黄土浅层降雨入渗规律研究

[目的]探讨黄土浅层降雨入渗规律,为研究降雨黄土滑坡机理提供理论参考。[方法]以陕西省延安市大路沟滑坡为例,在不同深度裂缝处与非裂缝处布置监测仪器,结合数值模拟手段分析入渗规律。[结果](1)研究区浅层地表通过降雨入渗补给,蒸发排泄。降雨对土体含水量的影响主要体现在土体含水量对降雨的响应时间和响应程度上,存在一定的滞后性,并且随着深度的增加滞后性越明显,蒸发排泄对土体含水量的影响表现在土体的深度和受光面积上,土体的深度越大,土体体积含水量受到蒸发作用影响越小。(2)黄土浅层土体含水量对降雨十分敏感,当降雨量3mm/d时,黄土浅层地表土体含水量基本不受降雨的影响,当3mm/d降雨量40mm/d时,土体含水量随雨水的入渗而变化,并且含水量的变化与降雨量大小成正相关。[结论]由模拟不同工况下雨水入渗过程显示,在雨水入渗过程中,浅层裂缝对降雨入渗深度影响很小,并且研究区黄土入渗深度有限。     

黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤入渗规律研究

在延安燕沟试验区建立不同下垫面(草地、刈割草地、翻耕草地、灌木地、刈割灌木地、翻耕灌木地)小区,分析了30场人工模拟降雨试验的入渗资料,结果表明,植被覆盖地平均入渗率是刈割地的1.2倍,是翻耕地的2.0倍;在地表坡度7°,草灌地土壤容重分别为1.27和0.99 g/cm3条件下,坡面平均入渗率与降雨强度具有极显著的抛物线函数关系.草地、刈割草地、灌木地、刈割灌木地雨强分别达到1.62,2.21,2.49和1.71 mm/mim时,平均入渗率具有最大值,分别为1. 17,0.97,1.67和1.51 mm/min;但翻耕草地、翻耕灌木地与此相反,雨强分别达到1.36和1.68 mm/min时,平均入渗率具有最小值,分别为0.379和0.382 mm/min;Horton入渗公式能较好地模拟不同土地利用方式下降雨的入渗过程.     

煤矸中垂直入渗规律模拟研究

室内模拟实验研究了不同掺土比例及覆土厚度两种方式下的煤矸石渗透规律.结果表明,随着掺土比例的增大,煤矸石的渗透速率迅速减小,掺土比例为1:0.5煤矸石的初始入渗速率、稳定入渗速率和平均入渗速率分别是掺土比例为1:1.0煤矸石的1.05倍、1.23倍和1.42倍,分别是掺土比例为1:2.0煤矸石的3.98倍、1.45倍和3.18倍;随着覆土厚度的增大,煤矸石的稳定入渗速率和平均入渗速率迅速减小,达到稳定入渗的时间迅速增加,减小或增加关系均符合幂函数关系.     

煤矸石垂直入渗规律模拟研究

室内模拟实验研究了不同掺土比例及覆土厚度两种方式下的煤矸石渗透规律。结果表明,随着掺土比例的增大,煤矸石的渗透速率迅速减小,掺土比例为1：0．5煤矸石的初始入渗速率、稳定入渗速率和平均入渗速率分别是掺土比例为1：1．0煤矸石的1．05倍、1．23倍和1．42倍,分别是掺土比例为1：2．0煤矸石的3．98倍、1．45倍和3．18倍;随着覆土厚度的增大,煤矸石的稳定入渗速率和平均入渗速率迅速减小,达到稳定入渗的时间迅速增加,减小或增加关系均符合幂函数关系。     

黄土丘陵区小流域土壤水分入渗特征研究

 为给森林对流域减流减沙效益的预测和评价提供科学依据,采用“环刀法”,在流域的横断面上设点,对黄土丘陵区森林小流域和荒坡草灌小流域土壤水分入渗特征进行了研究。结果表明:森林小流域林地土壤入渗速率显著高于荒坡草灌小流域。在2种小流域类型中,阴坡的土壤入渗速率一般高于阳坡,其中森林小流域阴、阳坡的差异较小,仅在坡上部表现明显,稳定入渗速率分别为7.8mm/min和7.0mm/min;荒坡草灌小流域阴坡的土壤入渗速率高于阳坡,这与阴坡植被发育较好有关。在坡位上,表现出从坡上部到坡下部,土壤入渗速率随坡位下移呈逐渐降低的趋势,即其空间特征为坡上部>坡中部>坡下部。据分析,这是上部产生的径流挟沙而下,在下部沉积,堵塞土壤孔隙,并在表层形成一个致密层的结果。根据黄土丘陵区的土壤特性,其土壤入渗过程以方正三方程拟合精度最高,如将其与A.Kostiakov方程结合使用 ,则可更好地说明土壤的初始入渗速率和稳定入渗速率。     

洛川塬黄土崩塌及水系成因构造因子研究

洛川黄土塬是水土流失严重的地区之一.黄土崩塌作用是造成该区域水土流失的重要方式.依据崩塌方式及几何形态,黄土崩塌可划分为单面崩塌及栅格崩塌2种基本类型.该区域水系的形成与产生受控于对应的构造因子.水系系统按主控构造因子类型的差异将其划分为3类,其中陕北向斜构造控制Ⅰ级南北向主干河流(洛河)的形成,基底节理构造控制Ⅱ级近东西向河沟系统(仙姑河等)的形成,黄土节理构造控制Ⅲ级支毛沟系统(切沟等)的形成.提出Ⅲ级支毛沟地处黄土塬-沟壑区的过度带,是实现土壤侵蚀和塬-沟转换的关键地段,是水土流失防治的重点部位.     

浑水入渗规律试验研究

在分析了影响浑水入渗主要因素的基础上,提出了试验方案,根据浑水渗试验资料,建立了浑水渗经验公式,结果表明,浑水与清水入渗的差异主要是由浑水中物理性粘粒在存在引起的水中物理性粘粒含量越大,累积入渗量就越小,这一成果对流域降雨产汇流,土壤侵蚀机理研究及浑水灌溉研究与应用具有一定的价值。     

风化煤矸石入渗规律模拟

 利用室内模拟实验研究4种密度(1.20、1.30、1.45和1.55g/cm3)及3种煤土体积比(1∶0.5、1∶1.0、1∶2.0)条件下风化煤矸石的渗透规律。结果表明:随着密度的增大,煤矸石的渗透速率迅速减小,密度为1.20g/cm3煤矸石的初始渗透速率、稳渗速率和平均渗透速率分别是密度为1.30 g/cm3煤矸石的2.211、.92和2.30倍,分别是密度为1.55g/cm3煤矸石的60.00、102.54和129.13倍,且减小关系呈幂函数关系;随着煤土体积比的增大,煤矸石的渗透速率迅速减小,煤土体积比为1∶0.5煤矸石的初始入渗速率、稳定入渗速率和平均入渗速率分别是煤土体积比为1∶1.0煤矸石的1.05、1.23和1.42倍,分别是煤土体积比为1∶2.0煤矸石的3.98、1.45和3.18倍;在密度为1.20和1.30g/cm3及煤土体积比为1∶0.51、∶1.0的情况下,用通用经验公式和考斯加可夫经验公式表达煤矸石的入渗过程较为理想,而在密度为1.45和1.55g/cm3及煤土体积比为1∶2.0的情况下,用通用经验公式与实测数据的拟合度表达最好。     

黄土边坡降雨入渗规律及其对边坡稳定性的影响

以位于青海西宁盆地的某黄土边坡为例,选取较为典型的3次天然降雨,研究了坡体土壤含水量变化和不同降雨历时、降雨强度下的降雨入渗规律,重点分析了降雨入渗对黄土边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明,降雨过程中黄土边坡土壤含水量逐渐增加,降雨结束后随着雨水的继续入渗和蒸发,含水量又逐渐减小;在相同的降雨历时条件下,降雨强度12.50 mm/h时边坡土壤含水量及入渗深度均较降雨强度4.28和0.88 mm/h时大,且坡脚处含水量的增加幅度略大于坡顶;边坡土壤含水量从12.74%增加到27.91%,黏聚力从23.47 kPa降低到9.93 kPa,边坡安全系数从1.67降低到1.31,坡顶和坡脚处的剪应力值分别增大了1.76和17.24 kPa,说明坡脚处应力集中现象与降雨入渗密切相关。     

黄土丘陵区不同植被下土体入渗性能研究

采用PVC管在野外刺槐林,沙棘林,荒草地3种植被类型下取原状土,土层深度分为0～30 cm,30～60 cm,0～60 cm三个层次.将土柱放回室内,采用无压力的供水入渗装置测定土体的入渗性能.对每个土体的入渗过程进行连续跟踪,测定土体底部稳定出水率,以此定为该土层深度的稳渗率.同时提出以土层深度界定稳渗率,并指出低入渗层对一定土层的入渗影响.研究结果表明:原状土的入渗性能远大于扰动填装土;不同植被间入渗性能差异很大,同一植被类型不同土层深度入渗性能差异显著,表层土的入渗结构好于心土层等等.     

洛川苹果园地土壤重金属污染调查与评价

通过对洛川苹果园地土壤样品的采集、监测,依据无公害果园产地土壤环境质量标准和绿色食品产地土壤环境质量标准,重点分析评价了对土壤环境及人体危害较大的Cd、As、Cr、Pb等重金属元素的污染现状。评价结果表明:以无公害果园产地土壤环境质量为评价标准,洛川苹果园地土壤重金属污染程度有As>Cr>Cd>Pb的特征,土壤重金属综合污染指数为0.51,土壤Cd、As、Cr、Pb单项污染指数平均值均小于0.7,土壤环境中的重金属元素含量现状水平符合无公害苹果生产的要求;以绿色食品产地土壤环境质量为评价标准,洛川苹果园地土壤重金属污染程度有As>Pb>Cr>Cd的特征,土壤重金属综合污染指数为0.64,土壤Cd、Cr、Pb单项污染指数平均值均小于0.7,土壤As单项污染指数平均值大于0.7,但小于1。土壤环境中的重金属含量现状水平符合绿色食品苹果生产的要求。但土壤As单项污染指数平均值为0.74,已超过绿色食品产地土壤污染警戒线。洛川苹果园地土壤重金属As污染程度较高,主要是由于人为长期不合理使用含As农药、化肥所致。因而,洛川苹果生产中应将土壤环境中的As作为严控的土壤污染物。     

黄土区坡耕地土壤结皮对入渗的影响

黄土高原地区,坡面土壤水分是生态建设的关键问题。以黄土高原坡耕地人为管理方式为背景,在室内人工模拟降雨条件下采用等高耕作和人工掏挖两种措施,并且设计直线坡作为对照,研究不同耕作措施下土壤结皮的形成特征,同时从降雨-入渗的角度研究两种类型结皮(结构结皮和沉积结皮)对坡面土壤水分入渗的影响。研究结果表明:土壤结皮阻碍坡面土壤水分入渗,结皮坡面产流时间早,且土壤累积入渗量明显低于无结皮坡面;采用Kostiakov模型、Horton模型、蒋定生模型对坡面土壤水分入渗过程进行优化模拟的结果表明蒋定生模型适用于描述本研究坡面土壤水分入渗的特征;耕作措施造成的微地形对土壤结皮的类型有很大影响,在洼地径流携带泥沙堆积形成沉积结皮,地势较高处降雨雨滴直接打击形成结构结皮。研究两种类型结皮发现,沉积结皮相对于结构结皮密度高且孔隙度低,并且两种类型结皮对坡面土壤水分入渗的影响存在差异,沉积结皮平均减渗效应为37.13%,结构结皮平均减渗效应为19.79%,因此,沉积结皮更大程度影响坡面土壤水分入渗。     

陕北子洲县典型淤地坝淤积过程和降雨关系的研究

淤地坝作为黄土丘陵沟壑区水土流失治理的重要工程措施之一,其坝系优化布局、相对稳定性及坝地效益等受到广泛关注,但对其淤积过程研究甚少。该文通过对黄土高原淤地坝进行调查,典型坝淤积过程剖面的观测及取样分析,结合库容曲线和每个淤积层的淤积厚度求出分层淤积量。根据暴雨产沙过程原理及淤积过程降雨资料,反演淤地坝各淤积层所对应的次侵蚀性降雨,建立层淤积量与相应次侵蚀性降雨指标的相关方程。研究结果表明：坝地淤积物中层淤积量和次侵蚀性降雨的降雨侵蚀力呈幂函数关系,层淤积量和次侵蚀性降雨的最大30 min降雨强度呈指数函数关系,经检验结果良好。     

Soil water repellency and infiltration in coarse-textured soils of burned and unburned sagebrush ecosystems

Millions of dollars are spent each year in the United States to mitigate the effects of wildfires and reduce the risk of flash floods and debris flows. Research from forested, chaparral, and rangeland communities indicate that severe wildfires can cause significant increases in soil water repellency resulting in increased runoff and erosion. Few data are available to document the effects of fire on the spatial and temporal variability in soil water repellency and potential impacts on infiltration and runoff on sagebrush-dominated landscapes. Soil water repellency, infiltration and runoff were assessed after two wildfires and one prescribed fire in three steep, sagebrush-dominated watersheds with coarse-textured soils. Water repellency was generally greater on unburned hillslopes and annual variability in water repellency had a greater impact on infiltration capacity than fire effects. The most significant impact of fire was canopy and ground cover removal on coppice microsites. Infiltration rates decreased on coppice microsites after fire even though soil water repellency was reduced. Fire-induced reduction in infiltration resulted from the combined effect of canopy and ground cover removal and the presence of naturally strong water repellent soils. Removal of ground cover likely increased the spatial connectivity of runoff areas from strongly water repellent soils. The results indicate that for coarse-textured sagebrush landscapes with high pre-fire soil water repellency, post-fire increases in runoff are more influenced by fire removal of ground and canopy cover than fire effects on soil water repellency and that the degree of these impacts may be significantly influenced by short-term fluctuations in water repellent soil conditions.     

陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区人工草地的土壤水分植被承载力

土壤水分植被承载力是黄土高原生态环境建设和可持续发展的核心。该文根据陕北黄土区4种不同立地条件下苜蓿地(MedicagosativaL.)连续3a的降雨、径流、土壤水分动态和生物产量的小区定位观测结果,研究分析了自然降水与土壤水分补给、土壤水分补给与地上部生物量、地上部生物量与土壤水分消耗的关系;并采用FAO法和水量平衡法分别计算出了苜蓿地土壤水分的承载力。结果表明:苜蓿地土壤水分补给量与地上部生物量呈线性关系,地上部生物量与土壤水分消耗量呈二次函数关系。用FAO法估算可得陕北黄土区土壤水分可承载的苜蓿最大产量为3992.2～4173.7kg/hm2;而根据水量平衡原理计算可得陕北黄土区苜蓿地可承载的地上部生物量为2600～3500kg/hm2,比FAO法低16.07%～33.52%。坡向、坡位相同时,坡度增大,承载力降低;坡向、坡度相同时,下坡承载力大于上坡;坡度、坡位相同时,南坡承载力小于北坡。     

Effects of conservation agriculture techniques on infiltration and soil water content in Zambia and Zimbabwe

The adoption of conservation agriculture (CA), based on minimal soil movement, permanent soil cover with crop residues or growing plants and crop rotation has advanced rapidly in the Americas and Australia over the last three decades. One of the immediate benefits of CA in dryland agriculture is improved rainfall-use efficiency through increased water infiltration and decreased evaporation from the soil surface, with associated decreases in runoff and soil erosion. This paper focuses on the effect of CA techniques on soil moisture relations in two researcher-managed trials in Zambia and Zimbabwe. In 2005/2006 and 2006/2007, we found significantly higher water infiltration on both sites on CA fields compared to conventionally ploughed fields. At Henderson Research Station, Zimbabwe, on a sandy soil, a direct seeded CA treatments had a 49% and 45% greater infiltration rate than the conventionally tilled plots after a simulated rainfall in both seasons. At Monze Farmer Training Centre, Zambia, on a finer-textured soil, the same treatment had 57% and 87% greater infiltration rate than the conventionally tilled control treatment in both seasons. Treatments that included reduced tillage and surface residue retention had less water runoff and erosion on runoff plots at Henderson Research Station, Zimbabwe. On average, soil moisture was higher throughout the season in most CA treatments than in the conventionally tilled plots. However, the full potential of CA in mitigating drought was not evident as there was no significant drought period in either season. Results suggest that CA has the potential to increase the productivity of rainfall water and therefore reduce the risk of crop failure, as was apparent at the Monze Farmer Training Centre, Zambia, in 2005/2006 when a period of moisture stress at tassling affected CA treatments less than the conventionally tilled treatment.     

Soil properties and soil water conditions in the yangjuangou catchment of the chinese loess plateau

Soil properties and soil water conditions were assessed for different land use (forest, arable land, grassland) on a silty Calcaric Regosol in the Yangjuangou Catchment of the Chinese Loess Plateau. The loess here is unimodal, poorly sorted with abundant coarse silt, has very low dry bulk density (1.11?–?1.38?g cm^???3) and little organic carbon content (1.6?–?3.7?g kg^???1). The soils are hydrophilic, have high porosity (0.5?–?0.55 cm^3?cm^???3), unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, and plant available water content (0.34?–?0.4 cm^3?cm^???3). Soil properties are quite uniform in space. Land use had no significant effects on soil properties and soil water conditions.     

中国黄土高原玉米产量对水肥的反应: 大田研究

This paper describes a field research on crop yield response to water and fertilizer in Changwu tableland of the Loess plaeau.Under the current level of land management in this area.low fertility of soil is the first yield-limiting factor and water deficit is the second.At a given fertility level,the relationship between crop yield and its water consumption is parabolic.Within a certain rage of soil moisture,the soil water availability to crop is not sharply deceased with its markedly decreasing content,Because of this relatively high availability and the gigh reserve of soil water at the early stage of crop growth,drought due to inadequate or poorly distributed rainfall becomes less serious.High fertilizer input ,improved crop variety and optimum cultivation technique can give a 50-100% yield increment of dryland crops in the loess tableland.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同水保措施条件下土壤水分状况

黄土高原土壤水资源对植物的生长发育意义重大。水土保持措施会影响土壤水分的静态分布和动态过程。该文通过定位监测并引入土壤水分亏缺补偿度指标,旨在明确黄土丘陵沟壑区不同水土保持措施下土壤水分动态特征和雨季前后土壤水分的亏缺与补偿情况。结果表明：不同水土保持措施雨季前后土壤储水均处于亏缺状态,7月份土壤储水亏缺得到缓解;8月份表层土壤储水亏缺加剧;雨季后的10月份土壤储水均得到恢复。降雨对退耕坡地和梯田土壤水分均有正补偿作用。水平阶90 cm处和160 cm以下出现负补偿现象。鱼鳞坑在30 cm处出现负补偿。在0～200 cm土壤剖面上,土壤储水亏缺补偿度依次为退耕坡地＞梯田＞鱼鳞坑＞水平阶。由此可见,不同水土保持措施对土壤水分季节变化和垂直变化,以及降雨对土壤水分的补偿作用均产生不同影响。     

生物炭对黄土区土壤水分入渗、蒸发及硝态氮淋溶的影响

为了揭示生物炭对黄土区不同质地土壤水分入渗、蒸发特性及硝态氮淋溶的影响规律及差异,该研究选取黄土区3种典型土壤(风沙土、黄绵土和黑垆土),设置质量分数0、0.5%、1%、2%、3%和5%共6个比例的生物炭梯度,进行室内土柱模拟试验。结果表明:湿润锋进程与累积入渗量受生物炭添加量及土壤质地的影响。随着生物炭添加量的增大,风沙土和黑垆土的水分入渗速度和累积入渗量逐渐降低(P0.05);黄绵土水分入渗和累积入渗量呈先增大后减缓的趋势(P0.05)。生物炭未显著影响试验条件下黄绵土和黑垆土的累积蒸发量(30 d),但显著改变了风沙土的蒸发特征,抑制前期蒸发。不同生物炭添加量下,3种土壤的湿润锋运移距离与运移时间均符合幂函数关系;Philip入渗模型可描述添加生物炭土壤水分入渗变化过程。生物炭可减少黄土区3种质地土壤的硝态氮淋溶量,表明适量生物炭添加能够增强土壤氮素固持能力,降低硝态氮淋失及环境风险。该研究结果表明,生物炭作为一种土壤改良剂能够提高土壤持水性和降低硝态氮淋失,有利于黄土高原旱地作物的生长;同时该研究可为农田选择合理生物炭施用量提供科学参考。