含高浓度甲醛的丙烯酸及丙烯酸酯生产废水厌氧生物处理的试验研究

采用厌氧UASB反应器处理含有高浓度甲醛的丙烯酸及丙烯酸酯生产废水的稀释液,进水有机物和甲醛负荷分别为3.04 kgCOD.m-3d-1和0.22 kgFA.m-3d-1,相应的进水有机物和甲醛浓度分别为1896.9 mgCOD.L-1和139.9 mgFA.L-1,二者的去除率分别达到95.1%和91.8%以上,出水浓度分别低于93.2 mgCOD.L-1和11.4 mg-FA.L-1。     

厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床(EGSB)反应器处理生活污水中试研究

采用规模为240 m3.d-1的厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床(EGSB)反应器对生活污水进行研究。试验结果表明:采用此系统处理生活污水,出水水质良好。COD的去除率在73%~90%之间,出水的COD值小于70 mg.L-1,SS的去除率在70%~95%之间,停留时间为2 h的产气率在1.26 m3.m-3d-1,出水的氨氮、乙酸值比进水的高;硝酸根离子出水值比进水值低。     

EGSB厌氧系统处理瓜尔豆胶生产废水的研究

用EGSB厌氧反应器处理了食品工业中用量最大的添加剂之一——瓜尔豆胶的生产废水。结果显示:本研究所用的EGSB厌氧系统处理瓜尔豆胶生产废水,在容积COD负荷达18kgCOD.m-3d-1(进水COD浓度为30000mg.L-1)时,去除率可稳定在80%以上;出水的pH稳定在7.5左右;容积产气率随容积负荷的提高而逐渐升高,COD负荷达到18kg.m-3d-1时,平均沼气产量为22L.0.5d-1,每公斤COD平均可产生0.54m3沼气;沼气中的甲烷含量最高可达到82%。     

氧化塘深度对猪场厌氧消化液后处理的影响

采用小试装置对3个不同深度氧化塘处理猪场厌氧消化液的效果进行了研究,结果表明:当平均气温为21.9℃,停留时间在80 ～110天,进水负荷为0.05 m3·m-2d-1的条件下,氧化塘对NH4-N的去除率达到了90％以上,CODcr,TP的去除率分别为50％,40％.硝化作用和藻类的吸收是氧化塘去除NH4-N的主要方式,沉淀作用则是CODcr和TP的主要去除方式,在较长停留时间下,微生物对于溶解性CODcr的分解和同化也能提供一定的去除效果.当平均气温为21.9℃,在表面负荷为0.05 m3·m-2d-1的条件下,有效深度为0.3m和0.7m的氧化塘面积去除负荷分别为1.41 g·m-2d-1,1.49 g·m-2d-1,容积去除负荷分别为4.7g·m -3d-1,2.8g·m-3d-1.虽然较深氧化塘具有较高的面积去除负荷,但较浅的氧化塘却有更高的容积去除负荷.     

曝气生物滤池系统处理含氨氮废水的试验研究

为了进一步研究曝气生物滤池工艺在污水处理中的应用,采用曝气生物滤池处理工艺,对氨氮质量浓度较高、其他污染物量较低的废水进行了工艺运行条件及处理特征的模拟试验,主要研究了气水比、水力负荷、氨氮负荷等因素对氨态氮等污染物处理效果的影响。结果表明,进水氨态氮质量浓度约为25 mg/L时,气水比为3∶1和4∶1时,曝气生物滤池系统出水氨态氮质量浓度均低于7 mg/L;系统出水COD平均质量浓度随气水比增大而升高;在气水比为2∶1,进水氨态氮质量浓度相近条件下,水力负荷调整为5 m~3/(m~2·h)时,系统出水氨态氮质量浓度低于12 mg/L,去除率达到54%。     

厌氧折流板反应器处理大豆蛋白废水的运行特性

为考察厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理大豆蛋白生产废水的效能及其运行特征,采用一个有效容积为28L的四格室ABR进行了试验.采取分阶段提高进水COD浓度的方式来驯化污泥和增加负荷.在100 d的运行中,研究并考察了启动情况和有机负荷对其的影响.结果表明:以啤酒厂二沉池排放的剩余污泥为种泥,在污泥接种量MLVSS为18.0 g·L-1,进水COD浓度2000 mg·L-1,HRT 39.5 h,(35±1)℃等条件下,可在31天内成功启动并达到初步稳定运行,COD去除率达到96%左右;同时ABR具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力,当进水COD浓度提高到10 g·L-1,即OLR为 6.0 kg·m-3d-1时,ABR仍能实现安全稳定运行,其COD去除率可以稳定在98%左右.     

一体式沼气安全脱硫反应器的操作优化和运行性能

文章采用正交试验考察了曝气量、气液比、脱硫液碱度对一体式沼气安全脱硫反应器脱硫效能的影响.试验结果表明,操作条件对反应器脱硫效能的影响程度为:曝气量＞脱硫液碱度＞气液比.在反应器容积气体负荷为32.5 m3·m-3d-1,硫化氢浓度为10 g · m-3的条件下,最佳操作条件组合为曝气量72 m3·m-3d-1,脱硫液碱度为4000 mg·L-1,气液比为0.625.在反应器容积气体负荷为40 m3·m-3d-1,硫化氢浓度高达20 g·m-3的条件下,反应器的容积硫化物去除率为0.74 kg·m-3d-1,沼气脱硫率为93.8％.一体式沼气安全脱硫反应器脱硫成本为0.11元·m-3和6元·(kg-S)-1.     

接种不同污泥的厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动与运行

采用两套相同的小试USAB系统,分别接种普通厌氧颗粒污泥与好氧活性污泥的混合污泥和河底污泥,以含NH4 和NO2-的自配废水为进水,在30℃和水力停留时间分别为10 h和7 h的条件下,经过320 d和264 d的运行,均成功实现了厌氧氨氧化过程,氨氮去除率达到95%和81%,亚硝酸氮去除率达到99.4%和88.5%,进水氨氮负荷达到1.25 kgNH4 -N*m-3d-1和0.82 kgNH4 -N*m-3d-1;污泥性状发生了较明显变化,在其中一个反应器中获得了厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥,扫描电镜观察发现污泥中主要存在形状不规则的细菌;两个反应器稳定运行时所去除的氨氮与亚硝酸氮的比值约为1.05,与文献报道有显著差别.     

高氨氮厌氧消化液后处理技术研究

采用SBR-絮凝沉淀-Fenton氧化-活性炭吸附组合工艺对高氨氮厌氧消化液的后处理进行实验研究.结果表明,当进水COD浓度为4516 mg·L^-1时,SBR出水COD可降为1752 mg·L^-1,去除率达到61.2%;絮凝沉淀出水COD浓度为1189 mg·L^-1,去除率为32.1%;Fenton氧化和活性炭吸附出水COD浓度分别为452和216 mg·L^-1,去除率分别为61.7%和52.7%.当进水NH3-N浓度2162 mg·L^-1时,SBR出水NH3-N浓度降至13.8 mg·L^-1,去除率为99.4%,NH3-N主要在该段去除.整个组合工艺对COD和NH3-N的去除率分别达到95.2%和99.9%,达到了很好的有机物和氨氮去除效果,在技术上是可行的.     

填料层高度对曝气生物滤池工作性能的影响

当碳氧化和硝化在同一反应器中进行时 ,氧化有机物的异氧菌和硝化氨氮的自养菌之间存在着对生物膜表面空间、溶解氧和营养物的竞争 ,微生物沿填料层高度的不同分布对反应器的性能产生影响 ,使得在不同高度处去除有机物和氨氮的能力不同。研究表明 ,对于以陶粒为填料的曝气生物滤池 ,在进水有机物和氨氮浓度分别为 12 2 .1mgCOD·L- 1和 14.84mgNH3 N·L- 1、进水流量为15 .8L·h- 1、气水比为 3:1的条件下 ,去除SS ,COD和NH3 -N的最佳床层高度分别为 4 0cm ,60cm和80cm ,对应的去除率分别为 79.1% ,63.9%and 96.4 % ,且硝化细菌的活跃层较异养菌的活跃层要低     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义,并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状,提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.