度、SOD和CAT活性均降至最低,分别为7.8 mgCO2·cm-2·h-1、22.9 U/mL和20.8 U/mL。田间防治结果表明,浓度为10 mg/mL大蓟总黄酮处理下,甜瓜枯萎株数最少,防治效果最佳,为93.5%。表明大蓟总黄酮能够有效地抑制尖孢镰刀菌甜瓜专化型生长,具有进一步发展为绿色新型植物源尖孢镰刀菌甜瓜专化型防治剂的能力。     

First insights into insecticidal activity against Aedes aegypti and partial biochemical characterization of a novel low molecular mass chymotrypsin‐trypsin inhibitor purified from Lonchocarpus sericeus seeds

BACKGROUND

Arboviroses such as dengue, Zika and chikungunya represent a serious public health issue as a consequence of the absence of approved vaccines or specific antiviral drugs against the arboviruses that cause them. One way to prevent these diseases is by combating the vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera), which has serine proteases in the midgut. Protease inhibitors are molecules that can block enzyme activity, impairing digestion and nutrition, which can lead to death. Thus, we purified and characterized a novel chymotrypsin‐trypsin inhibitor (LsCTI) from Lonchocarpus sericeus seeds and investigated its effect upon Ae. aegypti egg hatching, larval development and digestive proteases.

RESULTS

LsCTI showed a single protein band in sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), and the molecular mass determined by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) was 8870.45 Da. Kinetics analyses revealed a noncompetitive type of inhibition and low inhibition constant (K_i) for chymotrypsin (8.24 x 10^‐8 m ). The thermal resistance was remarkable, even at 100 °C for 180 min. The inhibitor concentration required for 50‐percent enzyme inhibition (IC₅₀) of LsCTI was 4.7 x 10^‐7 m for Ae. aegypti midgut larval enzymes. LsCTI did not affect egg hatchability at 0.3 mg mL^‐1, but caused a high larval mortality rate (77%) and delayed development (37%).

CONCLUSIONS

LsCTI is a novel protease inhibitor with remarkable biochemical characteristics and is a potential tool to control Ae. aegypti development. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry