影响曲靖肉牛冻精冷配受胎率的因素

本研究围绕解冻后精液保存温度、母牛发情规律、输精部位和情期输精次数等影响牛冻精冷配受胎率的因素进行分析。结果表明，冻精解冻后，在低温（4℃）下保存6h、在常温（10-15℃）下保存4h和在高温（28℃）下保存2h输精对受胎率没有显著影响；曲靖母牛发情表现明显，在发情母牛卵泡发育至成熟期时冷配受胎率最高（84．40％）;母牛发情配种所占比重依次为秋季〉夏季〉春季〉冬季;母牛2-4胎时冷配受胎率最高，达72．03％，5胎以上的冷配受胎率则有所下降；母牛冷配最佳输精部位是卵泡发育好的一侧子宫角和子宫体内，同时输精可得到较高冷配受胎率（80．38％）。在同一个情期，输精1次与2次对受胎率的影响差异不显著。     

配后净宫技术提高子宫内膜炎奶牛受胎率的试验

对患子宫内膜炎的试验占在发情时延适时输精,输精后１２子宫灌注５ｇ／Ｌ盐酸环丙沙星溶液,情期受胎率为６１．２％（１０４／１７０）。试验对照组奶牛应用同样药物治疗,痊愈后下一个发情期,健康对照组奶牛不作处理,平均情期受胎率分别为４７．２％和４６．４４％。     

应用促排卵3号,亚硒酸钠治疗母牛久配不孕效果观察

选择临床和产科检查正常的久配不孕母牛为试验牛，发Ａ，Ｂ两组，Ａ组于输精前０－２ｈ每头肌肉注射促排卵３号２００μｇ；Ｂ组于输精前０－２ｈ每头肌肉注射促排３号２００μｇ基础上，于输精前或后再肌肉注射０．２５％亚硒酸钠溶液１５～２０ｍｌ选择与试验牛同期上站配种的正常母牛对为对照组Ｃ，输精时不做任何处理，３组牛受胎结果表明，Ａ，Ｂ组可获得与Ｃ组相同的情期受胎率和总受胎率（Ｐ〉０．０５）。     

母牛夜间配种受胎效果观察

母牛夜间配种受胎效果观察王晶莹，李晓东（黑龙江省家畜繁育指导站·哈尔滨·１５００６０）耿树明（明水县兽医院）１前言根据多年来生产实际观察，上午发情母牛以夜间１次输精法比以２次重复输精的情期受胎率高．在富裕县二道弯乡安居奶牛场以夜间１次输精法试配发情母...     

人绒毛膜促性腺激素提高奶牛受胎率试验

应用人绒毛膜促性腺激素（ＨＣＧ）对临床健康的２０６头黑白花奶牛进行试验。试验牛在发情输精时肌注ＨＣ１０００ＩＵ（试验组，ｎ＝１２９），对照牛只输精不作其他处理（对照组，ｎ＝７７）。配种后３个月不返情时进行直肠检查，确定受胎情况。试验结果表明，组和对照组奶牛的情期一次输精受胎率分别是６８．２１％和４８．０５％，情期受胎率分别是６５．３１％和３９．６１％；总受胎率分别９４．６０％和８３．２２％。经ｔ检     

提高黄牛,杂种牛受胎率的研究

对２７１头黄牛、杂种牛进行提高受胎率的试验。结果表明：用ＬＲＨ－Ａ处理的母牛情期受胎率和总受胎率分别为５６．６％和６５．９３％，明显高于对照组（２４．４２％和４９．２１％）（Ｐ＜０．０５）；用ｈＣＧ处理的母牛情期受胎率和总受胎率分别为５３．３３％和７２．７２％，明显高于对照组（３３．６９％和５２．５４％）（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

偏角输精提高母牛受胎率的效果观察

偏角输精提高母牛受胎率的效果观察张文（巴彦县家畜繁育指导站）孙智荣（五常县加信镇繁育站）李海李金堂（巴彦县草原管理站）影响母牛受胎率的因素很多，除发情鉴定，输精时机及精液质量外，输精部位对其也有一定影响。多年来一般都是采取子宫颈深部输精法，情期受胎率...     

奶牛冷配最佳时间的研究

选择健康无病有正常繁殖机能的２～１１岁黑白花奶牛５１６头，随机分成４组，每组１２９头。对照组１个情期２次输精，试验组１个情期１次输精，试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别在发情结束至发情结束后３个时、发情结束后３．０１小时至６小时、发情结束后６．０１小时至９小时输精。结果表明，各试验组的情期受胎率均高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１），其中试验Ⅰ组极显著，情期受胎率为７３．４１％。主此，我们认为奶牛从发情结束至发情结束后３     

浅谈提高奶牛授精受胎率的技术

过去由于我场采取观察母牛外部发情表现进行两次输精法,使其情期受胎率始终徘徊在30—40％左右。近年来通过观察摸索体会到,要想提高母牛受胎率,最主要的是把握住输精适期这一关,即在母牛排卵前7～12小时输精则受胎率最高。我们经过探索母牛的输精部位,采用触摸卵泡发育程度适时输精以及采用夜间凌晨1时左右一次性输精等方法,使母牛情期受胎率达到65.7％,总受胎率达到94.6％。     

绵羊腹腔内窥镜子宫角深部冷冻精液输精试验

采用人用黄体酮，ＰＭＳＧ对绵羊进行同期发情处理，４６只绵羊４８ｈ同期发情率为９５．６５％，用冷冻精液经解冻后，活力仅０．２，借助腹腔内窥镜子宫角深部输精，情期受胎率达到７２．７３％，与澳大利亚Ｓａｌａｍａｎ教授腹腔内窥镜子宫角冷冻精液输精情期受胎率７４．０４％，仅差１．３１个百分点（Ｐ＞０．０５），且其解冻后活力为０．５；与常规冷冻精液输精的情期受胎率５５．４５％相比高出１７．２８个百分点（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

同期排卵处理母牛体温和活动量变化规律及效果分析

为探究同期排卵处理母牛体温和活动量变化规律及不同同期排卵技术处理效果，指导同期排卵技术优化。本研究自动监测了18头20月龄左右同期排卵（GnRH-PG-GnRH）处理荷斯坦母牛和17头产后40~60 d预同期排卵（PG-PG-GnRH-PG-GnRH）处理荷斯坦母牛的体温和活动量，应用自动检测系统进行母牛发情监测。结果发现，同期排卵处理母牛发情时阴道温度平均升高（0.43±0.20）℃，持续（12.37±2.73）h；活动量平均升高（18.28±18.61）倍，持续（11.00±1.68）h；排卵时阴道温度平均下降（0.20±0.10）℃，持续（11.00±1.68）h。自动化发情监测显示，同期排卵处理母牛7头发情并排卵；预同期排卵母牛GnRH处理前全部发情排卵。两种同期排卵处理，虽可改变母牛性周期进程，促进母牛性周期同步化，但均难以使母牛性周期完全同步。因此，将同期排卵-定时输精和发情鉴定技术科学结合才能取得更好的繁殖效果。     

排卵延迟奶牛发情后不同阶段B超黄体相关指标变化规律分析

为研究排卵延迟奶牛发情配种后黄体的变化规律及其差异性,本研究在临床症状观察、直肠检查和B超辅助检查诊断的基础上,选取8头排卵延迟奶牛(排卵延迟组)、5头健康正常发情奶牛(对照组),应用B超对黄体的相关指标(直径、面积、周长和体积)进行了测量及分析,对获得的不同阶段典型黄体声像图进行了描述。结果显示,与对照组相比,排卵延迟组与对照组奶牛黄体的直径、面积、周长和体积在发情配种后7~15 d差异均不显著(P>0.05)。在发情配种后第9和13天排卵延迟组奶牛黄体相关指标(直径、体积、面积和周长)大于对照组奶牛,而在第11天小于对照组奶牛。结果表明,排卵延迟奶牛发情后不同阶段B超黄体直径、面积、周长和体积与正常发情排卵后的相应指标没有显著差别。     

Analysis of B-ultrasound Luteal Variation Related Indicators of Delayed Ovulation Dairy Cows after Estrus at Different Stages

The study was aimed to observe the variation and differences of corpus luteum of delayed ovulation cows after estrus.Based on the observation of clinical symptoms, rectal examination and diagnosis of B-ultrasound scanning, 8 delayed ovulation dairy cows with the variation (delayed ovulation group) and 5 healthy and normal dairy cows with estrus (control group) were selected, and the related indicators of the corpus luteum (diameter, area, perimeter and volume) were measured by B-ultrasound scanning.These luteal indicators were compared and analyzed further, and the luteal typical sonography obtained of the different stages were described.The results showed that the diameter, area, perimeter and volume during 7 to 15 d after estrus of the corpus luteum had no significant differences between delayed ovulation group and control group (P>0.05).However, on the 9th and 13th day after estrus, the luteal relevant indicators of delayed ovulation group cows (diameter, volume, area and perimeter) were greater than that of control group cows and less than normal dairy cows on the 11th day.There were no significant differences in diameter, area, circumference and volume of corpus luteum at the different stages after estrus between the delayed ovulation dairy cows and the normal ones.     

Relationship between the first ovulation within three weeks postpartum and subsequent ovarian cycles and fertility in high producing dairy cows

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the first ovulation within 3 weeks postpartum and subsequent ovarian cycles and fertility in high producing dairy cattle in Hokkaido, Japan. In Experiment 1, 110 cows (44 primiparous and 66 multiparous) were used to determine the effects of the first ovulation within 3 weeks postpartum on subsequent ovarian cycles. Milk samples were collected twice weekly from 7 to 100 days postpartum. The first ovulation was identified by an increase in milk progesterone (P4) to more than 1 ng/ml within 3 weeks postpartum. The numbers of cows showing ovulation and anovulation within 3 weeks postpartum were 31 (70.5%) and 13 (29.5%) in the primiparous cows and 35 (53.0%) and 31 (47.0%) in the multiparous cows, respectively. The patterns of ovarian resumption after calving were classified into two types (normal ovarian cycles and abnormal ovarian cycles) on the basis of milk P4 concentrations. Initiation of normal ovarian function in cows ovulated within 3 weeks postpartum occurred earlier than in anovulated cows regardless of the number of calvings (primiparous, 27.8 days vs. 44.4 days; multiparous, 30.6 days vs. 55.7 days; P<0.01). Out of the multiparous cows that ovulated within 3 weeks postpartum, initiation of normal ovarian function followed by a normal luteal phase was earlier than when it was followed by an abnormal luteal phase (25.5 days vs. 40.4 days; P<0.05). Milk P4 concentrations after the first ovulation were lower than those after the second ovulation in both the primiparous and multiparous cows (P<0.05). In Experiment 2, 22 multiparous cows were used to determine the effects of the first ovulation within 3 weeks postpartum on subsequent fertility. Blood samples were collected once a week from 0 to 3 weeks postpartum. The interval from parturition to first service in ovulated cows was shorter than in anovulated cows (68.4 days vs. 94.8 days; P<0.05). The conception rate by 100 days after calving tended to be higher in ovulated cows than in anovulated cows (50.0% vs. 16.7%, P=0.09). In conclusion, our data strongly suggests that ovulation within 3 weeks postpartum is a crucial phenomenon for subsequent resumption of ovarian function and conception, and thus it can be used as an index of subsequent reproductive performance.     

Fate of cystic ovarian follicles and the subsequent fertility of early postpartum dairy cows

The fate of cystic ovarian follicles that developed spontaneously during the early postpartum period of 50 lactating dairy cows was traced by ultrasonography to characterise the follicular dynamics in relation to the fertility of the cows. The absence of postpartum ovulations caused by repeated waves of anovulatory large follicles was also characterised and evaluated. Fifteen of the 50 cows developed cystic follicles, and these follicles became follicular cysts in five of the 15 cows. Most of the cystic follicles emerged before the first postpartum ovulation of the cows. The transition from cystic follicles to follicular cysts delayed the cows' first ovulation, oestrus and insemination, but had less influence on their fertility after they had recovered spontaneously. In addition to the 15 cows that developed cystic follicles or follicular cysts, six of the cows had five to 13 waves of follicles before their first ovulation. These repeated waves of follicles caused a more severe delay in the early postpartum reproductive events but did not affect the cows' fertility.     

Energy balance, first ovulation and the effects of naloxone on LH secretion in early postpartum dairy cows

Relationship among energy balance (EB), first ovulation, circulating metabolites and opioid involvement in peripheral LH concentrations were assessed in 40 multiparous Holstein cows assigned randomly to an experiment with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Cows were either milked normally (2x/d) and expected to be in negative EB (LAC) or were milked for only 1 d postpartum (PP) to ensure a rapid return to positive EB (NONLAC). Blood samples were collected from NONLAC cows every 12 min for 16 h on d 7, 10, and 14 PP and from LAC cows on d 7, 14, 21 and 28 PP. Within each group, half the cows received naloxone (50 mg/h) and half received saline during h 9 to 16 of each frequent sampling series. The mean number of LH pulses/8 h for NONLAC cows was 4.3, 4.7 and 5.3 at 7, 10 and 14 d PP and for LAC cows 4.3, 5.7, 6.4 and 7.0 at 7, 14, 21 and 28 d PP, respectively. The LH pulse frequency was not different between NONLAC and LAC cows at 7 and 14 d PP, yet NONLAC cows had fewer days to first ovulation (P less than .01). Naloxone did not affect any parameters of LH secretion in either group. Following parturition, NONLAC cows averaged 4.0 d to negative EB nadir and 14.3 d to first ovulation. The LAC cows averaged 13.6 d to negative EB nadir and 27.0 d to first ovulation. Days PP to first ovulation were highly correlated (r = .85) with days PP to negative EB nadir.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of addition of a progesterone intravaginal insert to a timed insemination protocol using estradiol cypionate on ovulation rate, pregnancy rate, and late embryonic loss in lactating dairy cows

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of incorporating a progesterone intravaginal insert (CIDR) between the day of GnRH and PGF2alpha treatments of a timed AI protocol using estradiol cypionate (ECP) to synchronize ovulation on display of estrus, ovulation rate, pregnancy rate, and late embryonic loss in lactating cows. Holstein cows, 227 from Site 1 and 458 from Site 2, were presynchronized with two injections of PGF2alpha on study d 0 and 14, and subjected to a timed AI protocol (100 mixrog of GnRH on study d 28, 25 mg of PGF2alpha on study d 35, 1 mg of ECP on study d 36, and timed AI on study d 38) with or without a CIDR insert. Blood was collected on study d 14 and 28 for progesterone measurements to determine cyclicity. Ovaries were scanned on d 35, 37, and 42, and pregnancy diagnosed on d 65 and 79, which corresponded to 27 and 41 d after AI. Cows receiving a CIDR had similar rates of detected estrus (77.2 vs. 73.8%), ovulation (85.6 vs. 86.6%), and pregnancy at 27 (35.8 vs. 38.8%) and 41 d (29.3 vs. 32.3%) after AI, and late embryonic loss between 27 and 41 d after AI (18.3 vs. 16.8%) compared with control cows. The CIDR eliminated cows in estrus before the last PGF2alpha injection and decreased (P < 0.001) the proportion of cows bearing a corpus luteum (CL) at the last PGF2alpha injection because of less ovulation in response to the GnRH and greater spontaneous CL regression. Cyclic cows had greater (P = 0.03) pregnancy rates than anovulatory cows at 41 d after AI (33.8 vs. 20.4%) because of decreased (P = 0.06) late embryonic loss (16.0 vs. 30.3%). The ovulatory follicle was larger (P < 0.001) in cows in estrus, and a greater proportion of cows with follicles > or = 15 mm displayed estrus (P < 0.001) and ovulated (P = 0.05) compared with cows with follicles <15 mm. Pregnancy rates were greater (P < 0.001) for cows displaying estrus, which were related to the greater (P < 0.001) ovulation rate and decreased (P = 0.08) late embryonic loss for cows in estrus at AI. Cows that were cyclic and responded to the presynchronization protocol (high progesterone at GnRH and CL at PGF2alpha) had the highest pregnancy rates. Incorporation of a CIDR insert into a presynchronized timed AI protocol using ECP to induce estrus and ovulation did not improve pregnancy rates in lactating dairy cows. Improvements in pregnancy rates in cows treated with ECP to induce ovulation in a timed AI protocol are expected when more cows display estrus, thereby increasing ovulation rate.     

Possible causes and treatment strategies for the estrus and ovulation disorders in dairy cows

The reproductive performance of dairy cows has declined, along with an increase in their milk yield. First-service conception rates in lactating dairy cows are often lower than 50%. The precise detection of estrus is an important factor in the reproductive management of dairy cows for successful fertilization and pregnancy. However, estrus expression has been decreasing in modern dairy cows, affecting the detection rate of estrus. In addition to estrus, a high incidence of ovulation disorders affects the fertility of dairy cows. To address these problems, it is necessary to understand the changes in the endocrine functions that underlie estrus and ovulation disorders, and to develop effective treatment strategies. Recent studies have revealed that neurokinin B and neurokinin 3 receptor signaling play important roles in the regulation of the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing and luteinizing hormones, suggesting a potential clinical avenue for the stimulation of gonadal function. In this review, I have discussed the problems in estrus and ovulation disorders in modern dairy cows as well as the possible applications of neurokinin 3 receptor agonists in the treatment of these disorders.     

Nutritional factors that regulate ovulation of the dominant follicle during the first follicular wave postpartum in high-producing dairy cows

During recent decades, milk production per cow has increased drastically due to improved management, nutrition, and genetic selection; however, the reproductive performance of high-producing dairy cows has been declining. One of the factors responsible for this low reproductive performance is negative energy balance (NEB). NEB affects the onset of first ovulation in early postpartum cows. It is generally accepted that early first ovulation positively relates to the resumption of normal ovarian function, first service, and conception rate in dairy cows. Hence, delayed first ovulation has a negative impact on subsequent fertility. The metabolic condition of cows in NEB shifts to catabolic metabolism, which in turn causes increased plasma growth hormone and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations and decreased plasma insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin, and glucose concentrations. On the other hand, plasma β-carotene concentrations decrease throughout the dry period and reach their nadir in about the first week postpartum, and this change reflects energy balance during the peripartum period. β-Carotene plays a role independently of vitamin A in the reproductive performance of dairy cows, and the positive relationship between supplemental β-carotene and reproductive function has been demonstrated in many studies during the past decades. However, β-carotene content in corn silage, which is a popular main feed in high-producing dairy cows, is very low. This review describes nutritional factors related to ovulation during the first follicular wave postpartum in dairy cows.     

Incidence of silent ovulation in dairy cows during post partum period

The present study was undertaken to show the incidence of silent ovulation in high producing dairy cows, by monitoring ovarian cyclicity based on practical milk progesterone assay which was established in this study. The direct milk progesterone enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed using anti-progesterone-3(E)-carboxymethyloxime-BSA antibody for the antibody and horse radish peroxidase labeled progesterone for tracer. High sensitivity (26 pg/mL, 0.65 pg/well), high recovery rates (83-97%), high reproducibility (CV of intra-assay 4.8-11.5%; CV of inter-assay 14.3-19.1%) and high correlation between milk progesterone concentrations measured by the direct ELISA and the values obtained by the ELISA after extraction proved the reliability of the assay. In second experiment the incidence of silent ovulation was investigated based on the milk progesterone concentrations in 32 dairy cows within 70 days post partum. The incidences of silent ovulation at the first, second, third and fourth ovulation post partum were 83, 46, 13 and 0%, respectively. Most commonly observed patterns of sequential occurrence of silent ovulation in cows ovulating 2, 3 or 4 times within 70 days post partum were silent-estrus (50%), silent-silent-estrus (60%) and silent-silent-estrus-estrus (67%), respectively. These results suggest that the present ELISA is a reliable and practically applicable method for determination of progesterone in milk and that high producing dairy cows show a high incidence of silent ovulation at the first post partum ovulation as well as the second ovulation, which then decreased with the increased frequency of ovulation.