Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a forest soil amended with purified tannins from different plant species

Tannins are purported to be an important factor controlling nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystems, and the ability of tannins to bind proteins in protein-tannin complexes is thought to be the primary mechanism responsible for these effects. In this study, we examined the influence of well-characterized tannins purified from five different plant species on C and N dynamics of a forest soil A horizon. Tannic acid, a commonly used and commercially available hydrolyzable tannin (HT), and cellulose were also included for comparison. With the exception of tannins from huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum), the amendments increased respiration 1.4-4.0 fold, indicating that they were acting as a microbial C source. Tannic acid was significantly more labile than the five purified tannins examined in this study. All treatments decreased net N mineralization substantially, through greater N immobilization and decreased mineralization. The six tannins inhibited gross ammonification rates significantly more than cellulose. This suggests that added tannins had effects in addition to serving as an alternative C source. Tannins purified from Bishop pine (Pinus muricata) were the only tannins that significantly inhibited potential gross nitrification rates, however, rates were low even in the control soil making it difficult to detect any inhibition. Differences in tannin structure such as condensed versus HTs and the hydroxylation pattern of the condensed tannin B-ring likely explain differences observed among the tannin treatments. Contrary to other studies, we did not find that condensed tannins were more labile and less inhibitory than HTs, nor that shorter chained tannins were more labile than longer chained tannins. In addition to supporting the hypothesis that reduced N availability in the presence of tannins is caused by complexation reactions, our data suggests tannins act as a labile C source leading to increased N immobilization.     

Controls on soil nitrogen cycling and microbial community composition across land use and incubation temperature

We conducted a laboratory incubation of forest (Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) or beech (Fagus sylvatica)), grassland (Trifolium repens/Lolium perenne) and arable (organic and conventional) soils at 5 and 25 °C. We aimed to clarify the mechanisms of short-term (2-weeks) nitrogen (N) cycling processes and microbial community composition in relation to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and N (DON) availability and selected soil properties. N cycling was measured by ¹⁵N pool dilution and microbial community composition by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and community level physiological profiles (CLPP). Soil DOC increased in the order of arable<grassland<forest soil while DON and gross N fluxes increased in the order of forest<arable<grassland soil; land use had no affect on respiration rate. Soil DOC was lower, while respiration, DON and gross N fluxes were higher at 25 than 5 °C. Gross N fluxes, respiration and bacterial biomass were all positively correlated with each other. Gross N fluxes were positively correlated with pH and DON, and negatively correlated with organic matter, fungal biomass, DOC and DOC/DON ratio. Respiration rate was positively correlated with bacterial biomass, DON and DOC/DON ratio. Multiple linear modelling indicated that soil pH, organic matter, bacterial biomass, DON and DOC/DON ratio were important in predicting gross N mineralization. Incubation temperature, pH and total-C were important in predicting gross nitrification, while gross N mineralization, gross nitrification and pH were important in predicting gross N immobilization. Permutation multivariate analysis of variance indicated that DGGE, CLPP and PLFA profiles were all significantly (P<0.05) affected by land use and incubation temperature. Multivariate regressions indicated that incubation temperature, pH and organic matter content were important in predicting DGGE, CLPP and PLFA profiles. PLFA and CLPP were also related to DON, DOC, ammonium and nitrate contents. Canonical correlation analysis showed that PLFA and CLPP were related to differences in the rates of gross N mineralization, gross nitrification and soil respiration. Our study indicates that vegetation type and/or management practices which control soil pH and mediate dissolved organic matter availability were important predictors of gross N fluxes and microbial composition in this short-term experiment.     

C and N NMR spectroscopy as a tool in soil organic matter studies

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a valuable tool for the characterization of soil organic matter and humification processes in soils. This review highlights soil organic matter studies based mainly on solid-state ¹³C and ¹⁵N NMR spectroscopy and some emerging applications, that may provide significant progress in our knowledge on soil organic matter. A major advantage of Nmr spectroscopy is that it can be used as a non-invasive method for solid soil samples or soil fractions. Although resolution is limited, one can obtain an overview on the organic matter structures present in the soil sample. Application of ¹³C and ¹⁵N NMR to soils has, for a long time, been confined to the study of bulk soils or humic extracts for structural characterization. The transformations of soil organic C and N are now being investigated after addition of ¹³C- and ¹⁵N-labelled parent materials to the soil and following their evolution in different C and N pools. With labelling techniques it is also possible to study the interaction of organic pollutants with soil organic matter. Contamination of a soil with man-made additives, such as soot or brown coal dust, can also be detected in soils or individual soil fractions.     

Dissipation of bacterially derived C and N through the meso- and macrofauna of a grassland soil

Feeding relationships between organisms may be determined by observations of behaviour in manipulative experiments or, as in more recent times, by the use of stable isotope labelling to trace the passage of ¹³C and ¹⁵N through food webs. Here we introduce living bacteria, labelled with both ¹³C and ¹⁵N into intact soil cores to understand further the movement of bacterially sourced C and N into the meso- and macrofauna of a grassland soil. We found that these groups showed a range of isotope levels which relate to their feeding strategies. Some had no label (e.g. dipterous larvae), whilst others were highly labelled which may indicate a preference for the added bacteria. This latter group included Collembola, generally perceived as being predominantly fungal feeders. This work describes a novel technique which has the potential to provide critical information about the dissipation of bacterially derived C and N through the soil food web.     

不同碳源添加对钙质土高累积硝态氮向土壤有机氮库转化的研究

Excessive amounts of nitrate have accumulated in many soils on the North China Plain due to the large amounts of chemical N fertilizers or manures used in combination with low carbon inputs. We investigated the potential of different carbon substrates added to transform soil nitrate into soil organic N (SON). A 56-d laboratory incubation experiment using the 15 N tracer (K15 NO3 ) technique was carried out to elucidate the proportion of SON derived from accumulated soil nitrate following amendment with glucose or maize straw at controlled soil temperature and moisture. The dynamics and isotopic abundance of mineral N (NO3 and NH+4 ) and SON and greenhouse gas (N2O and CO2 ) emissions during the incubation were investigated. Although carbon amendments markedly stimulated transformation of nitrate to newly formed SON, this was only a substitution effect of the newly formed SON with native SON because SON at the end of the incubation period was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from that in control soil without added C. At the end of the incubation period, amendment with glucose, a readily available C source, increased nitrate immobilization by 2.65 times and total N2O-N emission by 33.7 times, as compared with maize straw amendment. Moreover, the differences in SON and total N2O-N emission between the treatments with glucose and maize straw were significant (P < 0.05). However, the total N2O-N emission in the straw treatment was not significantly (P > 0.05) greater than that in the control. Straw amendment may be a potential option in agricultural practice for transformation of nitrate N to SON and minimization of N2O emitted as well as restriction of NO3-N leaching.     

固态13C和15N核磁共振法研究15N标记土壤的腐殖质组分

Five humic fractions were obtained from a uniformly ^15N-labelled soil by extraction with 0.1 mol L^-1 Na4P2O7,0.1mol L^-1 NaOH ,and HF/HCl-0.1 mol L^-1 NaOH,consecutively,and analyzed by ^13C and ^15N CPMAS NMR (cross polarization and magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonace).Compared with those of native soils humic fractions studied as a whole contained more alkyls ,methoxyls and O-alkyls,being 27%-36%,17%-21%and 36%-40%,respectively,but fewer aromatics and carboxyls(bein 14%-20% and 13%-90%,respectively),Among those humic fractions ,the humic acid(HA)and fulvic acid(FA) extracted by 0.1 mol L^-1 Na4P2O7 contained slightly more carboxyls than corresponding humic fractions extracted by 0.1 mol L^-1 NaOH ,and the HA extacted by 0.1 mol L^-1 NaOH after treatment with HF/HCl contained the least aromatics and carboxyls.The distribution of nitrogen functional groups of soil humic fractions studied was quite similar to each other and also quite similar to that of humic fraction from native soils.More than 75% of total N in each fraction was in amide from,with 9%-13% present as aromatic and /or aliphatic amines and the remainder as heerocyclic N.     

C and N natural abundance of the soil microbial biomass

Stable isotope analysis is a powerful tool in the study of soil organic matter formation. It is often observed that more decomposed soil organic matter is ¹³C, and especially ¹⁵N-enriched relative to fresh litter and recent organic matter. We investigated whether this shift in isotope composition relates to the isotope composition of the microbial biomass, an important source for soil organic matter. We developed a new approach to determine the natural abundance C and N isotope composition of the microbial biomass across a broad range of soil types, vegetation, and climates. We found consistently that the soil microbial biomass was ¹⁵N-enriched relative to the total (3.2 ‰) and extractable N pools (3.7 ‰), and ¹³C-enriched relative to the extractable C pool (2.5 ‰). The microbial biomass was also ¹³C-enriched relative to total C for soils that exhibited a C3-plant signature (1.6 ‰), but ¹³C-depleted for soils with a C4 signature (−1.1 ‰). The latter was probably associated with an increase of annual C3 forbs in C4 grasslands after an extreme drought. These findings are in agreement with the proposed contribution of microbial products to the stabilized soil organic matter and may help explain the shift in isotope composition during soil organic matter formation.     

Effects of food quality, starvation and life stage on stable isotope fractionation in Collembola

Naturally occurring stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen are powerful tools to investigate food webs, where the ratio of ¹⁵N/¹⁴N is used to assign trophic levels and of ¹³C/¹²C to determine the food source. A shift in δ¹⁵N value of 3‰ is generally suggested as mean difference between two trophic levels, whereas the carbon isotope composition of a consumer is assumed to reflect the signal of its diet. This study investigates the effects of food quality, starvation and life stage on the stable isotope fractionation in fungal feeding Collembola. The fractionation of nitrogen was strongly affected by food quality, i.e. the C/N ratio of the fungal diet. Collembola showed enrichment in the heavier isotope with increasing N concentration of the food source. Δ¹⁵N varied between 2.4‰, which assigns a shift in one trophic level, and 6.3‰, suggesting a shift in two trophic levels. Starvation up to 4 weeks resulted in an increase in the total δ¹⁵N value from 2.8‰ to 4.0‰. Different life stages significantly affected the isotope discrimination by Collembola with juveniles showing a stronger enrichment (Δ¹⁵N=4.9‰) compared to adults (Δ¹⁵N=3.5‰). Δ¹³C varied between −2.1‰ and −3.3‰ depending on the food quality, mainly due to compensational feeding on low quality diet. During starvation δ¹³C value decreased by 1.1‰, whereas the life stage of Collembola had no significant effect on isotopic ratios. The results indicate that the food resource and the physiological status of the consumer have important impact on stable isotope discrimination. They may cause differences in fractionation rate comparable to trophic level shifts, a fact to consider when analysing food web structure.     

Temporal changes in distribution and composition of N from labeled fertilizer in soil organic matter fractions

Variations in the amount and composition of immobilized nitrogen (N) in major soil organic matter fractions were investigated in a 730-day soil incubation experiment using ¹⁵N-labeled urea and ¹⁵N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with the cross polarization/magic angle spinning (¹⁵N CPMAS NMR) method. After 730 days, 24.7% of the applied N was recovered from the soil as organic N. The urea-derived N recovered from humic acids and humin decreased from 11.2 and 33.8% of the applied amount after 14 days to 1.6 and 20.4% after 730 days, respectively. When these values were corrected for the microbial biomass (MB) N, they ranged from 9.0 to 1.2% and 28 to 18%, respectively. The proportion of urea-derived N recovered from fulvic acids was low, ranging between 0.4 and 5.8% (with MB N) or 5.6% (without MB N) of the applied amount, whereas that from water-soluble nonhumic substances (WS-NHS; NHS in the fulvic acid fraction) remained high, 28–33% of the applied amount after correction for the contribution of MB N up to day 365, and decreased to 0.9% thereafter. The ¹⁵N CPMAS NMR spectra of humic acids, fulvic acids, and humin showed the largest signal at −254 to −264 ppm, corresponding to peptide/amide N. The proportions of heterocyclic, peptide/amide, guanidine/aniline, and free amino N in the urea-derived humic acid N were 3–7, 83–90, 5–7, and 2–4%, respectively. More than 80% loss of the urea-derived humic acid N did not markedly alter their composition. No time-dependent variations were also observed for the proportions of respective N functional groups in humin N, which were 3–5, 71–78, 12–17, and 6–10% in the same order as above. These results suggest the greater importance of physical stability than structural variation for the initial accumulation of organic N in soil.     

外源水稻根系和茎叶碳氮在稻田土壤中释放的特征

东北地区气候寒冷,稻田土壤休耕期长,多处于冻结状态;水稻生长期短,土壤温度高且季节性淹水.外源水稻秸秆碳氮在东北地区稻田土壤休耕期和水稻生长期不同水热条件下的释放特征尚不完全清楚.通过室外培养试验方法,利用双标记(13C和15N)水稻根系和茎叶示踪技术和稳定同位素质谱分析技术,研究水稻根系和茎叶在稻田土壤中的腐解率、有...     

Uptake of carbon and nitrogen through roots of rice and corn plants,grown in soils treated with 13C and 15N dual-labeled cattle manure compost

Nitrogen and carbon dynamics in paddy and upland soils for rice cultivation and in upland soil for corn cultivation was investigated by using ¹³C and ¹⁵N dual-labeled cattle manure compost (CMC). In a soil with low fertility, paddy and upland rice took up carbon and nitrogen from the CMC at rates ranging from 0.685 to 1.051% of C and 17.6–34.6% of N applied. The ¹³C concentration was much higher in the roots than in the plant top, whereas the ¹⁵N concentration differed slightly between them, indicating that organic carbon taken up preferentially accumulated in roots. The ¹³C recovery in the plant top tended to be higher in upland soil than in paddy soil, whereas ¹⁵N applied was recovered at the same level in both paddy and upland soils. In the experiment with organic farming soil, paddy rice took up C and N from the CMC along with plant growth and the final recovery rates of ¹³C and ¹⁵N were 2.16 and 17.2% of C and N applied. In the corn experiment, a very large amount of carbon from the CMC was absorbed, accounting for at least 7 times value for rice. The final uptake rates of ¹³C and ¹⁵N reached about 13 and 10% of C and N applied, respectively. Carbon emission from the CMC sharply increased by 2 weeks after transplanting and the nitrogen emission was very low. It is concluded that rice and corn can take up an appreciable level of carbon and nitrogen from the CMC through roots.     

Wildfires influence on soil organic matter in an Atlantic mountainous region (NW of Spain)

The principal aim of this research was to determine the influence of wildfires on soil organic matter (SOM) content and composition in soils located on the northern slope of the Cantabrian Cordillera, an Atlantic mountainous region in the North West of Spain, where wildfires are frequent. Samples from soils with similar aspect, slope, elevation and vegetation characteristics, but with different wildfires histories were collected. Total organic carbon and total nitrogen contents were determined as well as the C/N ratio. Furthermore, a qualitative characterization of the soil organic carbon (SOC) was carried out by ¹³C variable amplitude cross polarization magic angle spinning (VACP/MAS) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Our results show that, on the one hand, all the sampled soils can be considered important pools of carbon in this Atlantic mountainous region, especially in the heath areas. On the other hand, the fire-affected soils present higher SOM contents than their unburnt counterparts. This could be attributed to an important reaccumulation of fresh vegetal material, which is probably a consequence of the decrease of SOM decomposition rates after fire. Moreover, charred organic compounds are not found in all the burnt soils, which could be due to the long time since the last fires events took place, to different fire severities, or to different post-fire erosion processes in the studied soils.     

Fate of nitrogen derived from 15N-labeled plant residues and composts in rice-planted paddy soil

Pot experiments that lasted for 3 y were conducted to investigate the dynamics of nitrogen derived from plant residues (rice root, hull, straw, corn root, and rapeseed pod-wall), and composts (rice straw compost, cattle manure compost, and cattle manure sawdust compost), which were labeled with ¹⁵N. The rates of nitrogen uptake by rice (=N efficiency), denitrification, and immobilization derived from the organic materials incorporated before the first year of cultivation were investigated throughout 3 y of cultivation. At the end of the first year of cultivation, relatively high rates of N efficiency were obtained for rapeseed pod-wall (24.6%), rice straw (19.1%), and rice hull (18.6%), while corn root and cattle manure sawdust compost displayed a noticeably high denitrification rate. Corn root, cattle manure sawdust compost, rice hull, and rapeseed pod-wall exhibited remarkably high N mineralization rates ranging from 60 to 75% of the organic materials N applied. Cumulative rates of N efficiencies from the organic materials applied before the first year of cultivation fitted well to a first-order kinetic model and their asymptotes were compared among the organic materials. The asymptotic rates of N efficiency tended to depend on the rates at the end of the first year of cultivation.     

Effects of long-term application of various organic amendments on soil particulate organic matter storage and chemical stabilisation of vertisol soil

Current understanding of the effects of long-term application of various organic amendments on soil particulate organic matter (POM) storage and chemical stabilisation remains limited. Therefore, we collected soil samples from the soil profile (0–100?cm) under six treatments in a 31-year long-term fertilisation experiment: no fertiliser (CK), mineral fertilisers (NPK), mineral fertilisers plus 3.8 or 7.5?t?ha^?1?year^?1 (fresh base) the amount of wheat straw (1/2SNPK and SNPK) and mineral fertilisers plus swine or cattle manure (PMNPK and CMNPK). Long-term incorporation of wheat straw and livestock manure amendments significantly (p?<?0.05) increased crop yield and sustainable yield index, and POM storage compared with CK and NPK treatments. The mole ratios of H/C in the POM under organic amendment treatments significantly (p?<?0.05) decreased by 13.8% and 37.1%, respectively, compared with the NPK treatment. Similarly, solid state NMR spectroscopy showed that the O–alkyl carbon content of POM was greatly decreased, whereas aromatic carbon contents and alkyl to O–alkyl carbon ratios were substantially increased under PMNPK and CMNPK treatments. In conclusion, we recommend long-term livestock manure application as a preferred strategy for enhancing POM quantity and quality (chemical stability), and crop yield of vertisol soil in northern China.     

不同施氮方式对嘎啦苹果碳氮利用和产量品质的影响

以15年生嘎啦苹果/平邑甜茶为试材,采用C、N双标记技术,研究果实发育期不同施氮方式(传统一次性施氮、分次施氮和渗灌施氮,分别用ON、TN和IN表示)对苹果植株碳氮营养吸收、利用、分配、损失及果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明:至果实成熟期,苹果各器官Ndff值均为INTNON,新生器官间(果实、叶片和1年生枝)差异显著。植株全氮量和~(15)N吸收量均以IN处理最大,ON处理最低。与ON处理相比,TN和IN处理~(15)N利用率分别提高了41.63%和68.60%,而~(15)N损失率分别降低了10.60%和18.63%。各处理不同土层~(15)N残留量差异显著,0—40 cm土层~(15)N残留量为INTNON,60—120 cm土层趋势相反。TN和IN处理果实和贮藏器官(多年生枝、中心干和粗根)的~(13)C分配率均显著高于ON处理,而营养器官(叶片和1年生枝)的~(13)C分配率则以ON处理最高,IN处理最低。同时,在IN处理下,苹果产量、硬度、可溶性糖和糖酸比等品质指标均达到最高水平。综上,渗灌施氮通过降低氮素损失,显著促进植株对氮素的吸收利用,并优化光合产物在各器官间分配,从而最有利于苹果产量和品质的提高。     

Land use effects on carbon quality and soil biological properties in Eutric Cambisol

Abstract

The choice of prospective type of farming requires knowledge about the specific relationships that exist between farm management practices and base environmental conditions. Nowadays the protection of soil organic carbon is one of the main tasks, because organic carbon in addition to soil fertility can act in elimination of soil contamination and carbon sequestration. Field experiments were focused on the effect of intensive farming without organic inputs versus grassland on organic carbon content. Organic carbon content (C_ox) and humic substance fractions (C-humic acids and fulvic acid fractions), hot water extractable carbon and selected microbial characteristics in Eutric Cambisol were monitored during the period 1999–2010. A priming effect of soil cultivation was detected immediately after tillage. Arable soil with ‘intensive’ crop sequences (exclusively cash crops, cereals, oil plants) and with an optimal level of chemical inputs (mineral fertilizers, pesticides), but without organic farmyard manure had lower content of all carbon forms compared with grassland. ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and thermal analysis (TGA) were applied to characterize humic acid (HA) structure and stability. More carbon, less oxygen and more aromatic compounds were detected in grassland HA. Slight differences were found in HA thermo-oxidative stability and degradability, which was probably caused by changes in elemental composition and structure. Even the land use had no significant effect on basic microbiological characteristics (basal respiration, microbial biomass and qCO₂); the physiology of the microbial community of grassland was altered by a higher ability to utilize L- and D-glutamic acid. The L/D ratio of glutamic acid mineralization indicated no occurrence of stress in soil for both types of farming. It has been demonstrated that although losses of carbon as a result of land-use conversions are generally more rapid, gains of carbon in grassland followed by changes in management practices can also occur.     

土壤C/N对苹果植株生长及氮素利用的影响

土壤C/N是土壤氮素循环的重要影响因素。本研究以2年生"富士"/平邑甜茶为试验材料, 应用¹⁵N示踪技术研究了不同土壤C/N[6.21(CK)、10、15、20、25、30、35和40]对苹果植株生长及氮素利用和损失的影响。结果表明: 随着土壤C/N比值的逐渐增大, 苹果新梢长度和植株鲜重均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势, C/N=15、20和25的3个处理苹果新梢长度和植株鲜重最大, 三者间无显著差异, 但均显著高于其他处理。不同C/N处理间植株15N利用率存在差异, 土壤C/N=25时, 植株¹⁵N利用率最大, 为22.87%, 与C/N=20的处理间无显著差异, 但两者均显著高于其他处理; 土壤C/N=40时, 植株¹⁵N利用率最低, 仅为15.43%, 低于CK处理的16.65%。土壤C/N处于15~25时, 植株吸收的氮素来自于肥料氮的比例较高; 而土壤C/N较低(<15)或太高(>25)时, 植株吸收的氮素来自于土壤氮的比例较高。土壤氮素残留量随土壤C/N的增大逐渐增加, C/N=40处理的土壤氮素残留量是CK的1.32倍。随着土壤C/N比值的逐渐增大, 肥料氮损失量呈先减少后增加的变化趋势, 以C/N=25时最少, 仅为施氮量的49.87%, 而对照最大, 为61.54%。因此, 综合土壤C/N对苹果植株生长及氮素平衡状况来看, 土壤C/N为15~25时, 能促进植株的生长发育, 降低氮肥损失, 提高肥料利用率。     

有机无机配施体系中有机肥腐熟程度对化肥氮利用率的影响机制

为探究有机肥腐熟度对配施化肥氮利用率的作用机制,利用~(15)N标记技术进行意大利生菜盆栽试验,从堆肥过程中选取不同腐熟度的有机肥[按照种子发芽指数(GI值)为50%、80%和100%进行堆肥的腐熟度区分],研究施~(15)NPK化肥(对照, CK)、~(15)NPK+GI 50%有机肥(GI50)、~(15)NPK+GI 80%有机肥(GI80)、~(15)NPK+GI 100%有机肥(GI100) 4个处理对意大利生菜化肥氮的转化、吸收和利用的影响。结果表明,与CK处理相比,添加有机肥处理意大利生菜生物量、~(15)N吸收量与~(15)N利用率分别显著提高30.5%～56.1%、 40.0%～91.0%和15.5%～41.8%(P0.05), GI80处理较GI50处理生物量、~(15)N吸收量与利用率分别显著提高17.1%、31.8%和35.4%(P0.05), GI100处理较GI50处理生物量、~(15)N吸收量与利用率分别显著提高19.6%、15.8%和22.8%(P0.05)。试验期间,添加有机肥处理较CK处理土壤~(15)NH_4~+-N显著提高44.9%～74.2%(P0.05), ~(15)NO_3~--N显著降低8.4%～38.1%(P0.05),净硝化率显著降低10.8%～24.6%(P0.05);GI80处理较GI50处理土壤~(15)NH_4~+-N提高7.9%～11.5%, ~(15)NO_3~--N显著降低18.5%～50.4%(P0.05),净硝化率显著降低15.0%～28.2%(P0.05);GI100处理较GI50处理土壤~(15)NH_4~+-N显著提高11.5%～26.9%(P0.05), ~(15)NO_3~--N显著降低15.8%～22.7%(P0.05),净硝化率显著降低12.5%～23.9%(P0.05)。土壤微生物量氮(MB~(15)N)缓慢上升,添加有机肥处理较CK处理显著提高67.3%～94.1%(P0.05),GI80处理较GI50处理提高6.0%～23.8%,GI100处理较GI50处理显著提高6.9%～25.5%(P0.05)。各处理MB~(15)N占MBN的54.9%～71.6%(P0.05)。相关分析结果表明, MB~(15)N、~(15)NH_4~+-N与~(15)N吸收量、~(15)N利用率呈现极显著正相关关系,且RDA分析结果说明MB~(15)N是影响化肥~(15)N吸收利用的关键驱动因子。因此,有机无机配施体系中适当增加有机肥的腐熟度(GI≥80%)能够明显增强土壤微生物的固氮能力,提高土壤氮素水平,减缓土壤铵态氮向硝态氮的转化速度,降低土壤净硝化速率,从而提高化肥氮的利用效率。     

Dynamics of 15N-labeled ammonium sulfate in various inorganic and organic soil fractions of wetland rice soils

Summary The dynamics of basally applied ¹⁵N-labeled ammonium sulfate in inorganic and organic soil fractions of five wetland rice soils of the Philippines was studied in a greenhouse experiment. Soil and plant samples were collected and analyzed for ¹⁵N at various growth stages. Exchangeable NH₄ ⁺ depletion continued after 40 days after transplanting (DAT) and corresponded with increased nitrogen uptake by rice plants. Part of the applied fertilizer was fixed by 2:1 clay minerals, especially in Maligaya silty clay loam, which contained beidellite as the dominant clay mineral. After the initial fixation, nonexchangeable ¹⁵N was released from 20 DAT in Maligaya silty clay loam, but fixation delayed fertilizer N uptake from the soil. Part of the applied N was immobilized into the organic fraction. In Guadalupe clay and Maligaya silty clay loam, immobilization increased with time while the three other soils showed significant release of fertilizer N from the organic fraction during crop growth. Most of the immobilized fertilizer N was recovered in the nondistillable acid soluble (alpha-amino acid + hydrolyzable unknown-N) fraction at crop maturity. Between 61% and 66% of applied N was recovered from the plant in four soils while 52% of fertilizer N was recovered from the plant in Maligaya silty loam. Only 20% – 30% of the total N uptake at maturity was derived from fertilizer N. Nmin (mineral N) content of the soil before transplanting significantly correlated with N uptake. Twenty-two to 34% of applied N was unaccounted for possibly due to denitrification and ammonia volatilization.