Responses of methane oxidation to temperature and water content in cover soil of a boreal landfill

Methane oxidation in a cover soil of a landfill located in a boreal climate was studied at temperatures ranging from 1-19 °C and with water content of 7-34% of dry weight (dw), corresponding to 17-81% of water-holding capacity (WHC) in order to better understand the factors regulating CH₄ oxidation at low temperatures. CH₄ consumption was detected at all the temperatures studied (1-19 °C) and an increase in CH₄ consumption rate in consecutive incubations was obtained even at 1 °C, indicating activation or increase in enzymes and/or microorganisms responsible for CH₄ oxidation. CH₄ consumption was reduced with low water content (17%WHC) at all temperatures. The response of CH₄ consumption to temperature was high with Q₁₀ values from 6.5 to 8.4 and dependent on water content: at 33%WHC or more an increase in water content was accompanied by a decrease in Q₁₀ values. The responses of CH₄ consumption to water content varied at different temperatures so that at 1-6 °C, CH₄ consumption increased along with water content (33-67%WHC) while at 12-19 °C the response was curvilinear, peaking at 50%WHC. CH₄ consumption was less tolerant (higher Q₁₀ values; 6.5-8.4) of low temperatures compared to basal respiration (Q₁₀ values for CO₂ production and O₂ consumption 3.2-4.0). Overall, the present results demonstrate the presence of CH₄-oxidizing microorganisms, which are able to consume CH₄ and to be activated or grow at low temperatures, suggesting that CH₄ oxidation can reduce atmospheric CH₄ emissions from methanogenic environments even in cold climates.     

Short-term kinetic response of enhanced methane oxidation in landfill cover soils to environmental factors

 This paper aims at a better understanding of methane oxidation under conditions that are representative of landfill cover soils. The kinetics of methane oxidation were studied in landfill cover soils that had been exposed to high methane mixing ratios. This was done in batch experiments, under various environmental conditions. V _max increased exponentially with temperature in the range 5–35  °C, with a Q ₁₀ value of 2.8. K _m increased approximately linearly in this range from 1.2 μM to 7 μM. Consequently, the influence of temperature on methane consumption was more pronounced at high concentrations than at low concentrations. The inhibition by ammonium of methane consumption was much stronger after 6–7 months of exposure to high methane mixing ratios than after 5–7 weeks of exposure, indicating that there was a shift of dominating methanotrophic species in soils after long exposure times. Additions of nitrifying sludge or compost to soils initially inhibited methane oxidation, followed by a stimulation after a few days. Received: 19 May 2000     

垃圾填埋场覆土中的甲烷氧化与反硝化特性

垃圾填埋场的CH4和渗滤液氮是两大污染因子。填埋覆土中因能进行CH4氧化而具有削减填埋场CH4排放的功能。同时,CH4可作为碳源促进反硝化。为此,该文研究了填埋场覆土中的CH4好氧氧化-反硝化耦合（AME-D）特性,以期为填埋场同步强化控制CH4排放和氮污染提供依据。结果表明：CH4、O2和NO3--N均显著影响填埋覆土中的CH4去除（p<0.05）,三者影响的大小顺序为CH4>O2>NO3--N,且CH4和O2具有交互作用（p<0.05）;CH4去除量随着初始CH4、O2体积分数的增大而增加,且与O2体积分数呈正相关关系（n=144,r=0.786,p<0.01）。CH4、O2和NO3--N明显影响CO2产生（p<0.01）,且CH4和O2、O2和NO3--N均对CO2产生有交互作用（p<0.01）。CH4和O2对N2 产生有明显影响（p<0.01）,且两者有交互作用（p<0.01）,NO3--N质量分数对N2 产生影响不明显,但NO3--N和O2对N2 产生有交互作用。低O2体积分数下（<5%）,添加NO3--N能促进N2产生,高O2体积分数下（≥10%）,NO3--N对N2产生影响不明显。C/O比对AME-D的影响与CH4和O2体积分数有关,比较合适的C/O比为0.5～1。该试验条件下,当CH4和、O2的体积分数分别为20%,NO3--N质量分数为100 mg/kg时,耦合效果最佳。该文可为垃圾填埋场CH4排放生物控制提供参考。     

Influence of the insecticide carbofuran on the production and oxidation of methane in a flooded rice soil

Applications of a commercial formulation of carbofuran, a carbamate insecticide, at rates of 2kg and 12kg active ingredient ha^–1 to flooded fields planted to rice led to significant inhibition of methane emission. Likewise, laboratory incubation studies showed that carbofuran applied at low rates (5 and 10μgg^–1soil) inhibited the net methane production relative to that of the control, but stimulated it when applied at a rate of 100μgg^–1soil. Interestingly, carbofuran increased the oxidation of methane when applied at low rates and inhibited it when applied at a rate of 100μgg^–1soil. Received: 5 May 1997     

Methane oxidation activity and bacterial community composition in a simulated landfill cover soil is influenced by the growth of Chenopodium album L.

Oxygen availability in landfill cover soil is a major limitation to the growth and activity of methanotrophs as methane oxidation is an aerobic microbial process. Plants tolerant to high concentrations of landfill gas (LFG) may play an important role in improving methane oxidation within landfill cover soil and reducing emission of methane, a greenhouse gas, from it. In this study, the effect of an LFG tolerant plant Chenopodium album L. on methane oxidation activity (MOA) and bacterial community composition in landfill cover soil was investigated. Soil samples from four simulated lysimeters with and without LFG and plant vegetation were taken at 4 stages during the plant's development cycle. Results showed that the total number of culturable bacteria in soil could be significantly increased (P < 0.05) by the growth of C. album. The total number of methanotrophs and MOA in soils with LFG was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in soils without LFG on sampling days 90, 150 and 210. The total number of methanotrophs and MOA in lysimeters with LFG added increased in the presence of C. album when the plant entered the seed setting stage. Polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) gel patterns of 16S rDNA gene fragment and band sequencing analyses showed apparent differences in soil bacterial communities in the presence of LFG and plant vegetation. Members of the genus Methylosarcina were found to be the active and dominant methanotrophs in rhizosphere soil of C. album with LFG, while Methylococcus, Methylocystis, and Methylosinus were the primary methanotroph genera in LFG soil without C. album. Thus, C. album appears to select for specific methanotrophic bacteria in the presence of LFG. Soil MOA and microbial diversity can also be significantly affected by the presence of this plant.     

Water-soluble Al inhibits methane oxidation at atmospheric concentration levels in Japanese forest soil

The effect of aluminium on methane oxidation was examined from incubation experiments involving the addition of several concentrations of Al solution (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 3 and 5 mM) to two soil samples that possessed different CH₄ oxidation potential. Atmospheric CH₄ oxidation activity was inhibited by the addition of as little as 0.1 mM Al solution (approximately 0.5 μg of Al per gram dry weight soil) to a forest soil that contained low water-soluble Al and possessed a high CH₄ oxidation potential. Our results indicate that Al inhibition of CH₄ oxidation activity is concentration-dependant after a certain time and the inhibition increases gradually over time until at least 96 h have elapsed. We also found that relatively small amounts of Al additions, such as 10-20 μg per gram dry weight of soil, halved the CH₄ oxidation rate compared to the control, regardless of the original CH₄ oxidation potential of the soil. Since the Al concentrations used in our experiment are often observed in forest soils, we can assume that Al acts as an important inhibitor of CH₄ oxidation in forest soils under natural conditions. The sharp falls and a continuous decrease in CH₄ oxidation rate in other forest samples with the addition of deionized water implies that the water-soluble Al contained in soils contributes to the inhibition of CH₄ oxidation rate. This result suggests that precipitation causes a relatively prolonged inhibition of CH₄ oxidation in soils containing a high concentration of water-soluble Al.     

亚硝酸盐型甲烷厌氧氧化微生物生态学研究进展

亚硝酸盐型甲烷厌氧氧化(nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation,N-DAMO)是指以亚硝酸盐为电子受体将甲烷氧化为二氧化碳的微生物生理过程。虽然目前人们对于N-DAMO的研究主要集中于人工环境,但不断有证据表明N-DAMO菌广泛分布于不同类型生境(如河流、湖泊、湿地和海洋等)中,且在部分生境中已被证实N-DAMO反应的发生。这表明N-DAMO是一种被忽视的甲烷汇,其在全球温室气体减排中可能起着重要作用。本文介绍了N-DAMO菌的分类和生化反应机理,总结了N-DAMO菌在不同自然生态系统中的分布特征与作用强度,浅析了影响N-DAMO菌在自然生态系统中分布和发挥作用的主要环境因子,并探讨了N-DAMO反应作为一种被忽视的甲烷汇在控制温室气体排放中的贡献。     

Methane concentrations and methanotrophic community structure influence the response of soil methane oxidation to nitrogen content in a temperate forest

Methane oxidation in forest soils removes atmospheric CH₄. Many studies have determined methane uptake rates and their controlling variables, yet the microorganisms involved have rarely been assessed simultaneously over the longer term. We measured methane uptake rates and the community structure of methanotrophic bacteria in temperate forest soil (sandy clay loam) on a monthly basis for two years in South Korea. Methane uptake rates at the field site did not show any seasonal patterns, and net uptake occurred throughout both years. In situ uptake rates and uptake potentials determined in the laboratory were 2.92 ± 4.07 mg CH₄ m⁻² day⁻¹ and 51.6 ± 45.8 ng CH₄ g⁻¹ soil day⁻¹, respectively. Contrary to results from other studies, in situ oxidation rates were positively correlated with soil nitrate concentrations. Short-term experimental nitrate addition (0.20-1.95 μg N g⁻¹ soil) significantly stimulated oxidation rates under low methane concentrations (1.7-2.0 ppmv CH₄), but significantly inhibited oxidation under high methane concentrations (300 ppmv CH₄). We analyzed the community structures of methanotrophic bacteria using a DNA-based fingerprinting method (T-RFLP). Type II methanotrophs dominated under low methane concentrations while Type I methanotrophs dominated under high methane concentrations. Nitrogen addition selectively inhibited Type I methanotrophic bacteria. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the effects of inorganic N on methane uptake depend on methane concentrations and that such a response is related to the dissimilar activation or inhibition of different types of methanotrophic bacteria.     

Suppression of methane oxidation in aerobic soil by nitrogen fertilizers,nitrification inhibitors,and urease inhibitors

Concentrations of CH₄, a potent greenhouse gas, have been increasing in the atmosphere at the rate of 1% per year. The objective of these laboratory studies was to measure the effect of different forms of inorganic N and various N-transformation inhibitors on CH₄ oxidation in soil. NH ₄ ⁺ oxidation was also measured in the presence of the inhibitors to determine whether they had differential activity with respect to CH₄ and NH ₄ ⁺ oxidation. The addition of NH₄Cl at 25 g N g^-1 soil strongly inhibited (78–89%) CH₄ oxidation in the surface layer (0–15 cm) of a fine sandy loam and a sandy clay loam (native shortgrass prairie soils). The nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin (5 g g^-1 soil) inhibited CH₄ oxidation as effectively as did NH₄Cl in the fine sandy loam (82–89%), but less effectively in the sandy clay loam (52–66%). Acetylene (5 mol mol^-1 in soil headspace) had a strong (76–100%) inhibitory effect on CH₄ consumption in both soils. The phosphoroamide (urease inhibitor) N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) showed strong inhibition of CH₄ consumption at 25 g g^-1 soil in the fine sandy loam (83%) in the sandy clay loam (60%), but NH ₄ ⁺ oxidation inhibition was weak in both soils (13–17%). The discovery that the urease inhibitor NBPT inhibits CH₄ oxidation was unexpected, and the mechanism involved is unknown.     

Oxidation of methane in the rhizosphere of rice plants

Oxidation of CH₄ in the rhizosphere of rice plants was quantified using (1) methyl fluoride, a specific inhibitor of CH₄ oxidation, and (2) measuring changes in plant-mediated CH₄ emission after incubation under air, N₂, or 40% O₂. No significant rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation was observed from rice plants in the ripening stage. CH₄ emission from rice plants 1 week before panicle initiation increased by 40% if CH₄ oxidation in the rhizosphere was blocked. The growth stage of the rice plant is an important factor determining the rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation. Fluctuation of rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation during the growing season may help to explain the observed seasonal CH₄ emission patterns in field studies. Measurements from four rice varieties showed that one variety, Pokkali, had higher rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation. This was probably because Pokkali was in an earlier growth stage than the other three varieties. Both in the early and in the late growth stages, incubation under N₂ caused a much stronger CH₄ flux than inhibition of CH₄ oxidation alone. Apparently, N₂ incubation not only blocked CH₄ oxidation but also stimulated methanogenesis in the rhizosphere. Incubation under a higher O₂ atmosphere (40% O₂) than ambient air decreased the CH₄ flux, suggesting that increasing the oxidation of the rice rhizosphere may help in reducing CH₄ fluxes from rice agriculture. The O₂ pressure in the rhizosphere is an important factor that reduces the plant-mediated CH₄ flux. However, inhibition of methanogenesis in the rhizosphere may contribute more to CH₄ flux reduction than rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation.     

Short- and long-term effects of nitrogen fertilization on methane oxidation in three Swedish forest soils

 Under normal conditions, CH₄, one of the most important greenhouse gases, is subject to biological oxidation in forest soils. However, this process can be negatively affected by N amendment. The reported experiment was conducted in order to study the short- and long-term effects of N amendment on CH₄ oxidation in pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest soils. Soil samples were taken from three experimental sites, two of which had been amended with N once, over 20 years earlier, while the third had been amended 3 weeks earlier. The soil samples were incubated fresh at 15  °C at ambient CH₄ concentrations (ca. 1.8 ppmv CH₄). The variation in CH₄-turnover rates was high within the treatments: CH₄ was produced [up to 22.6 pmol CH₄ g dry wt. soil^–1 h^–1] in samples from the recently amended site, whereas it was consumed at high rates (up to 431 pmol CH₄ g dry wt. soil^–1 h^–1) in samples from the plot that had received the highest N amendment 27 years before sampling. Although no significant differences were found between N treatments, in the oldest plots there was a correlation between consumption of atmospheric CH₄ and the total C content at a depth of 7.5–15 cm in the mineral soil (r ²=0.74). This indicates that in the long-term, increased C retention in forest soils following N amendment could lead to increased CH₄ oxidation. Received: 3 September 1997     

Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and dimethyl sulphide (DMS) as inhibitors of methane oxidation in forest soil

Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) at 14 mM inhibits CH₄ oxidation in forest soil, but the inhibition mechanism is unknown. When soil slurries are incubated in gas tight flasks, there is a lag of about 45 h before DMSO inhibits CH₄ oxidation. We tried to determine if some metabolic compound derived from DMSO, as a result of microbial activity, is responsible for the inhibition. Dimethyl sulphide (DMS) accumulated in the sealed flasks up to 5-83 μl l⁻¹ in the headspace during a 2-week period. DMS at 1 μl l⁻¹ in the headspace (0.64 μM in soil-water slurry) had a negligible effect on CH₄ oxidation but 50 μl l⁻¹ DMS (32 μM) inhibited CH₄ oxidation completely. However, the inhibition by DMSO was already evident after 45 h, when DMS concentrations were generally non-inhibiting (0.1-0.7 μl l⁻¹). DMSO was also shown to inhibit CH₄ oxidation when the DMS produced was continuously removed. Results suggest that the production of DMS from DMSO makes a minor contribution to the inhibition of CH₄ oxidation by DMSO with incubation times relevant in CH₄ oxidation studies.     

Tillage and land use effects on methane oxidation rates and their vertical profiles in soil

 The effect of land use and different soil tillage systems on CH₄ oxidation was tested in a laboratory incubation study. Intact soil cores were collected from the topsoil (0–12 cm) of a field site with ploughed, direct-drilled and set-aside treatments, and from an adjacent undisturbed forest site. CH₄ oxidation rates were 4.5 to 11 times higher in the direct-drilled than in the continuously ploughed treatment, in the set-aside soil they were intermediate. The oxidation rates in the forest soil were 11 times the highest rate measured at the field site, pointing to a distinct land use effect. Vertical profiles of CH₄ oxidation activity revealed a very clear zonation in all treatments. CH₄ oxidation increased significantly below the plough layer (0–25 cm), and showed a subsurface maximum under direct-drilling (5–15 cm) and under forest (5–10 cm). The vertical zonation under set-aside was comparable to that under ploughing. Generally, the maximum CH₄ oxidizing activity was in the zone nearest to the soil surface, unless various constraints prevented this. Received: 1 December 1997     

Consequences of nitrogen fertilization on soil methane consumption in a productive temperate deciduous forest

To investigate the consequences of long-term N additions on soil CH₄ dynamics, we measured in situ CH₄ uptake rates, soil profiles and kinetics parameters during the growing season in a temperate deciduous forest in northwestern Pennsylvania (Allegheny College Bousson Environmental Forest). Measurements were made in control and adjacent plots amended with 100 kg N ha^–1 year^–1 for 8 years. We found that the in situ consumption rates were 0.19±0.02 (mean±SE) for the control and 0.12±0.01 mg CH₄–C m^–2 h^–1 for the N treatment, indicating that consumption had been reduced by 35% after 8 years of N amendments. Despite the large difference in rates of consumption, there were no differences in the CH₄ concentration profiles between the control and N-amended plots. Laboratory incubations of CH₄ consumption throughout the soil column (organic horizon and mineral soil depths) showed that rates were greatest in the organic horizon of both control and N-amended soils, although consumption was reduced by 42% in the N-amended plot. However, the rate in the organic horizon was only about 50% the rate measured in organic horizons at other temperate forests. The apparent K_m [K_m(app)] value in the organic horizon of the control plot was fourfold less than the K_m(app) value in the organic horizon of another temperate forest, but similar to the K_m(app) values in adjacent plots amended with N for a decade. Unlike results for other temperate forests, K_m(app) values at Bousson generally did not decrease with soil depth. These results indicate that N cycling strongly controls the CH₄-consuming community, and suggest that alterations of the N cycle due to N deposition or addition may alter rates and the location of CH₄ consumption by soils, even in soils with high N content and cycling rates.     

Methane mitigation in flooded Louisiana rice fields

Summary A field experiment was conducted to determine whether selected nitrification inhibitors (encapsulated calcium carbide and dicyandiamide) and SO _inf4 ^sup-2 -containing compounds [(NH₄)₂SO₄ and Na₂SO₄] had mitigating effects on CH₄ emissions from flooded rice. Microplots were established within a rice bay drill-seeded with the Texmont rice cultivar and CH₄ fluxes were measured over the main rice cropping season. Methane emissions over the 77-day sampling period were approximately 230, 240, 260, 290, 310, and 360 kg CH₄ ha^-1 from the calcium carbide, Na₂SO₄-rate II, Na₂SO₄-rate I, (NH₄)₂SO₄, dicyandiamide, and urea (control) treatments, respectively. Reductions in CH₄ evolution, compared to the control, ranged from 14 to 35%, depending on treatment. The selected inhibitors and SO _inf4 ^sup-2 -containing compounds appear to be effective in reducing the CH₄ emitted from flooded rice fields.     

Short-term effects of nitrogen on methane oxidation in soils

 The short-term effects of N addition on CH₄ oxidation were studied in two soils. Both sites are unfertilized, one has been under long-term arable rotation, the other is a grassland that has been cut for hay for the past 125 years. The sites showed clear differences in their capacity to oxidise CH₄, the arable soil oxidised CH₄ at a rate of 0.013 μg CH₄ kg^–1 h^–1 and the grassland soil approximately an order of magnitude quicker. In both sites the addition of (NH₄)₂SO₄ caused an immediate reduction in the rate of atmospheric CH₄ oxidation approximately in inverse proportion to the amount of NH₄ ⁺ added. The addition of KNO₃ caused no change in the rate of CH₄ oxidation in the arable soil, but in the grassland soil after 9 days the rate of CH₄ oxidation had decreased from 0.22 μg CH₄ kg^–1 h^–1 to 0.13 μg CH₄ kg^–1 h^–1 in soil treated with the equivalent of 192 kg N ha^–1. A ¹⁵N isotopic dilution technique was used to investigate the role of nitrifiers in regulating CH₄ oxidation. The arable soil showed a low rate of gross N mineralisation (0.67 mg N kg^–1 day^–1), but a relatively high proportion of the mineralised N was nitrified. The grassland soil had a high rate of gross N mineralisation (18.28 mg N kg^–1 day^–1), but negligible nitrification activity. It is hypothesised that since there was virtually no nitrification in the grassland soil then CH₄ oxidation at this site must be methanotroph mediated. Received: 31 October 1997     

The role of rice plants in regulating mechanisms of methane missions

 Rice plants play a pivotal role in different levels of the methane (CH₄) budget of rice fields. CH₄ production in rice fields largely depends on plant-borne material that can be either decaying tissue or root exudates. The quantity and quality of root exudates is affected by mechanical impedance, presence of toxic elements, nutrient deficiencies, water status of growing medium, and nitrogenase activity in the rhizosphere. CH₄ oxidation in rice fields is localized in the rhizosphere where the concentration gradients of CH₄ and oxygen overlap. CH₄ oxidation capacity is a function of the downward transport of oxygen through the aerenchyma, which, in turn, also acts as a conduit for CH₄ from the soil to the atmosphere. The decisive step in the passage of CH₄ through rice plant is the transition from root to stem. However, rice plants show an enormous variety of morphological and physiological properties, including differences in root exudation and gas transfer capacity. Comparative studies on different cultivars are deemed crucial for accomplishing a better understanding of the mechanisms of CH₄ consumption in the rhizosphere and CH₄ transport through the rice plant as well as the interaction of these processes. The results of such studies are considered tools for devising mitigation options. Received: 7 April 1999     

Ethylene oxidation,atmospheric methane consumption,and ammonium oxidation in temperate volcanic forest soils

Temperate volcanic forest surface soils under different forest stands (e.g., Pinus sylvestris L., Cryptomeria japonica, and Quercus serrata) were sampled to study the kinetics of ethylene (C₂H₄) oxidation and the C₂H₄ concentrations that effectively inhibit oxidation of atmospheric methane (CH₄) and nitrification. The kinetics of C₂H₄ oxidation in temperate volcanic forest soils was biphasic, indicating that at least two different microbial populations, one with low and another with high apparent K _m values, were responsible for ethylene oxidation. Methane consumption activity and ammonium oxidation of soil were inhibited by adding ethylene. Added C₂H₄ at concentrations of 3, 10, and 20 μl C₂H₄ per liter in the headspace gas respectively reduced by 20%, 50%, and 100% atmospheric CH₄ consumption by soil, and these values were much smaller than those inhibiting ammonium oxidation in these forest soils; thus, the CH₄ consumption activity was more sensitive to the addition of C₂H₄ than ammonium oxidation. Previous studies have shown that accumulation of C₂H₄ in such volcanic forest soils within 3 days of aerobic and anaerobic incubations can reach a range from 0.2 to 0.3 and from 1.0 to 3.0 μl C₂H₄ per liter in the headspace gas, respectively. It is suggested that C₂H₄ production beneath forest floors, particularly after heavy rain, can to some extent affect the capacity of forest surface soils to consume atmospheric CH₄, but probably, it has no impact on ammonium oxidation.     

The influence of land use and pesticides on methane oxidation in some Belgian soils

 In a first experiment, the effect of land use on the uptake rate of atmospheric CH₄ was studied in laboratory incubations of intact soil cores. A soil under deciduous forest showed the highest CH₄ oxidation. Its overall CH₄ uptake during the measuring period (202 days) was 1.03 kg CH₄ ha^–1. Natural grassland showed the second highest CH₄ oxidizing capacity (0.71 kg CH₄ ha^–1). The overall amount of CH₄ uptake by fertilized pasture was 0.33 kg CH₄ ha^–1. CH₄ oxidation in arable soils with different fertilizer treatments varied between 0.34 and 0.37 kg CH₄ ha^–1. Undisturbed soils had a higher CH₄ uptake capacity than agricultural soils. The moisture content of the soil was found to be an important parameter explaining temporal variations of CH₄ oxidation. Different methods of fertilization which had been commenced 10 years previously were not yet reflected in the total CH₄ uptake rate of the arable soil. In a second experiment, a number of frequently used pesticides were screened for their possible effect on CH₄ oxidation. In a sandy arable soil lenacil, mikado and oxadixyl caused significantly reduced CH₄ oxidation compared to the control. Under the same conditions, but in a clayey arable soil, mikado, atrazine and dimethenamid caused a reduction of the CH₄ uptake. In a landfill cover soil, with a 100-fold higher CH₄ oxidation rate, no inhibition of CH₄ oxidation was observed, not even when the application rate of pesticides was tenfold higher than usual. Received: 1 December 1998     

生物质炭提高稻田甲烷氧化活性

为了揭示生物质炭输入对稻田根际土壤产甲烷和甲烷氧化活性的影响,该文通过1a 的田间试验,研究了2种原料制备的生物质炭（竹炭和水稻秸秆炭）对水稻根际土壤产甲烷和甲烷氧化活性的影响。结果表明,2种生物质炭因理化性质的不同,对水稻根际土壤产甲烷活性和甲烷氧化活性的影响存在较大差别。秸秆炭的输入可以显著提高水稻苗期根际土壤产甲烷活性,而竹炭在水稻的整个生长期对根际土壤产甲烷活性均没有显著性影响。竹炭和秸秆炭不稳定易降解组分含量的差异,使其对稻田土壤产甲烷微生物产生不同程度的影响,进而导致稻田根际土壤产甲烷活性响应差别。除抽穗期竹炭处理和成熟期秸秆炭处理,尿素施加并未显著改变生物质炭对根际土壤产甲烷活性的影响趋势。在水稻整个生长期,秸秆炭和竹炭对稻田土壤甲烷氧化活性都有促进作用,但只有秸秆炭在苗期和成熟期表现出显著性的差异。尿素对苗期和抽穗期根际土壤甲烷氧化活性有促进作用。与竹炭相比,秸秆炭输入在改善土壤通气条件、提高土壤pH值和电导率EC、以及K、P元素含量等方面更为有效,同时可能是秸秆炭对水稻根际土壤甲烷氧化活性产生显著性促进作用的潜在机理。