Effects of body weight, water temperature and ration size on ammonia excretion by the areolated grouper (Epinephelus areolatus) and mangrove snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus)

The effects of body weight, water temperature and ration size on ammonia excretion rates of the areolated grouper Epinephelus areolatus and the mangrove snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus were investigated. Under given experimental conditions, L. argentimaculatus had a higher weight-specific ammonia excretion rate than E. areolatus. Weight-specific ammonia excretion rates of fasted individuals of both species showed an inverse relationship with body weight (W, g wet wt.), but a positive relationship with water temperature (t, °C). The relationships for total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) were: E. areolatus: TAN (mg N kg⁻¹ d⁻¹)=21.4·exp^0.11t·W^−0.43 (r²=0.919, n=60); L. argentimaculatus: TAN (mg N kg⁻¹ d⁻¹)=121.5·exp^0.12t·W^−0.55 (r²=0.931, n=60). Following feeding, the weight-specific ammonia excretion rate of E. areolatus increased, peaked at 2 to 12 h (depending on temperature), and returned to pre-feeding levels within 24 h. A similar pattern was observed for L. argentimaculatus, with a peak of TAN excretion being found 6 to 12 h after feeding. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that weight-specific TAN excretion rates of both species increased with increasing temperature and ration (R, percent body wt. d⁻¹): E. areolatus: TAN (mg N kg⁻¹ d⁻¹)=22.8·t−28.8·R−378.2 (r²=0.832, n=24); L. argentimaculatus: TAN (mg N kg⁻¹ d⁻¹)=22.9·t−25.4·R−216.4 (r²=0.611, n=24). The effect of body weight on weight-specific postprandial TAN excretion was not significant in either species (p>0.05). This study provides empirical data for estimating ammonia excretion of these two species under varying conditions. This has application for culture management.     

Waste excretion of marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata Bleeker) fed with different diets

Marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata Bleeker), with its high demand and price, has a great potential as a profitable commercial aquaculture candidate in Malaysia and Southeast Asia region. Efforts are being made to produce this species in a better controlled culture environment like recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) due to poor growth performance and disease problems shown by conventional cage and outdoor pond culture systems. Quantification of waste excreted by fish is critical to RAS design. This study was conducted to characterize the waste excretion rates of marble goby fed with different diets (live food and minced fish). Ammonia-N (TAN), urea-N, nitrite-N (NO₂-N), nitrate-N (NO₃-N), total-N (TN), organic-N (ON), feces-N, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) and total suspended solid (TSS) produced from marble goby were determined over a 72-h excretion period. Under given experimental conditions, the results showed that feed type had significant influence on the waste excretion rates, with marble goby fed live tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exhibiting significantly (P < 0.05) the lowest amount of waste excretion comparable to that of fish fed live common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and minced scads (Decapterus russellii). This indicates that feeding marble goby with tilapia poses less adverse effects on water quality and is thus a suitable diet for this species. The waste excreted by the fish is composed of nitrogenous excretion (TAN, Urea-N, ON, Feces-N), and productions of dissolved biodegradable organic substances (BOD₅) and TSS (TSS_feces + TSS_water). About 58-71% of the nitrogen consumed in food was excreted and its rate depended mainly on the feed type. TAN was the chief end-product of protein metabolism; about 74-84% of the daily total nitrogenous excretion was TAN. Urea-N accounted for 13-21% of the daily total nitrogenous excretion indicating that urea-N is an important nitrogenous excretory end-product in marble goby. The waste excretion data presented in this study can be served as a pre-requisite for designing a RAS for this species. The overall BOD₅ and TSS production found in this study also point to the need for including bio-filtration unit and suspended solids removal mechanism in the RAS design.     

钝缀锦蛤生态习性的初步研究

为探究钝缀锦蛤 (Tapes dorsatus) 在广西北部湾海域的适宜养殖密度和高效养殖模式,2021年5月—2023年1月在北海、防城港、钦州海区滩涂进行筐式中培、筐式养成和网笼吊养实验。结果显示：1) 钝缀锦蛤在北海、防城港、钦州海区的适宜中培密度分别为2 000、1 500、1 500 粒·筐⁻¹,随着中培密度的增加,其生长指标和成活率均呈下降趋势;北海海区各密度组的成活率均优于防城港和钦州海区且差异显著 (P<0.05),除d₅组 (3 000 粒·筐⁻¹) 的生长指标 (壳长、壳宽及体质量) 小于防城港和钦州海区外,其他组生长指标均大于防城港和钦州海区。2) 养成期钝缀锦蛤在北海、防城港、钦州海区适宜养殖密度分别为40、40、20 粒·筐⁻¹,各生长指标与成活率均为北海>防城港>钦州,且成活率随养成密度的增加呈下降趋势。防城港海区的网笼吊养密度为30 粒·笼⁻¹时的各生长指标均为最大,50 粒·笼⁻¹时的成活率最高;网笼吊养模式下,各个密度组的生长指标和成活率均无显著性差异 (P>0.05)。海区环境因子调查结果显示：北海海区的年平均水温、滩温、盐度、透明度、pH、溶解氧 (DO) 略高于防城港和钦州海区,水质较为稳定,钦州、防城港海区的水质环境变化较大且较不稳定;北海滩涂底质粒径以粗砂为主 (49.00%),防城港以中砂为主 (59.28%),钦州以细砂为主 (77.33%)。海区浮游植物调查显示,浮游植物藻属种类和数量以北海最多,防城港次之,钦州最少。研究表明,钝缀锦蛤适宜在北海、防城港、钦州3个海区进行筐式中培和养成,北海的养殖效果优于防城港和钦州,且1.5 龄贝适宜在防城港海区进行网笼吊养。

     

Effect of light on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion in Haliotis discus discus, H. gigantea, H. madaka and their hybrids

Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates of three abalone species, Haliotis discus discus, H. gigantea, H. madaka and their hybrids were measured at 20 °C by incubating for 3 h under dark and light (N = 9–13 for each species and hybrid). Animals were fasted before and during the experiment and measurements were made first under dark followed by light on the next day. The rates increased with the increase in body weight and were higher under light than dark. On average, H. discus discus had higher oxygen consumption (DD; dark = 0.039, light = 0.04 ml/g/h) than H. gigantea (G; D = 0.033, L = 0.036) and H. madaka (M; D = 0.034, L = 0.035); the hybrids had varied patterns with respect to their parental species [DD × M (D = 0.032, L = 0.038); M × DD (D = 0.03, L = 0.038); G × DD (D = 0.035, L = 0.04) and DD × G (D = 0.03, L = 0.034), mother first]. M (0.261, 0.298 μmol/g/h) had the highest ammonia excretion rate while G (0.162; 0.264) and DD (0.229; 0.232) had the lowest under dark and light, respectively. The hybrids had varied patterns in comparison with their parents (DD × M = 0.247, 0.32;M × DD= 0.177, 0.28; DD × G = 0.249, 0.364 and G × DD = 0.116, 0.155). The O/N ratios under both conditions in all species and hybrids indicated that they had carbohydrate dominated metabolism. Results demonstrated physiological variability among the species and hybrids indicating necessity of different strategies for their management and aquaculture.     

不同壳色菲律宾蛤仔品系F2的表型性状

于2007年9月,对选育的菲律宾蛤仔不同壳色品系(C:对照组;Tr:两道红品系;Tw:两道白品系;Ab:玛瑙黑品系;Or:海洋红品系;Pw:珍珠白品系;Z:斑马蛤品系;W:波纹蛤品系)F₁和F₂的表型性状进行了研究。结果表明,1龄F₁的壳长以Pw最大,与Tr差异不显著(P>0.05),明显大于对照组及其它品系,Z壳长最小且与其它品系差异显著((P<0.05),C的壳长明显小于Tw、Ab((P<0.05),但与Or、W差异不显著((P>0.05);F₁鲜重也以Pw最大,Z最小,且与其它品系差异显著(P<0.05),Tr、Tw、Ab和Or鲜重差异不显著((P>0.05),但明显大于C((P<0.05);F₁产卵量Pw、Tr明显高于其它品系,Z、C明显小于其它品系((P>0.05),Tw、Ab、Or和W彼此差异不显著((P>0.05);F₂的表型性状,C的孵化率低于其它品系((P<0.05),但与Tw无显著差异((P>0.05),各壳色品系间卵径、受精率和D形幼虫大小差异不显著((P>0.05)。浮游期结束时(9日龄),W与Z幼虫壳长明显大于其它品系((P<0.05),Tw、Ab、Or、Pw、Z彼此间差异不显著((P>0.05);幼虫存活率大小顺序为,Ab、Z>Or、W>Tw、Pw >Tr>C,彼此差异显著((P<0.05)。变态时间和变态规格各品系间无显著差异((P>0.05),变态率大小的顺序为Ab>Z>Tw>Or>Pw>W>Tr>C,彼此差异显著((P<0.05)。室内培育阶段结束时(240日龄),Ab壳长最大,但与Or、Tr差异不显著,Z壳长最小,但与C、W差异不显著((P>0.05),C与Pw、W,Tr、Tw、Or之间,以及Tw与Pw差异也不显著;Z的存活率最高,明显高于除Ab外的其它品系,C的存活率最低,明显低于除Tr、Tw外的其它品系,W>Or>Pw,彼此差异显著((P<0.05)。360日龄时,Pw壳长和鲜重最大,显著大于其它壳色品系((P<0.05),Ab和Z壳长和鲜重显著小于其它壳色品系((P<0.05);Ab和Z的存活率高于其它品系((P<0.05),但与Or、Pw差异不显著((P>0.05),Or存活率高于C((P<0.05),其它各品系存活率无显著差异((P>0.05)。从相对产量上看,Z(678.63%±56.80%)>Ab(554.88%±69.42%)>Or(527.23%±76.21%)>W(475.97%±90.25%)>Pw(405.90%±55.19%)>Tw(224.89%±47.85%)>Tr(178.50%±34.50%)>C(100.00%±22.10%)。     

菲律宾蛤仔福建与广东群体的双列杂交

2015年9月–12月,以菲律宾蛤仔福建养殖群体和广东野生群体子一代为亲本,开展了双列杂交实验,建立了两个自交组和两个杂交组,研究了杂交子代幼虫和稚贝的生长与存活的杂种优势。结果显示,各实验组均有较高的受精率和孵化率,但无显著差异。总体上,幼虫期的生长受母体效应影响显著,稚贝期的生长杂交效应主要受交配方式影响。相反,幼虫期的存活受配对方式影响最显著,稚贝期的存活受卵源影响显著。在幼虫期,杂交组与自交组在生长和存活方面差异不显著。在稚贝期,生长表现出明显的杂种优势,壳长和壳高在30日龄以后,正反交组的平均生长速率显著快于自交组。在40日龄时,壳高和壳长总杂交优势值达到最大,分别为25.64和27.00。这可能是因为杂种优势的表达具有时期差异性。在幼虫期,福建自交组表现出最高的存活率,为36.45%±1.85%;稚贝期,广东自交组存活率最高,为52.27%±2.13%。在幼虫期和稚贝期的存活率方面,未观测到杂种优势,这可能是由于两个杂交亲本群体与存活相关的基因频率无差异或者检测次数较少所致。     

Fatty acid composition of female and male clams (Ruditapes philippinarum): energy intake and temperature reliance

We analysed the effect of temperature, coupled with food ingestion rate (IR), on the fatty acid (FA) profile of female and male clams conditioned in two groups: L (low IR at 14 and 18 °C) and H (high IR at 18 and 22 °C). Significant differences for group L, both 18L and 14L with low IR and slow gonadal development, owed to differences in energy balance between 18L clams (negative energy balance) and 14L clams (positive energy balance). Plasmalogens (DMA 18:0) and non‐methylene‐interrupted FAs might protect against reactive oxygen species and preserve the integrity of the cell membranes during food stress in 18L clams. Differences in composition for group H, both 18H and 22H with high food intake, positive energetic balance and complete and similar gonadal occupation index (GOI), probably owed to the greater energy levels at 18 °C than at 22 °C. Clams at 22 °C H increased the oxidation of short‐chained PUFA 18:3ω3 and 18:3ω6 to maintain the same GOI as 18H clams. Regarding the sexual differences, the greater accumulation of 20:5ω3 and 20:4ω6 in females might be related with oocyte maturation and release during spawning, while the greatest levels of 22:6ω3 in males might be involved in spermatocyte membranes synthesis.     

Physical properties of soft shell clams, Mya arenaria

Soft shell clams, Mya arenaria, are found from Canada to North Carolina on the U.S. Atlantic Coast and from Canada to California on the U.S. West Coast. They are also found in several other parts of the world including Europe. The primary market for these clams on the U.S. East Coast is in New England. Clams are sold whole live or in one of the several cooked forms. Commercial soft clam shucking and processing is primarily by manual methods. However, physical properties data for these clams is lacking and is a constraint on the automation of processing. Several properties of soft shell clams harvested from five different harvest locations in the Chesapeake Bay are detailed in this paper and relationships between the components of the clam are defined mathematically through regression equations. The live weight and the clam length are related to shell weight, siphon weight, meat weight, total solids and free water in the clams. Meat yields under both standard processing methods and for clams steamed and consumed with only the shell removed are detailed. The effect of harvest area on the clam parts is also defined. Soft shell clams shucked manually result in a meat yield of approximately 29% of the live weight. If steamed and eaten the meat yield may be as high as 43% of the live weight, primarily because the siphon is often consumed in steamed clams.     

Gametogenic cycle and variations in oocyte size of Tapes philippinarum from the Lagoon of Venice

The gametogenic cycle of the clam Tapes philippinarum was studied in two populations from different areas of the Lagoon of Venice: S. Angelo (central basin) and Chioggia (southern basin). Samples were collected at regular intervals from July 2000 to July 2001. The study was performed by microscopic observations of histological sections of gonadic tissue and by measuring follicular and oocyte sizes by image analysis. Gametogenesis began in January and was clearly evident until May. Ripe clams appeared in April, and most active spawning occurred in May, continuing during summer until September. Measurements performed using image analysis (i.e., follicular area, percentage of reproductive tissue, oocyte diameter, percentage of resorbing area) highlighted environmental differences between the two sampling sites, demonstrating the better condition of clams from Chioggia.     

Hatchery production of diploid and triploid clams, Tapes dorsatus (Lamarck 1818): a potential new species for aquaculture

To assess the potential for hatchery production of the venerid clam, Tapes dorsatus, diploid and triploid clams were produced and ongrown until the spat reached 5–8 mm in size. Triploidy percentages at metamorphosis that ranged from 56 to 85% were induced using a 15-min exposure to 1 mg/l cytochalasin B. No differences were observed in the growth rate of sibling diploid and triploid T. dorsatus larvae. Survival of diploid clams to pediveliger stage was however higher. Post-metamorphic growth and survival of diploid and triploid clams remained the same until the clams were removed from the hatchery to outdoor nurseries. Throughout the larval and early spat phases of production, T. dorsatus growth was similar to that reported for the Manila clam, Tapes philippinarum. Based upon its ease of culture, rapid growth and marketability, T. dorsatus are thought to have considerable aquaculture potential.     

Effects of temperature and salinity on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion in different colour strains of the Manila clam,Ruditapes philippinarum

The metabolic responses of different colour strains of Ruditapes philippinarum in terms of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion to changes in temperature (15–35°C) and salinity (20–40) were investigated. In our range of temperatures (15–35°C), oxygen consumption rate (OCR) increases in cultivated strains (White and Zebra) in opposition to the effect in the wild strain which reach a maximum at 25°C. The highest Q₁₀ coefficients were 2.741 for zebra strain, 4.326 for white strain, and 1.944 for wild at temperatures of 25–30, 30–35 and 20–25°C respectively. In our range of salinity (20–40°C), OCRs of white strain and zebra strain firstly decreased to lowest level at 25 and 30, and then increased to highest level at 35 and 40 respectively. When the salinity is beyond 35, the OCR decreased and the turning point was found in the white strain and wild, but the zebra strain OCR still increased to a highest level (1.906 mg g^?1 h^?1) at 40 (P < 0.05). These results show that the cultivated colour strains of R. philippinarum were different from wild in terms of metabolic responses, and information on its response to different temperature and salinity have implications in the aquaculture industry.     

钝缀锦蛤形态性状对活体质量的影响

基于钝缀锦蛤 (Tapes dorsatus) 规模化养殖面临的种苗供应问题,采用单因素对比实验法,开展了钝缀锦蛤苗种繁育关键技术研究,为其种苗大规模培育提供参考。结果表明：1) 在人工控温条件下,采用虾塘复合藻代替纯种单胞藻对亲本进行促熟,促熟率比对照组提高了282.6%。2) 通过升温加阴干诱导等一系列措施进行催产,亲贝催产率比对照组提高了50.9%。3) 通过添加益生菌构建有益微生态系统,育苗期间不换水,幼虫浮游期成活率、生长速度和稚贝育成率等指标均显著高于对照组。4) 采用立体采苗器结合池底进行立体附苗,稚贝育成率和单位面积产量分别提高了76.6%和76.5%。5) 按体质量5%上选的亲贝作为选育组,稚贝的壳长、体质量和稚贝育成率分别比对照组提高了6.67%、17.03%和8.43%;壳长和体质量变异系数分别降低了29.13%和55.29%;稚贝期壳长和体质量的现实遗传力“h²”分别达到0.65和0.72。采用研究建立的集成创新技术进行钝缀锦蛤人工育苗,可获得显著的经济效益,为实现种苗的规模化生产奠定了基础。     

菲律宾蛤仔奶牛蛤品系两个世代的杂交与近交效应

为改良菲律宾蛤仔奶牛蛤品系的表型性状,于2010年7月以奶牛品系的全同胞子一代和子二代上选10%的个体作为亲本,采用双列杂交法,建立近交组合(F₂₂、F₃₃)、杂交组合(F₂₃、F₃₂)并设置对照组(C₂₂、C₃₃),研究了两个近交世代的杂交效应及近交效应。结果表明,杂交使得幼虫的生长性状和存活性状得到了部分改良,但稚贝的生长性状尚未得到提高。幼虫表现出微弱的生长优势,中亲生长优势为(0.95±1.23);F₂₃杂种优势为(0.36±0.59),F₃₂杂种优势为(1.56±1.96)。稚贝表现为杂种劣势,中亲生长劣势为(-2.90±3.20);F₂₃稚贝杂种劣势为(-4.60±3.21),F₃₂稚贝杂种劣势为(-0.75±10.13)。幼虫和稚贝均表现为存活优势,中亲存活优势分别为(9.43±4.41)、(8.66±12.25);F₂₃存活优势分别为(0.77±3.60)、(6.70±8.81);F₃₂存活优势分别为(20.93±7.92)、(10.94±16.28)。杂交效应主要受到交配方式的影响,母本效应主要作用于幼虫期。近交使得世代F₂₂、F₃₃的生长性状得到了改良,但两个世代的存活性状均出现了不同程度的近交衰退。世代 F₂₂、F₃₃幼虫期生长性状表现为近交衰退,衰退率分别为(5.17±4.38)、(4.99±2.72);稚贝期生长性状未表现出近交衰退现象,其衰退率分别为(-0.79±13.66)、(-0.93±12.85)。对于存活性状而言,两个世代均出现近交衰退现象,世代F₂₂及F33幼虫和稚贝的近交衰退率分别为(0.16±5.82)、(9.98±10.04),(19.33±11.28)、(13.08±16.17)。表型性状的近交效应主要受到世代效应的影响。通过上选、杂交与近交的有机结合,有效地改良了奶牛蛤品系的表型性状。     

Dietary impact of algal and artificial diets, fed at different feeding rations, on the growth and fatty acid composition of Tapes philippinarum (L.) spat

The effect of lipid supplementation and algal ration on growth and fatty acid composition of juvenile clams, Tapes philippinarum was investigated. A diet of Tetraselmis suecica was supplemented with a lipid emulsion and fed at a daily ration of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% WW DW⁻¹ day⁻¹. A mixed algal diet of Isochrysis galbana (clone T-Iso) and T. suecica (1:1 on DW basis) and starvation functioned as positive and negative control treatments, respectively. T. suecica, which contains eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n−3) but no docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n−3), was supplemented with 50% (% of algal dry weight) of a 22:6n−3-rich emulsion. Higher growth rates of T. philippinarum were associated with higher T. suecica feeding rations. Lipid supplementation resulted in significantly better growth rates of T. philippinarum at a T. suecica ration of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% WW DW⁻¹ day⁻¹. The growth promoting effect of lipid supplementation was significantly reduced during 4 consecutive weeks or by increasing the algal feeding ration. Increasing T. suecica rations were associated with a decrease in the % composition of 22:6n−3 while the 20:5n−3% composition was hardly affected in the total lipids of T. philippinarum. On the contrary, the absolute concentration of 22:6n−3 (μg per gram dry weight, μg g DW⁻¹) in the total lipids of T. philippinarum was similar at all T. suecica rations while the 20:5n−3 concentration significantly increased. The major effect of lipid supplementation on the fatty acid composition of the clams, was a significant increase of the 22:6n−3% composition in the total lipids, polar lipids and triglycerides. In contrast with 20:5n−3, the effect of lipid supplementation on the absolute 22:6n−3 content (μg g DW⁻¹) was more pronounced at a higher T. suecica ration. After a starvation period of 4 weeks, the concentration (μg g DW⁻¹) of all fatty acids was significantly reduced, except the n−7 monoenoic fatty acids (MUFA) and the non-methylene interrupted dienoic fatty acids (NMID). The concentration (μg g DW⁻¹) of the NMID in starved clams and clams fed different diets was similar to the concentration in the initial sample. This indicated that growing spat was actively synthesising NMID and they were selectively retained in unfed animals. The results indicated that either dietary lipid or 22:6n−3 was a growth-limiting factor when T. suecica was fed at a ration of 0.5, 1 and 1.5% WW DW⁻¹ day⁻¹. A selective retention in starved clams and a preferential accumulation in fed clams was observed for 22:6n−3 but not for 20:5n−3 which indicated a greater importance of 22:6n−3 compared to 20:5n−3.     

温度、盐度变化及鳗弧菌刺激对菲律宾蛤仔I型溶菌酶基因表达的影响

为研究在环境因素变化后,菲律宾蛤仔Ⅰ型溶菌酶参与免疫应答反应的变化模式,实验采用cDNA末端快速扩增技术,从菲律宾蛤仔体内克隆获得了一种Ⅰ型溶菌酶基因的全长cDNA序列(命名为RpiLYZ-2),该序列开放阅读框(ORF)为471 bp,编码156个氨基酸.RpiLYZ-2基因在所检测组织中均有表达,其中在外套膜中表达量最高,在肌肉组织中表达量最低.采用荧光定量PCR法,研究了不同温度[(29±1)、(21±1)和(13±1)℃]、盐度(32、22和12)及鳗弧菌刺激对菲律宾蛤仔Ⅰ型溶菌酶基因表达的影响.结果显示,在温度21℃和盐度22胁迫处理后,RpiLYZ-1基因的表达量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,而RpiLYZ-2基因的表达量则呈现先下降后上升的趋势.在高温29℃和低盐12胁迫条件下,RpiLYZ-1基因表达量总体呈下降趋势,而RpiLYZ-2基因表达量总体呈上升趋势;经鳗弧菌刺激后,RpiLYZ-1基因的表达量得到显著诱导,而RpiLYZ-2基因表达量则表现为先降低后上升的趋势.研究表明,环境因子变化和病原菌刺激能够显著影响菲律宾蛤仔两种Ⅰ型溶菌酶基因的表达量,且RpiLYZ-1和RpiLYZ-2可能存在着功能分化.     

Loading of nutrient from a land-based fish farm(Orbetello, Italy) at different times

. A marine fish farm (production ~ 100 tonnes per year) located in the Orbetello lagoon area (Tuscany, Italy) was selected to study the waste water quality discharged. The aims of study were: a) quantify the nitrogen and phosphorus discharged from the fish farm at the beginning and the end of feeding time; b) verify nutrient trend during a daily cycle, and difference of release between nitrogen and phosphorus by reared biomass. From June 1999 to May 2000, water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen and redox were hourly recorded in output wastewater station (E). Two water sampling strategies were adopted: monthly and daily. Monthly, in E, two field water samples at 8:00 a.m. (E8), at the beginning of feeding, and at 4:00 p.m. (E16), at the end of feeding, were collected. The dissolved and particulate nitrogen and phosphorus were analysed. With respect to total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), the total ammonia (NH₃ + NH₄⁺) concentration constituted more than 64%. With respect to total nitrogen and phosphorus, the particulated component represented, respectively, the 16% and 29–36%. A 24 h water sampling, at 4:00, 10:00, 12:00 a.m and at 4:00, 8:00, 12:00 p.m., was carried out. The results showed that TDN was excreted shortly after feeding, with a peak 4 h after the end of feeding. Most of the total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) was excreted after many hours, with a peak 8 h after the end of feeding.     

菲律宾蛤仔不同发育时期及成体不同组织中内参基因筛选

为筛选出菲律宾蛤仔17个发育时期及成体7个组织中的最适内参基因,实验采用3个内参基因筛选方法ge Norm、Norm Finder及ΔCt对菲律宾蛤仔不同发育时期和成体不同组织中的12个候选内参基因延伸因子1α基因(EF1A)、TATA盒结合蛋白基因(TBP)、组蛋白H3基因(HIS)、细胞色素b5基因(CYTB5)、泛素缀合酶基因(UCE)、核糖体蛋白L8基因(RPL8)、核糖体蛋白S23基因(RPS23)、核糖体蛋白L2基因(RPL2)、细胞色素C基因(CYTC)、生长因子受体结合蛋白2基因(GFRP2)、肌动蛋白基因(ACT)和微管蛋白基因(TUB)进行表达稳定性分析。结果显示,菲律宾蛤仔不同发育时期q RT-PCR分析需要3个内参基因,分别为CYTC、CYTB5和RPS23;菲律宾蛤仔成体不同组织q RT-PCR分析需要2个内参基因,分别为CYTB5和GFRP2。ACT在菲律宾蛤仔不同发育阶段和不同组织中表达最不稳定。     

青蛤不同壳色个体间的生长及营养差异

贝类壳色常呈现出多态性,壳色可以作为优良性状的标记色,用于贝类良种选育研究。为了探究青蛤壳色性状与其生长和营养成分之间的关系,本研究对青蛤不同壳色个体的生长指标及营养组分进行了测定分析。结果显示,青蛤紫壳个体(整体)的湿重、壳长、水管和鳃组织湿重占比显著高于白壳个体(p＜0.05),青蛤紫壳个体(整体)的壳宽和外套膜组织湿重占比极显著高于白壳个体(p＜0.01)。青蛤紫壳个体可食部分的粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量极显著高于白壳个体(p＜0.01)。紫/白壳个体的必需氨基酸与总氨基酸比值分别为37.46%和37.02%,且紫壳个体显著高于白壳个体(p＜0.05);必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值分别为67.72%和66.60%,且紫壳个体显著高于白壳个体(p＜0.05),表明紫壳个体氨基酸平衡效果优于白壳个体,且均属于优质蛋白。紫/白壳个体的单不饱和脂肪酸主要以棕榈酸为主,分别占可食部分脂肪酸总量的9.97%和9.85%,多不饱和脂肪酸主要以EPA和DHA为主,其中EPA分别占脂肪酸总量的6.64%和6.54%,DHA分别占脂肪酸总量的8.00%和8.51%。研究表明,紫/白壳个体间在生长和营养上均存在一定差异,且紫壳性状与其生长和营养存在一定正向关联关系,为利用紫壳性状作为遗传标记进行青蛤良种选育提供理论依据。     

pH、盐度和温度对海蜇耗氧率和排氨率的影响

为探究环境因子对海蜇耗氧率(oxygen consumption rate,OCR)和排氨率(ammonia excretion rate,AER)的影响,实验通过室内培养,测定了不同pH值、盐度和温度条件下,海蜇幼蜇和成蜇的OCR和AER的变化特征。结果显示,海蜇伞径与干重可用W=0.002 2e^0.1248D表示,R²=0.972 4。海蜇幼蜇和成蜇的OCR和AER受pH值、盐度和温度影响显著。海蜇幼蜇和成蜇的AER和OCR随pH值的升高呈现先增大后减小的趋势,幼蜇和成蜇的2种代谢率分别在pH值为7.0和7.5时达到最大值,同时收缩次数最多。海蜇幼蜇和成蜇的AER和OCR随盐度的升高呈现先增后减的趋势,分别在盐度为25和20时达到峰值;盐度为20时收缩力最强。不同规格海蜇的OCR随温度升高而增加;AER则随温度升高呈先增大后减小的趋势,25°C达到峰值。海蜇在21°C时运动和进食最快,温度低于3°C或高于35°C海蜇则停止运动。幼蜇的AER Q₁₀值为0.767～4.362,OCR Q₁₀值为1...