烤烟不同套作模式对土壤理化性质和真菌群落结构的影响

本文以烤烟套种结球甘蓝(LF)、白菜(BF)和豌豆(WF)作物之间的物质交互区域土壤(烤烟与套作作物主根间的物理对称中点0~20 cm土层土壤)为研究对象,应用ITS测序、主座标分析(PCo A)、Alpha多样性分析等方法分析土壤真菌群落结构变化及其与土壤理化特征变化之间的关系,同时结合烤烟经济性状和烟叶光合特性、SPAD值来综合分析三种套作处理的优劣。结果表明,该地区土壤中真菌的主要类群为Ascomycota(子囊菌门)、Basidiomycota(担子菌门)、Zygomycota(接合菌门)、Chytridiomycota(壶菌门)、Glomeromycota(球囊菌门)五大门类,套作甘蓝和豌豆的土壤真菌优势菌门均为Ascomycota(子囊菌门),而烤烟套种白菜的优势菌门为Basidiomycota(担子菌门),套作甘蓝的优势菌属为Coprinellus(鬼伞属)、Mortierella(被孢霉属),套作白菜的优势属为Mortierella(被孢霉属)、Lecanicillium(蜡蚧菌属),套作豌豆的优势属为Mortierella(被孢霉属)、Rhizophlyctis(囊根壶菌属);套种甘蓝和豌豆的土壤真菌群落结构较相似,两个处理土壤真菌菌属存在偏向性富集趋势,套种白菜的土壤真菌群落结构与另外两组差异较大,其土壤真菌的丰富度和多样性指数最高,且真菌菌属没有明显的偏向性富集趋势;烤烟套种白菜的土壤更适合多种真菌共同存在,互相制约,与该处理对应的烟叶产值量和光合指标也最高,烤烟套种白菜有利于改善土壤微生态环境,提高烤烟产量。相关性分析发现chao1(丰富度指数)和速效氮含量呈显著负相关关系,而与土壤p H值呈极显著正相关关系,Simpson(多样性指数)全氮含量呈显著负相关关系,土壤中氮含量过高,会显著降低真菌琢多样性指数,真菌Mortierella、Chlorophyllum是引起土壤氮含量变化的关键菌属。     

Converting Australian tropical rainforest to native Araucariaceae plantations alters soil fungal communities

Native rainforest tree plantations are increasingly viewed as potentially important for high value timber production and provision of a range of ecological services in tropical and subtropical areas. In order to determine the extent to which conversion of rainforest to native Araucariaceae plantation influences soil fungi, we compared soil fungal communities under native rainforest and 73-74 year-old Araucaria bidwillii, Araucaria cunninghamii and Agathis robusta plantations at Gadgarra State Forest, Queensland, Australia. Following direct extraction of DNA from soil, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions was conducted. Ordination analysis of the T-RFLP data revealed significant separation of the fungal communities according to forest type along the first canonical axis, with the native rainforest samples separating from the three Araucariaceae plantations along the second axis. Overall, the most abundant ITS sequences in clone assemblages from the four forest types were Ascomycota, followed by Basidiomycota, Zygomycota and Chitridomycota, however their relative importance varied in individual forest types. The results indicate that conversion of tropical rainforest to monoculture plantations of native trees can significantly alter soil fungal diversity.     

Evaluating the physical capture method of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism for comparison of soil microbial communities

Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) is a popular method of comparative microbial community analysis which is normally accomplished by tagging terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs) with a fluorescent primer. Here, we evaluate an alternative method of T-RFLP where T-RFs are physically captured using a biotinylated primer and streptavidin-coated beads. This eliminates one of the primary criticisms of T-RFLP, namely that T-RFs cannot be identified by sequence analysis, and also represents an alternative method for collecting T-RFLP profiles. Microbial communities from forest, agricultural, and turf soils were investigated using several sets of primers specific for different microbial groups. The physical capture method of T-RFLP resulted in similar profiles to those generated by fluorescent T-RFLP. The relationships among ecosystem types captured by both methods and revealed by ordination were virtually identical. The total variance in the profiles that was attributed to ecosystem type was approximately equal, or greater, when generated by the physical capture method, depending on the primers used. However, physical capture T-RFLP resolved fewer T-RFs than fluorescent T-RFLP, and this may reduce the sensitivity to changes in non-dominant populations within the community. Direct cloning and sequencing of physical capture T-RFs revealed that most bands were not comprised of sequences related to those in the database that would generate T-RFs of similar size. T-RFs should therefore be identified by sequencing, rather than by comparing the sizes of T-RFs to computer digests of database sequences. Physical capture T-RFLP should be a useful tool to identify T-RFs by sequencing, and for laboratories without economical access to equipment required to perform fluorescent T-RFLP.     

黄瓜与西芹间作对黄瓜土壤真菌ITS多样性分析

为探索黄瓜与西芹间作后对黄瓜土壤真菌多样性变化规律的影响,本试验以黄瓜与西芹间作种植模式为处理,黄瓜单作和西芹单作种植模式为对照,进行不同处理土壤ITS真菌群落多样性高通量测序分析。结果表明：黄瓜与西芹间作土壤真菌Alpha多样性指数降低,Observed species指数、Shannon指数、Chao1指数和Simpson指数与对照相比均达到最低值,但差异均不显著（P>0.05）。在门分类水平上,共检测到5个菌门,其中,子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、接合菌门（Zygomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）为3个主要菌门;黄瓜与西芹间作处理前3个菌门所占比例最高,达95.50%。在属分类水上,共检测到329属,相对丰度比例为前12的菌属占所有检测出菌属的49.4%;黄瓜与西芹间作处理检测的菌属所占比例最高,达50.72%,其次为黄瓜单作和西芹单作,分别为50.47%和47.17%。因此,黄瓜与西芹间作处理改变了黄瓜土壤真菌群落的结构和组成,丰富了黄瓜土壤真菌的群落多样性,为以后设施黄瓜连作土壤微生态环境改善和修复提供科学依据。     

水力侵蚀影响下土壤有机碳和微生物数量动态变化特征

土壤侵蚀是土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)动态过程的重要驱动因素,明确土壤侵蚀如何影响土壤微生物进而作用于SOC,有助于准确把握土壤侵蚀在全球碳循环中的作用。通过野外径流小区模拟降雨试验,结合定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction,q PCR)技术,研究了水力侵蚀后短期内(10 d)坡耕地表层土壤微生物数量和SOC含量动态变化特征,并在此基础上探讨了微生物与SOC间的关系。结果表明:与雨前相比,降雨侵蚀后表层土壤SOC含量没有显著差异,而表层土壤细菌数量显著降低,为雨前细菌数量的58.76%(坡上)、55.22%(坡中)、55.82%(坡下);降雨侵蚀同样显著改变了表层土壤真菌数量,雨后真菌数量为雨前真菌数量的105.51%(坡上)、2.29%(坡中),12.20%(坡下);降雨侵蚀后,SOC、细菌和真菌数量均在短时间内显著增加,达到峰值后下降;相关性分析表明,细菌和真菌数量与SOC之间的关系均未表现出显著正相关关系,仅有坡下细菌,坡中、坡下以及整个坡面真菌与SOC含量表现出显著正相关关系。     

Ligninolytic fungi in bioremediation: extracellular enzyme production and degradation rate

Ligninolytic fungi can be used for remediation of pollutants in water and soil. Extracellular peroxidases and laccases have been shown to oxidize recalcitrant compounds in vitro but the likely significance of individual enzyme levels in vivo remains unclear. This study documents the amounts and activities of Mn-dependent peroxidase (MnP), lignin peroxidase and laccase (LAC) in various species of ligninolytic fungi grown in liquid medium and soil and their effect on degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (anthracene and pyrene), a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture (Delor 106) and a number of synthetic dyes. Stationary cultures of a highly degradative strain Irpex lacteus exhibited 380-fold and 2-fold increase in production of MnP and LAC, respectively, compared to submerged cultures. Addition of Tween 80 to the submerged culture increased MnP levels 260-fold. High levels of MnP correlated with efficient decolorization of Reactive Orange 16 azo dye but not of Remazol Brilliant Blue R anthraquinone dye. Degradation of anthracene and pyrene in spiked soil by straw-grown explorative mycelium of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trametes versicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus showed the importance of MnP and LAC levels secreted into the soil. The importance of high fungal enzyme levels for efficient degradation of recalcitrant compounds was better demonstrated in liquid media compared to the same strains growing in soil.     

百草枯对土壤微生物影响的研究

研究了5种不同浓度百草枯对土壤微生物种群数量及土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌生长速率的影响。结果表明,百草枯对土壤微生物的种群数量及土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌生长速率均具有一定的抑制作用,且随药剂浓度升高逐渐增强。加药后2～7d,对细菌种群抑制率为13.3%～100%,抑菌圈直径达0.07～0.93cm;对放线菌种群抑制率为8.6%～100%,抑菌圈直径达0～3.00cm;对真菌种群抑制率为7.6%～100%,生长速率的抑制率达1.4%～77.3%。抑制作用随加药时间延长又逐渐减弱。     

不同年龄麻疯树林地土壤微生物多样性研究

为了探明麻疯树林地土壤微生物类群的生态分布情况,研究了1～10年1,1～20年,21～30年的不同年龄麻疯树林地土壤细菌、真菌及放线菌的数量和类群组成。结果表明:3种林地土壤微生物的数量和种类组成有明显差异,随着林龄的增加微生物数量和种类呈递减趋势;不同土层的微生物数量变化也有所不同,但3种林地都有一个共同特点,即26～30 cm范围内的微生物总数最少;细菌在不同年龄麻疯树林地的各个土层中均有分布,数量明显高于放线菌和真菌;在林地内共分离出土壤真菌20属,其中,假丝酵母属为3个不同年龄麻疯树林地土壤中的优势菌属。     

Rubidium ‐ availability and plant uptake in natural soils

Abstract

High soil acidity (low metal ion saturation) favours the absorption of Rb from natural soils by vascular plants and fungi, whereas the absorption of K is little or not influenced. The difference in Rb uptake may be as great as one order of magnitude between soils of high and low acidity. Results of several studies are presented and discussed.     

Relationships among fine roots, fungal hyphae and soil microarthropods among different soil microhabitats in a temperate coniferous forest of Chamaecyparis obtusa

The relationships between roots and soil communities are not well understood. We used the ingrowth-core method with L-, FH-, and M-layer substrates to investigate the relationships among soil organic carbon, fine root biomass, hyphal length and the numbers of soil microarthropods. The study was carried out in a temperate forest of the arbuscular mycorrhizal conifer, Chamaecyparis obtusa. The relationships among fine roots, fungi and soil microarthropods were different among soil substrates and faunal taxa. Soil carbon contents, fine root biomass, hyphal length and soil-microarthropod numbers were the highest in the FH-substrate, and the lowest in the M-substrate. For each substrate, the total numbers of soil microarthropods did not positively correlated with soil organic carbon. A positive correlation between fine root biomass and the soil microarthropod numbers was significant only in the M-substrate, but not in the L- and FH-substrates. In M-substrates, strong positive correlations were found between fine root biomass or hyphal length and Mesostigmata or Oribatida numbers, but Collembola numbers were not corelated. Further studies of the regulation mechanism of soil food web structures should note that the soil microarthropods have different responses to C sources according to soil conditions and trophic interactions.     

球囊霉素在土壤团聚体中的分布特征及影响因素的Meta分析

为充分认识球囊霉素在维持土壤有机碳平衡和土壤团聚体稳定性中的重要作用,建立改善土壤结构 和提升土壤质量的管理策略,通过收集整理近些年来已发表的19篇文献中的332组数据,定量分析球囊霉素在不同粒径土壤团聚体中的分布特征,系统解析其影响因素,并比较了不同土地利用方式下球囊霉素在土壤团聚体中的分配差异。结果表明：无论是总球囊霉素还是易提取球囊霉素,在大团聚体（>2 000 μm）和小团聚体（2 000~250 μm）中的质量百分比（分别约占30%）均显著高于微团聚体（250~53 μm）和黏粉粒级微团聚体（<53 μm）（分别约占15%）。易提取球囊霉素占总球囊霉素的比例在粉黏粒级微团聚体（<53 μm）中更低,约为20%,其他粒径均在30%以上。球囊霉素中碳占土壤有机碳的比例在各团聚体中无显著差异,不同粒径团聚体中易提取球囊霉素约占有机碳的2%左右,而总球囊霉素约占有机碳的8%左右。大于250 μm团聚体中球囊霉素随温度和降水的增加而增加,而随着pH的增加而降低。在小于250 μm团聚体中未发现显著相关性,但发现球囊霉素随土壤有机碳增加而增加,呈显著正相关。通过比较不同利用方式的土壤,本研究还发现林地土壤各粒径团聚体中的球囊霉素均不低于耕地和草地土壤,这说明林地土壤较其他类型土壤更有利于球囊霉素的积累。     

持续低量有机肥与化肥配施对绿洲农田土壤肥力和多功能性的影响

由于干旱区有机肥数量有限,需明确低量有机肥与化肥配施对绿洲农田土壤理化性质、微生物群落及多功能性的影响程度,确定有机肥的最适用量。于2021—2023年在新疆沙雅县海楼镇开展田间试验,试验共设四个处理：NPK（单施化肥）、NPK+OM3（3 000 kg?hm-2牛粪+化肥）、NPK+OM6（6 000 kg?hm-2牛粪+化肥）和NPK+OM12（12 000 kg?hm-2牛粪+化肥）。采用高通量测序（16S rRNA和内源转录间隔区（ITS））技术,测定分析有机肥施用量对土壤理化性质、微生物群落组成及多样性的影响程度,探讨土壤多功能性对有机肥用量的响应。结果表明：（1）连续3年施用低量有机肥（NPK+OM3）显著增加了土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、有效磷（AP）、速效钾（AK）和硝态氮（NO3--N）含量,除pH之外的其他指标NPK+OM3处理与NPK+OM6处理差异不显著;（2）NPK+OM6和NPK+OM12处理土壤细菌（Chao1和香农（Shannon）指数）和真菌（Shannon指数）α多样性显著提高,细菌群落结构发生显著改变;（3）随着有机肥施用量增加,芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadota）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和球囊菌门（Mortierellomycota）的相对丰度增加,而放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）的相对丰度降低;（4）施用有机肥通过改变土壤养分和pH来改变细菌群落组成和多样性,进而提高土壤多功能性。综上所述,连续三年施用有机肥（3 000~6 000 kg?hm-2）可通过提高土壤养分含量、改善微生物群落组成和多样性将土壤多功能性维持在较高水平。考虑到有机肥数量有限和施肥成本,在绿洲农田作物生产中,施用3 000~6 000 kg?hm-2有机肥可达到提升土壤多功能性的效果。     

Colour-marking in experiments on food selection with Collembola

Summary A laboratory method was developed for colour-marking different food types ingested by several slightly pigmented or unpigmented species of Collembola. After feeding Collembola on food marked with food-colouring, the gut contents of the animals appeared coloured. Thus, it was possible to accurately relate the tested animals to the differently stained types of food, irrespective of the location of the animals at the moment of observation.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. W. Kühnelt     

发展农田秸秆菌业的技术集成与资源循环利用管理对策

本文分析了我国草生菌业的生产实际, 深入探讨了农田秸秆菌业循环生产体系的主要环节和优化构建, 并详细阐述了各个环节的管理对策.通过对秸秆堆制发酵、优质高产栽培管理、菌渣循环利用和环境生态监测等关键环节的有效链接与整合优化, 建立\"稻草(秸秆)-食用菌-菌渣-农田(园地)再循环-资源再利用\"的农田秸秆菌业循环生产新体系的运作模式, 并展望了农田秸秆菌业的推广和开发前景.     

番茄地套作蘑菇对土壤肥力和生物活性的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究了套作双孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)对潮土速效养分含量、微生物数量、关键酶活性以及番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)生长的影响。结果发现,与对照相比,添加双孢蘑菇培养基质对土壤有机碳、矿质氮与速效磷含量均没有显著影响,但速效钾含量显著增加(P<0.05),且土壤细菌数量趋于增加、真菌数量显著减少(P<0.05),土壤脲酶与磷酸酶活性显著增强(P<0.05)、纤维素酶活性显著下降(P<0.05),番茄植株地上部和地下部生物量分别增加130%和67%,但产量没有明显变化;在添加培养基质基础上再接种双孢蘑菇菌种与不接种相比显著降低土壤有机碳含量和脲酶活性(P<0.05),番茄植株生物量也降到与对照相接近的水平,尽管番茄产量没有明显变化,但额外收获了双孢蘑菇。结果表明,套作双孢蘑菇对潮土生物活性具有促进作用,并可以增加单位面积经济产出,因而在潮土地区具有推广潜力。     

Do nitrogen isotope patterns reflect microbial colonization of soil organic matter fractions?

Different theories have been brought forward to explain the commonly observed δ¹⁵N enrichment with depth in soil profiles, including the discrimination against ¹⁵N during N decomposition and the buildup of ¹⁵N-enriched microbial residues. A combination of soil organic matter (SOM) size and density fractionations, ¹⁵N determinations, and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses was conducted on soils from a pristine N-limited Nothofagus forest in southern Chile. The purpose of this study was to investigate which SOM fractions mostly reflect the ¹⁵N-enrichment pattern and to link ¹⁵N SOM enrichment with microbial community composition. Nitrogen-15 enrichments were greater for the microaggregate (<150 μm) than for the macroaggregate (>150 μm) size fraction, with Rayleigh isotope enrichment factors averaging −8.5‰ and −3.7‰, respectively. The macro-organic matter density fractions (>150 μm) showed intermediate enrichment factors of −5.1‰ and −7.3‰ for the light (<1.37 g cm⁻³) and heavy (>1.37 g cm⁻³) fraction, respectively. The abundance of fungal and bacterial PLFAs was significantly higher in the microaggregate compared to the macroaggregate size fraction, but their relative abundance did not change between aggregate size fractions. Our data link differential ¹⁵N enrichment of SOM fractions to “total” microbial abundance and, as such, corroborates existing theories of microbial-induced ¹⁵N enrichment. Isotopic fractionation during microbial N decomposition processes alone could not explain the large ¹⁵N enrichment in the microaggregate size fraction (−8.5‰) and the heavy density fraction (−7.3‰). We therefore suggest that microbial turnover and accretion of ¹⁵N-enriched microbial (especially fungal) compounds was an additional driver for ¹⁵N enrichment of this soil profile.     

Dwarf mistletoe effects on soil basidiomycete community structure, soil fungal functional diversity, and soil enzyme function: Implications for climate change

We used a combination of molecular, culture and biochemical methods to test the hypothesis that severe infection of pine by dwarf mistletoe (genus Arceuthobium) has significant effects on structure and function of soil fungal communities, and on carbon cycling in soils. PCR and DNA sequencing of the basidiomycete communities in paired blocks of uninfected and infected trees revealed: (1) that the top, organic soil layer in this system is inhabited almost exclusively by ectomycorrhizal fungi; (2) no difference in species richness (6 species core⁻¹ in both) or Shannon-Wiener evenness (0.740 and 0.747 in uninfected and infected blocks respectively), however Shannon-Wiener diversity was significantly greater in infected blocks (1.19 vs 1.94 in uninfected and infected blocks respectively, P < 0.05); (3) significant differences in basidiomycete species composition, with nearly complete absence of two system co-dominant Russula species in infected blocks, and replacement of one co-dominant Piloderma species with another in infected plots, indicating physiological variability within the genus. Soil fungal physiological diversity measured using the Fungilog system was significantly greater in terms of both number of carbon substrates used by culturable soil fungi (both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes) in infected blocks, and the rate at which these substrates were used. Soil enzyme assays revealed greater laccase, peroxidase, and cellulase activities in soils associated with infected trees. Thus, event cascades associated with severe dwarf mistletoe infection not only significantly affected soil fungal species composition and increased species diversity, but also impacted on carbon-related function and functional diversity. Given the geographic range of this pathogen, and forecasts that epidemics of this disease will increase in range in severity with global climate change, these effects have the potential to significantly impact local and global carbon budgets.     

Response of soil nematode communities to tree girdling in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest of southwest China

The impact of canopy photosynthates on soil microbial biomass and nematode trophic groups was studied in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest by performing a large-scale tree girdling experiment. Total fungal biomass was unaffected by tree girdling. Bacterial biomass differed significantly between the girdled and control plots in the mineral soil, but was not affected by girdling treatment in the humus layer. Girdling reduced total nematode density in the humus layer. The reduced fungivorous nematode density in girdled plots in the humus layer suggested a modified energy flow through the fungal based pathways. There were no differences in the abundance of bacterial-feeding, herbivorous and omnivorous-predatory nematodes between the girdled and control plots in both humus and mineral soil layers. This study provides direct evidence that the termination of belowground photosynthate-C allocation achieved by tree girdling affects soil nematodes, and that different trophic groups vary in their responses to the reduction of C efflux into the soil.     

Genetic diversity in wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch) in the Near East: a molecular analysis using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers

We analyzed the genetic diversity in 88 genotypes from 20 populations of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch) from Israel, Turkey and Iran, by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Twenty two of the 33 primers used yielded scorable products with 1–11 polymorphic bands. No duplicate patterns were found except for four haplotypes.When the total genetic diversity was estimated, 75% of the variation detected was partitioned within the 88 genotypes and 25% among the populations. When variation between countries was assessed, no substantial differences were found, because most of the variation detected (97%) was partioned within the 20 populations and the remainder among countries. The results of this limited survey indicate that the extensive genetic diversity is present in natural stands of wild barley throughout the Fertile Crescent.