蓝猪耳花器官的发生与发育

玄参科植物蓝猪耳（Torenia fournieri）的萼片、花冠、雄蕊和雌蕊原基都具两侧对称性,且为合萼、合瓣花,雄蕊着生在花冠上,子房两心皮两室。花器官分化顺序为萼片、雄蕊原基、花瓣原基、雌蕊原基。5枚萼片原基发生顺序不一致,其式样为近轴面1原基－远轴面2原基－2侧生原基,萼片原基的发育是同步的;雄蕊原基先于花瓣原基发生,但其发育比花瓣原基缓慢,4枚雄蕊原基几乎同时发生;5枚花瓣原基同时发生,且远轴面的两枚花瓣原基后来有愈合迹象。与同科Agalinis densiflora花发育比较,两种植物花器官原基发生的时间和先后顺序有较大的差异。与同科地黄属（Rehmannia）、苦苣台科（Gesneriaceae）异叶苣苔属（Whytockia）、尖舌苣苔属（Rhynchoglossum）和台闽苣苔属（Titanotrichum）的花器官发生和发育比较,发现玄参科和苦苣苔科的花器官发生和发育关系比较复杂,5属并不能笼统划分为两种不同的式样,认为以子房室数和胎座类型划分玄参科和苦苣苔科的可靠性仍需进一步探讨。     

单叶蔷薇的花芽形态分化

 单叶蔷薇花芽分化从3月下旬开始至4月下旬完成, 历时30 d, 其过程可分为形态分化前、苞叶原基分化期、萼片原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期、雌蕊原基分化期。其中花瓣原基的分化只进行1次, 这是形成单轮花瓣的原因。各花器官原基起源于花分生组织的边缘区细胞。生殖生长锥直径和细胞数的增加在生长锥膨大期和心皮分化期较高。     

菜心生长发育及产品器官形成的研究——花芽形态建成

作者对我国特产蔬菜“菜心”(Brassica parachinensis Bailey)三个品种的花芽形态发育进行解剖学研究。菜心花芽的形态发育过程,可划分为八期:0级——花原基未分化期;1级——花原基将分化期;2级——花原基分化始期;3级——花原基增大、伸长期;4级——萼片形成期;5级——雌、雄蕊形成期;6级——花瓣形成期;7级——胚珠和花药形成期。当幼苗展出第2～3片真叶时,茎端生长锥开始分化花原基。展出第5～6片真叶时,第一花原基发育成一完整花蕾体。 菜心单花器官分化的顺序是萼片、雌蕊、雄蕊、最后是花瓣。 菜心早、中、迟三个品种花芽的形态发育过程相同,且都在第2～3真叶幼苗开始,但发育过程顺次延迟,可以从幼苗生长状态,了解其内部发育程度,早期找到相应趋势的指标,为控制菜心生长发育提供依据。     

金银忍冬花器官的发生与发育

 利用扫描电镜技术对金银忍冬〔Lonicera maack ii (Rupr. ) Maxim〕的花器官发生与发育过程进行了研究。研究发现, 3月中旬侧生营养茎端由1个突起转化为两个突起, 随后两个营养茎端同时转化为两个并生的生殖茎端, 即花原基。花器官为轮状结构, 向心发生。萼片、花冠和雄蕊的发生式样均为五基数类型, 它们各来源于花原基上分化出来的花萼原基, 花冠原基和雄蕊原基。心皮1枚, 发育为柱头、花柱和子房。金银忍冬花芽发生与发育的速度快, 花芽分化期需大量营养。花器官发生过程中, 两并生花的发生发育进程具同步性。     

早实核桃花器官发育的解剖学研究

 通过形态解剖方法,观察早实核桃品种‘香玲’第1次开花的雌花芽和雄花芽发育特点,结果发现：在山东泰安地区,早实核桃‘香玲’雌花芽的分化从5月上旬—中旬进入形态分化临界期后,历经雌花花序分化期、花柄原基和雌花原基分化期、花被原基分化期、苞片原基分化期、花萼原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期、雌蕊原基分化期和胚珠分化期;个别雌花原基还能分化出花瓣原基和雄蕊原基,雌花花瓣原基和雄蕊原基在随后的发育过程中退化。在晚实核桃品种‘青林’雌花发育过程中没有发现花瓣原基和雄蕊原基的分化。‘香玲’核桃雄花芽的分化从4月上—中旬次第进入雄花序分化期、雄花原基分化期、花萼原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期、花药分化期、花粉囊和花粉粒形成期。     

铁线莲‘蓝焰’的花芽分化研究

以铁线莲‘蓝焰’为材料,采用石蜡,切片方法对铁线莲最初花芽分化过程进行形态学观察。结果表明:分化阶段可划分为5个时期,即未分化期、分化初期、萼片原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期和雌蕊原基分化期;花芽分化进程较快,整个发育期约10 d。     

大白菜花芽形态分化的研究

 通过对3个不同熟性大白菜的观察,将其花芽形态分化过程分为营养生长期、生长锥伸展期和花原基分化期3个时期,并将花原基分化期细分为萼片分化期、雄蕊和雌蕊分化期和花瓣分化期。所观察材料的侧枝分化顺序都是由顶部向基部依次进行。熟性不同的材料问花芽发育速度为极早熟>早熟>晚熟。     

重瓣和重台莲品种花芽分化过程的解剖结构比较

 以莲重瓣花品种‘友谊牡丹莲’和重台品种‘红台莲’为试材, 采用石蜡制片及显微观察方法比较了两类品种的花芽分化过程中的结构特征。结果发现, 重瓣品种‘友谊牡丹莲’花芽分化可分为:分化起始期、萼片分化期、花瓣分化期、雄蕊分化期和雌蕊与花托向上发育期; 而重台品种‘红台莲’的花芽分化过程包括了分化起始期、萼片分化期、花瓣分化期和花托向上发育期。与重瓣品种相比, 重台品种由于雌雄蕊完全瓣化, 因此缺少性细胞分化阶段。     

紫花地丁开放花与闭锁花的发育及可溶性糖与淀粉含量的研究

紫花地丁(Viola philippica)为典型的两型花自花受精植物,具有开放花和闭锁花混合繁育系统。通过对开放花和闭锁花花芽形态发育的比较发现:开放花与闭锁花在花芽发育早期形态相似,4轮花器官原基均正常发生。出现明显差异的时期为4轮花器官原基形成以后,小孢子发育时期为产孢细胞阶段,开放花的5个花瓣与5枚雄蕊继续发育,每个雄蕊有4个花药室;而闭锁花只有2枚雄蕊继续发育,每个雄蕊有2个花药室,其余雄蕊与所有的花瓣依然为器官原基状态,不再发育。通过对花芽与叶片可溶性糖与淀粉含量的检测发现,花器官原基形成之后,开放花与闭锁花形态出现明显差异阶段开始,随着花芽的发育,可溶性糖与淀粉含量均呈上升趋势,且开放花花芽中的含量均明显高于对应发育阶段闭锁花花芽;而开放花植株的叶片可溶性糖与淀粉含量均低于闭锁花植株叶片,说明开放花所需要的能量高于闭锁花,推测可溶性糖与淀粉含量的差异与两型花发育有一定的关系。     

黄晶果花芽形态分化研究

【目的】通过探究黄晶果花芽分化进程,了解花芽分化的特性,为花期调控技术提供理论依据,进而完善产期调控技术。【方法】以漳州市农业科学研究所资源圃中种植的黄晶果为材料,采用田间观察和石蜡切片相结合的方法,对其花芽分化过程的组织形态结构进行观察和对比分析。【结果】黄晶果于4月1—6日花芽开始进入形态分化初期,芽体生长点分生组织分裂加快,顶端呈圆锥形;4月6—11日为萼片分化期,由于花芽内、外层细胞分裂速率不同从而使周围形成突起,形成花萼原基;4月11—16日为花瓣分化期,在花萼原基的内侧,花原基边缘部位出现新的突起形成花瓣原基;4月16—21日为雌雄蕊分化期,内部花瓣原基继续生长发育,萼片和花瓣逐渐伸长,生长点持续变宽,在花瓣原基内侧分化出数个小的凸起,从而形成雄蕊原基,同时花芽体内部中间位置分化出1个新的凸起,即雌蕊原基形成;4月21—26日为子房膨大期,雌蕊原基下部逐渐膨大形成子房,子房内部出现胚珠原基,同时加速生长,顶部形成明显的突出;4月26日—5月1日为雌雄蕊成熟期,子房持续膨大呈葫芦形,子房内1～2个胚珠,花药已全部形成,花芽形态分化完成,黄晶果花各个器官逐渐发育成熟。【结论】黄...     

Initiation and development of pistillate flowers in Actinidia chinensis

Initiation and development of pistillate flowers in Actinidia chinensis Planch, cultivar ‘Hayward’ (kiwifruit, Chinese gooseberry) was followed using light and scanning electron microscopy. Results indicate that dormant buds contain undifferentiated primordia in the leaf axils. These primordia remain undifferentiated until shortly before bud break, approximately two months before full bloom, when the primordia become trilobed as bracts and lateral flower primordia are initiated. The lateral flowers often abort in this cultivar. Acropetal development of the terminal flower proceeds rapidly. Five to seven sepals are initiated, followed by a whorl of five to seven petals. Stamen initiation is centripetal and the anthers develop to produce inviable pollen. The central portion of the floral apex is converted into a large compound pistil with numerous hollow styles, each terminated by an open stigma.     

不完全甜柿‘禅寺丸’花性别分化形态学关键时期的研究

以雌雄同株的‘禅寺丸’柿为材料,利用扫描电镜和石蜡切片法观察雌花和雄花芽发育进程,探究柿花性别分化的形态学关键时期。结果表明,‘禅寺丸’雌、雄花芽发育进程基本同步,均从6月持续到次年5月,可划分为11个阶段;花性别分化有两个形态学关键时期:一是6月中旬(阶段2)萼片原基发生期,此时雌花单生、雄花3朵合生的特点开始显现;二是次年4月中旬(阶段8)大小孢子发生期,此时雌花的雄蕊原基分化出花丝后停止发育,雄花的雌蕊原基在花柱和柱头结构产生后开始败育,从而产生单性花。     

郑州地区甜樱桃花芽形态分化的观察

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对甜樱桃品种早红宝石、红灯和拉宾斯的花芽形态分化进行观察。结果表明,(1)花芽形态分化起始期与果实成熟期没有直接相关性。早红宝石、红灯和拉宾斯的花芽形态分化期分别为5月1日—8月20日、5月1日之前—8月10日和5月1日—9月10日。(2)早红宝石和红灯花芽形态分化进程基本一致,比拉宾斯的早10～20d。(3)花芽形态分化速率受温度调节,适宜早红宝石和红灯花芽形态快速分化的温度可能低于适宜拉宾斯花芽形态快速分化的温度。     

树莓花芽分化的观察

1991～1992年,对树莓花芽分化时期的形态特征及发育进程进行了定期观察。结果表明,树莓花芽分化始期为8月末,9月中下旬进入高峰期,约60～70d。形态特征是雏梢生长点向上隆起成半球状。10月上旬至翌年4月中旬,随初生髓部的伸展,半球状生长点(顶花序原基)向前推进,随后形成腋花序原基,即为花序原基分化期。随同冬芽萌发展叶,依次进入花蕾、萼片、花瓣、雄、雌蕊原基的芽外分化阶段,各期约7～15d。至5月中旬出现花药和胚珠原始体。此期距结果新梢的花序显露还有2～3d。基生枝下部花芽分化始期比中上部迟一个月,分化数量也有较大下降。     

铁线莲属4种植物的花芽分化研究

利用石蜡切片法对大叶铁线莲(Clematisheracleifolia)、东北铁线莲(C.ternifloravar.mandshurica)、棉团铁线莲(C. hexapetala)和褐毛铁线莲(C. fusca)的花芽分化过程进行了观察。结果表明,4种植物的花芽分化过程可分为5个时期,未见明显花萼或花瓣分化或退化现象,各轮花器官为向心式发生,向心式发育。大叶铁线莲、东北铁线莲和棉团铁线莲还存在花序形成期。至各花器官形态分化完全,东北铁线莲及褐毛铁线莲花芽分化过程为10～12 d,棉团铁线莲为12～14 d,大叶铁线莲为15～17 d。     

黄金树花器官发生及发育的形态解剖学研究

 利用普通光学显微镜和扫描电镜技术对黄金树花器官的发生及发育过程进行了观察。结果显示：（1）黄金树花器官的形态发生及发育过程集中于3月下旬～5月上旬进行,速度较快,历时较短。（2）花原基分化形成花的整个过程符合一般的分化顺序：花萼原基－花冠原基－雄蕊原基－雌蕊原基,且各原基在分化顺序上存在交叉。（3）花药及胚珠的发育与花器官的形态发生之间有明显的连续性,当花蕾直径为3.0 mm左右时花粉母细胞及完整的花粉囊壁形成,直径达到3.5 mm左右时胚珠中出现孢原细胞的分化,它直接起大孢子母细胞的功能。     

Effect of photoperiod and light integral on flowering and growth of Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn.

The aim of the study was to examine the effects of different photoperiod and light integral on floral initiation, development and subsequent growth of Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn. Six-weeks-old seedlings of ‘Echo Blue’ and ‘Fuji Deep Blue’ were placed under short day (SD, 10 h) and were transferred to long days (LD, 20 h) at 2-week intervals from 6 to 14 weeks after seeding. Plants initiated flower buds regardless of light regimes. Flower bud initiation was delayed by SD compared to LD; plants transferred after 6 weeks from seeding initiated flower buds at least 21 and 10 days earlier at LD at high (HL) and low (LL) daily light integral, respectively, compared to those at SD. Light regimes had little or no effect on time to flower bud development after initiation. Thus, it seems likely that LD and HL affected the initiation rather than development. Both the photoperiod and light integral strongly influenced the subsequent growth after initiation. SD delayed the time to visible bud (VB), increased the number of nodes to first open flower, number of branches, stem diameter and shoot dry weight compared to LD. HL promoted flowering and increased several shoot characteristics and flowering compared to LL.The results indicate that Eustoma is a quantitative long-day plant. LD, and more specifically HL, enhanced flower bud initiation, development and subsequent growth. An initial SD period is preferred to increase the number of branches, number of flowering buds and flowers, stem diameter and shoot dry weight.     

Malformation of roses due to drought stress

Rose plants were subjected to the same degree of drought stress but at different stages of development. Irrigation was suspended for a certain period according to the soil moisture deficit and the leaf stomatal resistance.Rose flower development was most sensitive to drought stress prior to petal and stamen initiation. At those stages, drought stress affected the quality of the flowers (reduction in the number of well-formed petals and in length of the flower bud). Application of drought stress during stamen initiation (or during petal initiation in winter) caused abortions and malformations of the flower bud once the stem had elongated to approximately 15 cm. Such malformed buds had no carpels, and stamens were tightly packed on the center of the receptacle.     

百脉根LjCYC1基因致非洲紫罗兰花形改变

利用农杆菌介导法将百脉根花对称性基因LjCYC1转入非洲紫罗兰,进一步探讨其作用和功能。非洲紫罗兰LjCYC1转化植株的表型发生以下变化：（1）花的对称性明显改变,由辐射对称变为两侧对称,出现频率为14.3%;（2）花瓣向花冠基部裂开,且花瓣数减少,出现频率为57.1%;（3）部分或全部雄蕊花瓣化,出现频率为17.1%;（4）雌蕊花瓣化或退化,出现频率为11.4%。     

Effects of pre-blossom temperatures on flower development and fruit set in apricot

The influence of pre-blossom temperatures on flower development and fruit set is ascertained in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), a species without previous records on the effect of pre-blossom temperature on fruit set, but that is particularly prone to erratic fruit set. A polyethylene cage was used during pre-blossom development of flower buds to increase maximum temperatures by 6–7 °C and mean temperatures by 3 °C in orchard conditions. This increase in temperature accelerated flower bud development, caused a hastening in flowering time and following hand-pollination, reduced fruit set. At anthesis, flowers that had developed in warmer conditions weighed less and showed less development of the pistil than control flowers. Pistil growth of flowers under warm conditions did not differ from that of the control flowers when both the populations were compared on a real time scale in spite of the fact that warmed buds were at an advanced external phenological stage. Thus, hastening of external floral development by warm pre-blossom temperatures was not accompanied by advance in pistil development. This lack of synchrony resulted in premature flowering of flowers with underdeveloped pistils that had a reduced capability to set fruit. The results are discussed in terms of flower quality and its implications in fruit set and subsequent crop load.