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1.
Sadanobu Katoh Tohru Furukawa Akinori Mizuguchi Takeshi Furuno 《Journal of Wood Science》2006,52(5):466-469
Variations in the compositions of low boiling point (LBP) monoterpenes in needle samples from 99 sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) and 100 kuromatsu (Pinus thunbergii) trees were investigated using a headspace technique. Considerable variations in the proportions of monoterpenes were revealed
in both species. In sugi, the proportions of sabinene and α-pinene in the total LBP monoterpenes, ranging from 8.8% to 73.3% and from 14.5% to 73.3%, respectively, showed enormous variations
among nine monoterpenes. The proportions of 3-carene and limonene, ranging from 0.1% to 29.5% and from 0.2% to 20.4%, respectively,
also showed very specific variations. In kuromatsu, the proportions of β-pinene and α-pinene in the total LBP monoterpenes, ranging from 26.5% to 66.3% and from 18.7% to 46.9%, respectively, showed considerable
variations among ten monoterpenes. The proportions of myrcene and 1,8-cineole, ranging from 0.9% to 18.5% and from 0.8% to
12.3%, respectively, also showed specific variations.
Part of this article was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April, 2000, and
the 13th Annual Meeting of the Chugoku Shikoku Branch of the Japan Wood Research Society, Okayama, September 2001 相似文献
2.
Variations in the compositions of low-boilingpoint (LBP) monoterpenes in needle samples of 50 hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) trees were investigated using the headspace technique. Considerable compositional variations were revealed, especially in sabinene composition. The sabinene composition varied from 4.9% to 78.0% of the total LBP monoterpenes.-Pinene, myrcene, and limonene also showed considerable variations (9.0%–32.7%, 5.5%–22.6%, 3.6%–29.0% respectively). Analysis of the monoterpene composition allowed definition of four chemotypes based on the contingency table test. No correlation was observed between tree size and LBP monoterpene composition, indicating that the compositional variation in LBP monoterpene exists genetically in this population of hinoki.Part of this paper was presented at the 11th annual meeting of the Chugoku Shikoku branch of the Japan Wood Research Society, Matsue, September 1999 相似文献
3.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1-4):85-93
Cortical oleoresins were obtained from 10 natural populations of Pinus sylvestris L. from different geographical localities. Gas chromatography was used to determine quantities of individual monoterpenes. Considerable variation was found in monoterpene composition among different populations. High proportions of limonene occurred in greater percentages in trees of northern origins, while high sabinene was frequently found in southern trees. Mean proportions of limonene and sabinene in the populations were clinal with latitude. For some monoterpenes, variation coefficients as a measure of variability within populations appeared to be clinal with latitude. 85.4% of the variance in monoterpene composition was found within populations and 14.6 between populations. Discriminant analysis differentiates populations from different geographical localities into different groups. The differences in monoterpene patterns between adjacent populations were statistically nonsignificant. It is recommended that monoterpene composition be used for more general study of genetic variation, geographical distinction between different populations and seed certification purposes. 相似文献
4.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1-4):25-36
The terpenic profile for 8 major monoterpenes determined on ten grafted clones of Scots pine grown on three different sites in Sweden. As graft effects could not be detected, oleoresin, samples from primary and secondary grafts were used to study genetic variation. In three quite different environmental conditions, a strong broad sense heritability was demonstrated for 3‐carene, myrcene, limonene and β‐phellandrene. Pinenes and sabinene seem to be much more dependent on environmental factors. Both site and clone × site interaction have a small effect on overall phenotypic variation. There is a strong positive correlation between concentrations of 3‐carene and terpinolene, which supports a possible pleiotropic effect of the same major gene on the two monoterpenes. The results show that there is no risk of an important bias when the comparison is made between genotypes sampled on very different sites (stands or comparative trials). The relative concentration of monoterpenes is to a great extent independent of environmental conditions. 相似文献
5.
Sheng-Yang Wang Wan-Chi Lai Fang-Hua Chu Chien-Tsong Lin Shi-Yen Shen Shang-Tzen Chang 《Journal of Wood Science》2006,52(6):522-526
This is the first article to report the evaluation of a natural product used as an antisilverfish agent. Silverfish (Lepisma saccharina), primitive wingless insects, feed on a variety of materials, including paper, cotton, starch, and cereals. They can be a
problem in libraries and other places where books, documents, and papers are stored. In this pilot study, the essential oil
from leaves of Cryptomeria japonica was investigated to test its properties as a silverfish repellent and insecticide. The results from a repellency bioassay
show that the essential oil significantly repelled silverfish. The repellent activity was 80% at a dosage of 0.01 mg/cm3. When silverfish were exposed to a concentration of 0.16 mg/cm3 of essential oil, they were killed within 10h. The chemical composition of essential oil, the emissions from a test chamber,
and the residue left on filter papers previously soaked with the essential oil in a chamber were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry. The components of the essential oil were found to be: elemol (18.22%), 16-kaurene (11.63%), 3-carene (9.66%),
sabinene (9.37%), 4-terpineol (9.06%), β-eudesmol (5.70%), α-pinene (5.62%), and limonene (5.26%). Only some constituents of the essential oil compounds collected by solid-phase microextraction
were found to be emitted in the test chamber. The main constituents were: 3-carene (21.03%), p-cymene (10.95%), limonene (9.49%), β-myrcene (9.39%), γ-terpinene (9.10%), α-terpinene (8.57%), and 4-terpineol (7.97%). 相似文献
6.
Metka Novak Andreja Urbanek Krajnc Ljerka Lah Neja Zupanec Nada Kraševec Mitja Križman Joerg Bohlmann Radovan Komel 《European Journal of Forest Research》2014,133(4):573-583
Among the most devastating pests of Norway spruce (Picea abies) are the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) and the associated pathogenic blue-stain fungus Ceratocystis polonica. Following attack and colonization, the beetle and the fungus must cope with induced host chemical defenses, such as monoterpenes that are generally thought to be toxic to both symbionts. The goal of this study was to better understand the response of Norway spruce following C. polonica inoculation at low density that does not overwhelm the tree and to identify monoterpenes mobilized toward the fungus. We inoculated healthy mature trees and monitored monoterpene profiles 2, 3, and 5 months post-inoculation. We also exposed three different C. polonica strains to the most abundant or significantly up-regulated monoterpenes to determine differences in monoterpene toxicity and resistance among strains. Total monoterpene levels, including limonene, were increased at 2 and 3 months after inoculation and had dropped after 5 months. In in vitro assays, all monoterpenes were inhibitory to C. polonica. Limonene and β-pinene were the most potent inhibitors of fungal growth. The extent of inhibition varied between the three strains tested. These results showed a defense response of Norway spruce to C. polonica, in which limonene may play a critical role in inhibiting the spread of the fungus. We also showed that differences between strains of C. polonica must be taken into account when assessing the role of the fungus in this bark beetle–symbiont system. 相似文献
7.
Kongshu Ji Jia Gong Zhangrong Wang Jinqing Qiu Yabin Chen Wenjiang Lin 《Frontiers of Forestry in China》2007,2(1):94-98
Based on the growth, wood property of the ortets, and rooting abilities of cuttings, 32 Pinus massoniana clones for pulp use were selected from forests of superior provenance, mixed families, and progeny test of seed orchard by
two-step selection. The average height and DBH growth of three-year-old clones were 28.6% and 16.7%, respectively, higher
than those from seedlings, and average gain of wood density reached 8.7%. Rooting rate of all these clones was over 80%, 28%
higher than the clones selected by a single step. A cutting orchard of 0.33 hm2 on the hillside was constructed to intensively produce cuttings according to the tests on construction methods, pruning,
and fertilization. A total of 50,000 grade I, 37,500 grade II, and 62,500 grade III cuttings were collected per hectare of
this cutting orchard each time, and were cut three times each year. With all the above techniques, 48 hm2 of clonal forests for pulp use of those clones had been planted in five places in Fujian Province. Container stecklings are
more likely to increase the planting survival rate.
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Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2004, 40(1): 64–69 [译自: 林业科学] 相似文献
8.
Jianming Gao Shougong Zhang Liwang Qi Yong Zhang Chunguo Wang Ruiyang Chen Wenqin Song 《Frontiers of Forestry in China》2007,2(2):204-209
Accurate identification of varieties (clones) and knowledge of their genetic relationships are essential for poplar breeding
and variety management. In this study, 21 elite poplar varieties of Tacamahaca and Aigeiros in China were fingerprinted using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Four AFLP primer pairs developed
generated totally 181 AFLP polymorphic fragments, and in particular, each primer pair generated fingerprint profiles specific
to each of the tested varieties. The genetic relationships among the varieties were evaluated by dendrograms and multidimensional
scaling (MDS). The results showed that the tested poplar can be classified into five groups, and indicated the clear separation
of varieties of different sections of poplar and the primary distinction between native and exotic poplar varieties. This
study indicated that tested poplar varieties could be identified by their fingerprint profiles and that genetic relationships
deduced from the study were consistent with their genealogy. In addition, our results demonstrated that AFLP could be used
to construct DNA fingerprints of polar clones at a large-scale level and to determine genetic relationships of poplar varieties.
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Translated from Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 2006, 28(1): 85–90 [译自: 云南植物研究] 相似文献
9.
Fengjun Zhao Rongfu Gao Yingbai Shen Xiaohua Su Bingyu Zhang 《Frontiers of Forestry in China》2006,1(1):89-94
Foliar carbon isotope composition (δ
13C), total dry biomass, and long-term water use efficiency (WUEL) of 12 Populus deltoids clones were studied under water stress in a greenhouse. Total dry biomass of clones decreased greatly, while δ
13C increased. Single-element variance analysis in the same water treatment indicated that WUEL difference among clones was significant. Clones J2, J6, J7, J8, and J9 were excellent with high WUEL. Extremely significant δ
13C differences among water treatments and clones were revealed by two-element variance analysis. Water proved to be the primary
factor affecting δ
13C under water stress. It showed that there was a good positive correlation between δ
13C and WUEL in the same water treatment, and that a high WUEL always coincided with a high δ
13C. δ
13C might be a reliable indirect index to estimate WUEL among P. deltoids clones.
Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2005, 41(1) (in Chinese) 相似文献
10.
Mating system parameters and pollen contamination were estimated in an 11-year-old Pinus brutia Ten. clonal seed orchard, located in Antalya, Turkey, with the aid of isozymes. Isozyme analysis was performed on both maternal
(megagametophyte) and embryo tissues of seeds collected from the seed orchard and the surrounding natural stand. Fourteen
loci encoding nine enzyme systems were assayed. Based on a multilocus estimator, the proportion of viable seeds originating
from outcrossing (tˆm) in the seed orchard was found to be 0.947; the remainder (0.053) was due to selfing. We estimated that 85.7% of the orchard
seed resulted from pollen contamination by trees in surrounding stands. This may be related to the young age and subsequent
low pollen production of the orchard. Only 9% [i.e., 1.0−0.857 (contamination)−0.053 (selfing) = 0.090] of the orchard offspring
was due to cross-pollination among clones within the orchard. Due to the high level of pollen contamination, it is estimated
that genetic gain in this seed crop is less than 57% of that expected if all offspring resulted from random mating among orchard
clones (i.e., no contamination). 相似文献
11.
Robert Brus Dalibor Ballian Peter Zhelev Marija Pandža Martin Bobinac Jane Acevski Yannis Raftoyannis Kristjan Jarni 《European Journal of Forest Research》2011,130(4):657-670
We examined leaf and mature seed cone variation of Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus in 12 natural populations across the species range in the Balkan Peninsula. We measured 10 morphological traits from a minimum
of 100 leaves in each of 190 individuals, and two morphological traits from 30–50 seed cones in each of 94 females. High phenotypic
variation was found, but no geographical structure or cline across populations was detected for any of the studied traits.
Mean values of comparable leaf and cone morphological traits did not differ considerably from values reported elsewhere. Gender
dimorphism in leaf morphology was detected, but it was not distributed uniformly throughout the studied area. An ANOVA model
with both nested and crossed effects revealed that the largest proportion of the total variation was, as expected, contained
within populations, partly as among-tree variation (18–47%, depending on the trait) and partly as within-tree variation (33–77%),
which was remarkably high. Gender dimorphism explained only 0–3% of the total variation. Differences among populations (2–23%)
were significant for all studied traits except one; however, PCA showed no clear geographical differentiation of the studied
populations. This lack of phylogeographical structure may be the consequence of repeatedly occurring colonisation-retreat
scenarios and suggests the existence of several small refugial populations scattered over a large part of the Balkan Peninsula
in the Pleistocene. Further research including palaeobotanical and molecular genetic studies will be needed to better understand
the forces that shaped current variation patterns of J. oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus in the Balkan Peninsula. 相似文献
12.
Le Dinh Kha Chris E. Harwood Nguyen Duc Kien Brian S. Baltunis Nguyen Dinh Hai Ha Huy Thinh 《New Forests》2012,43(1):13-29
Field trials testing a total of 27 clones of the interspecific hybrid Acacia mangium × A.
auriculiformis and seedling controls of the parental species were established at Ba Vi and Yen Thanh in the north of Vietnam and Long Thanh
in the south. At both Ba Vi and Yen Thanh there were significant (P < 0.001) differences in height and diameter at breast height (DBH) among 22 tested clones at 4 years. At Long Thanh, twelve
hybrid clones did not differ significantly in DBH at age 3 years, but did (P < 0.001) at age 5 years. At the two northern sites the acacia hybrid clones had significantly greater DBH than control seedlots
of the parental species. At Long Thanh, DBH of the hybrid clones and A. mangium was similar, with a genetically improved seedlot of A. mangium displaying the best DBH. Mean wood basic density at breast height of the acacia hybrid clones was 539 kg m−3 at Yen Thanh at age 8 years, and 473 kg m−3 at Long Thanh at age 5 years; density for A. mangium at Long Thanh was only slightly lower than the hybrid clones at 461 kg m−3. Linear regressions of Pilodyn penetration (PP) at breast height on wood basic density explained 60% of the variance in density
of treatments (clones and control seedlots) at Yen Thanh and 36% at Long Thanh. There were significant differences between
hybrid clones in PP at all three trial sites. Clonal DBH performance was not strongly correlated across the three trial sites;
Pearson correlations of clone mean DBH between pairs of sites ranged from −0.47 to 0.20. Clonal rankings for PP were more
stable, with Pearson correlations between pairs of sites ranging from r = 0.71 to 0.78. 相似文献
13.
Ismail Amri Samia Gargouri Lamia Hamrouni Mohsen Hanana Tarek Fezzani Bassem Jamoussi 《Journal of pest science》2012,85(2):199-207
The chemical composition of essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Tunisian Pinus pinea Linn. was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Sixty-six compounds were identified, representing 98.5% of total oil, which was found
to be rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons (73.1%) particularly limonene (54.1%), α-pinene (7.7%), and β-pinene (3.4%). The yield
and the physico-chemical properties were determined. Results of the antifungal activity study by in vitro contact assay showed
that P. pinea oil significantly inhibited the growth of ten plant pathogenic fungi. Moreover, herbicidal properties of the oil, tested
on Sinapis arvensis L., Lolium rigidum Gaud., and Raphanus raphanistrum L., indicated that the oil completely inhibited the seed germination at a high concentration, while at low doses the oil
acted by decreasing and delaying the germination and inhibiting the seedling growth of all tested weeds unlike the commercial
herbicide. Our results showed that P. pinea essential oil could be valorized as bioproduct for biocontrol of weeds and fungal plant diseases. 相似文献
14.
To evaluate the practical application of an indoor seed orchard, we compared the seed production, final germination rates
and mating patterns of potted Cryptomeria japonica D. Don clones in two miniature seed orchards: one in a glasshouse and the other outdoors. There was no statistically significant
difference in total seed production between the orchards (P = 0.275, ANOVA). However, the final germination rate of seeds produced in the indoor orchard was significantly lower than
that of seeds produced in the outdoor orchard (P < 0.01, Wilcoxon test). The average self-fertilization rate was higher in the indoor orchard (27.2%) than in the outdoor
orchard (5.6%), and this parameter was strongly associated with the reduced final germination rates of the seeds harvested
in the glasshouse. Pollen contamination was considerably lower in the indoor seed orchard (48.9% in the outdoor seed orchard
and 4.4% in the indoor seed orchard). χ2 tests indicated that the paternal contributions of each constituent clone differed significantly in both orchards (P < 0.001 in both cases). The strong variations in paternal contributions among indoor orchard clones was significantly correlated
with their respective pollen production capacities (Spearman ρ = 0.693, P < 0.001). To reduce the high self-fertilization rates, we recommend the use of orchard clones with similar pollen production
capacity in indoor seed orchards. 相似文献
15.
A landscape model (LANDIS) was used to study the long-term forest dynamics under five planting types (100% larch (P1); 70% larch and 30% Mongolian Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) (P2); 50% larch and 50% Mongolian Scotch pine (P3); 30% larch and 70% Mongolian Scotch pine (P4); 100% Mongolian Scotch pine (P5)), which were also employed in severely burned area under current planting intensity, and under natural regeneration (as
a comparison) in Tuqiang Forest Bureau in the northern slopes of Great Xing’an Mountains after the catastrophic fire in 1987.
Results showed that different planting types had a significant influence on the abundance of larch, Mongolian Scotch pine
and white birch. The abundance of larch increased with time, whereas the abundance of Mongolian Scotch pine was in a converse
way. The abundance of larch and Mongolian Scotch pine under these planting scenarios was higher than that under natural regeneration.
Under these planting scenarios, the abundance of larch increased with the increasing proportion of larch, and the abundance
of Mongolian Scotch pine was in a similar way. Contrary to larch and Mongolian Scotch pine, white birch had higher abundance
under natural regeneration than that under these planting scenarios. Also, the different proportions of larch and Mongolian
Scotch pine had an influence on the abundance of white birch. White birch had higher abundance with the increasing proportion
of Mongolian Scotch pine. As for the total abundance of larch and Mongolian Scotch pine, the difference was not significant
under P2, P3 and P4 scenarios, but was higher than that under P1 and P5 scenarios, which indicated that individual-species planting should not
be used in the forest landscape.
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Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006, 17(5): 855–861 [译自: 应用生态学报] 相似文献
16.
Thirty‐seven 4‐year‐old clones of Picea abies were inoculated with one isolate of the S intersterility group of Heterobasidion annosum in a greenhouse. The dehardened cuttings were organized in three different groups with four to six ramets in each group. All groups were inoculated on the same day shortly after shoot elongation. The groups were sampled for H. annosum growth after 34 (group 1), 83 (group 2) and 182 days (group 3), respectively. Measured parameters were cutting height and diameter, vigour index of the cuttings, infection incidence, mortality rate and fungal growth in the stem. The height of the cuttings was almost constant during the 6 months of incubation, whereas the diameter increased by about 10% during the same period. The proportion of living cuttings containing H. annosum decreased with time (99.5, 93 and 67% infection in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively) and differed significantly among clones in group 3. Mortality rate increased with time (0.5, 22 and 37% mortality in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively) and differed significantly among clones in groups 2 and 3; the same clones being most susceptible for both times. Mean fungal growth into the wood was significantly different among groups and among clones within each group. The ranking position for fungal growth was similar in the three groups. The results indicate that frequency of infection success, mortality rate and fungal growth are clone‐dependent factors. Broad sense heritability varied between 0.08 and 0.25 for fungal growth and lesion length at the three incubation periods. Infection success frequency was initially not different among clones but in the longer incubation periods there were significant differences among clones, indicating differences in resistance. Fungal growth in wood differed among separate host clones irrespectively of the length of inoculation period. The vigour of the cuttings seem to influence the length of fungal extension only in the initial stage of the infection. 相似文献
17.
Jeannine Pizzol Bernard Pintureau Othman Khoualdia Nicolas Desneux 《Journal of pest science》2010,83(4):447-452
Parasitoids’ efficiency in controlling pests depends not only on their ability to parasitize their hosts but also on how much
they are adapted to climatic conditions (notably temperature) of the area where they are planned to be released. In addition,
the optimal conditions for production of parasitoids used for inundative releases like Trichogramma spp. may also vary largely as a function of strains. Using the parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal as biological model, we studied how temperature affects important parasitoid efficiency-related biological traits
under laboratory conditions. Emergence, mortality rates and fecundity of two strains of T. cacoeciae, one originating from France (Alsace) and the other one from Tunisia (Degache), were compared at constant temperatures of
15, 20, 25 and 30°C. The parasitoids of the French strain showed highest fecundity at 25°C with wasps that had been reared
at 20 or 25°C. The Tunisian strain showed the highest fecundity at 25°C, but only when wasps were previously reared at 25
or 30°C. For both strains, the highest mortality occurred among wasps that had laid eggs at 30°C. Emergence rates were relatively
high at all temperatures, although the French strain did better at 15–25°C and the Tunisian one at 20–30°C. Because of the
differences in biological traits of these two T.
cacoeciae strains in relation to the temperature, a judicious choice must be made among the various strains when using this species
in biological control programs. 相似文献
18.
Xiaowei Ma Fengwang Ma Cuiying Li Yinfa Mi Tuanhui Bai Huairui Shu 《Agroforestry Systems》2010,80(2):283-294
Variations in biomass productivity, plant water-use efficiency (WUEp), and carbon isotope composition (δ13C) were investigated among 10 Malus rootstocks. In the semi-controlled environmental of a greenhouse, plants were watered to either 75% or 50% of field capacity.
For each treatment, significant differences were found in dry matter accumulation and allocation, δ13C, and WUEp. Relative growth rate (RGR) was correlated with WUEp but not with allocation pattern. Variations in whole-plant transpiration were a result of fluctuations in the rate of transpiration
per unit leaf area rather than from differences in leaf area or root weight per plant. Values for transpiration per unit leaf
area or root weight were lower when the proportion of either leaf area or root weight per unit plant weight was larger. Rootstock
differences in δ13C were related to changes in stomatal conductance rather than in net photosynthesis. Finally, δ13C was significantly correlated with WUEp and rootstock rankings based on both of those parameters were maintained regardless of watering treatment. 相似文献
19.
使用Porapak Q吸附剂,采用动态顶空的吸附方法,连续抽取11个不同阶段的对照、损伤与虫害油松的挥发物成分.运用GC、GC-MS与图谱峰面积进行挥发物成分定性与单萜相对含量的定量分析.与对照和损伤油松相比,虫害油松含有高比率的(+)-α-蒎烯(超过90%)和月桂烯,但(+)-3-蒈烯,(-)-β-蒎烯,莰烯和柠檬烯含量较低.(+) -3-蒈烯含量对照和损伤油松高于虫害油松(低于4%).(+)-3-蒈烯含量从损伤4天后的最低水平逐渐恢复到对照油松中含量水平.(-)-β-蒎烯和柠檬烯在不同处理的油松中含量相近,但在接入雌雄虫后3个处理间存在显著差异.尽管目前不确定我国的红脂大小蠢是否在危害油松后释放信息素,但研究表明红脂大小蠢可能会利用各种单萜成分细节上的变化作为化学信号,从而实现寄主的选择和种群聚集.本研究对于揭示油松抗性机制,完善红脂大小蠢的监测与防控技术体系具有重要意义. 相似文献
20.
Greuk Pakkad Suad Al Mazrooei David Blakesley Celia James Stephen Elliott Tapio Luoma-Aho Jarkko Koskela 《New Forests》2008,35(1):33-43
This study describes the level of genetic variation and gene flow within and among populations of Prunus cerasoides in rehabilitated sites and adjacent intact forest. The seven microsatellite loci employed detected a total of 75 alleles
(n = 401). Polymorphic information content (PIC) varied from 0.34 to 0.83. Between the adult populations there was moderate genetic
differentiation with an F
ST value of 0.0575, which suggests that the restoration plots had a similar genetic composition to that of the natural population.
The gene flow assessment provides some interesting insights into the genetic diversity of P. cerasoides. In the 16 naturally occurring trees over 83% of the genotyped seed were fathered by unidentified trees whereas in restoration
plot A only about 32% of the pollen came from an unidentified father. This proportion was even less in Plot C where 25% of
the pollen parents were unidentified. The naturally occurring trees within Doi Suthep were surrounded by planted trees, which
were contributing to the paternity of the seed crop. This result demonstrates that ‘‘fill in’’ planting should consist of
locally sourced material if it is considered important to conserve the genetic integrity of the local populations. 相似文献