增温对寒潮期间亚热带常绿阔叶天然林土壤呼吸的影响

全球变暖增加寒潮天气发生的频率和强度,影响土壤呼吸及其各组分,但有关增温和寒潮对亚热带森林土壤呼吸及其各组分的影响研究仍十分缺乏。通过壕沟法分离土壤呼吸,并利用土壤呼吸高频自动监测系统研究增温对寒潮期间亚热带常绿阔叶天然林土壤总呼吸、根呼吸与微生物呼吸的影响。结果表明：(1)寒潮发生时,对照和增温处理中土壤总呼吸速率分别显著下降45.93%和25.68%,土壤微生物呼吸速率分别显著下降51.25%和35.54%。但寒潮并没有影响增温处理中根呼吸速率,而对照处理中根呼吸速率在寒潮时显著下降39.72%。(2)观测期间,增温对总呼吸和根呼吸的日动态模式的影响在寒潮不同阶段具有明显差异,增温导致寒潮发生前后土壤总呼吸和根呼吸日峰值出现时间分别提前1,2 h,而寒潮发生时,对照和增温处理中土壤总呼吸和根呼吸的日峰值出现时间同步。(3)观测期间,增温后土壤总呼吸、根呼吸和微生物呼吸的温度敏感性(Q₁₀值)均下降,而根呼吸的Q₁₀值均高于微生物呼吸。因此,准确了解寒潮等极端天气下的土壤总呼吸、根呼吸和微生物呼吸的变化及其对增温的响应,对于提高气候变暖后土...     

Fluxes of CO2 above a plantation of Eucalyptus in southeast Brazil

Eddy-covariance measurements of net ecosystem exchange of CO₂ (NEE) and estimates of gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (R_E) were obtained in a 2-4 year old Eucalyptus plantation during two years with very different winter rainfall. In the first (drier) year the annual NEE, GEP and R_E were lower than the sums in the second (normal) year, and conversely the total respiratory costs of assimilated carbon were higher in the dry year than in the normal year.Although the net primary production (NPP) in the first year was 23% lower than that of the second year, the decrease in the carbon use efficiency (CUE = NPP/GEP) was 11% and autotrophic respiration utilized more resources in the first, dry year than in the second, normal year. The time variations in NEE were followed by NPP, because in these young Eucalyptus plantations NEE is very largely dominated by NPP, and heterotrophic respiration plays only a relatively minor role.During the dry season a pronounced hysteresis was observed in the relationship between NEE and photosynthetically active radiation, and NEE fluxes were inversely proportional to humidity saturation deficit values greater than 0.8 kPa. Nighttime fluxes of CO₂ during calm conditions when the friction velocity (u_*) was below the threshold (0.25 m s⁻¹) were estimated based on a Q₁₀ temperature-dependence relationship adjusted separately for different classes of soil moisture content, which regulated the temperature sensitivity of ecosystem respiration.     

桉树取代马尾松对土壤养分和酶活性的影响

桉树取代马尾松造林是我国南方典型土地利用变化类型之一,为了探讨该土地利用变化对土壤质量的影响,采用成对设计方法,研究了我国广西桉树取代马尾松造林对土壤养分、微生物生物量和酶活性的影响。结果表明:桉树取代马尾松造林后,土壤全碳、易分解碳库、中等易分解碳库、难分解碳库、全氮和碱解氮含量显著降低,但速效磷显著增加,这可能是由于桉树林施肥和磷素在土壤中移动性弱导致;土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、蛋白酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性显著降低。树种变化、桉树林轮伐期短、林下植被差、炼山、翻耕等可能是土壤养分、微生物和酶活性降低的驱动因子;施肥有助于缓解土壤养分降低。在林地转变和经营时,适当保持林下植被和凋落物、减少土壤扰动和合理施肥将有助于改善土壤质量,实现桉树林的可持续经营。     

INTRODUCED EUCALYPTUS UROPHYLLA PLANTATIONS CHANGE THE COMPOSITION OF THE SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITY IN SUBTROPICAL CHINA

Fast‐growing tree species are widely used as pioneers for reforestation. These plantations strongly affect the ecosystem productivity and nutrient cycling, whereas their effect on the soil microbial community is still unclear. In a reforestation chronosequence in subtropical China consisting of Eucalyptus plantation with ages of 1, 2, 4 or 5 years, we examined the response of the soil microbial community and its function. The results showed that soil bulk density and dissolved organic carbon decreased significantly along the chronosequence. Soil pH was highest in the 5‐year‐old plantation. The amount of bacterial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal PLFAs increased, but the ratio of fungal‐to‐bacterial PLFAs decreased with increasing forest age. The composition of the soil microbial community obviously changed after 5 years' development. Redundancy analysis showed that dissolved organic carbon was the major factor associated with the changes of soil microbial community composition. The short‐rotation Eucalyptus plantation could affect the composition of soil microbial communities through changing soil available carbon when planted in subtropical region at the early developmental stage. We suggest that soil microbial community composition should be taken into consideration in the large‐scale reforestation activities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Components,drivers and temporal dynamics of ecosystem respiration in a Mediterranean pine forest

To investigate the climate impacts on the different components of ecosystem respiration, we combined soil efflux data from a tree-girdling experiment with eddy covariance CO₂ fluxes in a Mediterranean maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) forest in Central Italy. 73 trees were stem girdled to stop the flux of photosynthates from the canopy to the roots, and weekly soil respiration surveys were carried out for one year. Heterotrophic respiration (R_H) was estimated from the soil CO₂ flux measured in girdled plots, and rhizosphere respiration (R_Ab) was calculated as the difference between respiration from controls (R_S) and girdled plots (R_H).Results show that the R_S dynamics were clearly driven by R_H (average R_H/R_S ratio 0.74). R_H predictably responded to environmental variables, being predominantly controlled by soil water availability during the hot and dry growing season (May–October) and by soil temperature during the wetter and colder months (November–March). High R_S and R_H peaks were recorded after rain pulses greater than 10 mm on dry soil, indicating that large soil carbon emissions were driven by the rapid microbial oxidation of labile carbon compounds. We also observed a time-lag of one week between water pulses and R_Ab peaks, which might be due to the delay in the translocation of recently assimilated photosynthates from the canopy to the root system. At the ecosystem scale, total autotrophic respiration (R_At, i.e. the sum of carbon respired by the rhizosphere and aboveground biomass) amounted to 60% of ecosystem respiration. R_At was predominantly controlled by photosynthesis, and showed high temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) only during the wet periods. Despite the fact that the study coincided with an anomalous dry year and results might therefore not represent a general pattern, these data highlight the complex climatic control of the respiratory processes responsible for ecosystem CO₂ emissions.     

Partitioning carbon fluxes in a Mediterranean oak forest to disentangle changes in ecosystem sink strength during drought

Net carbon flux partitioning was used to disentangle abiotic and biotic drivers of all important component fluxes influencing the overall sink strength of a Mediterranean ecosystem during a rapid spring to summer transition. Between May and June 2006 we analyzed how seasonal drought affected ecosystem assimilation and respiration fluxes in an evergreen oak woodland and attributed variations in the component fluxes (trees, understory, soil microorganisms and roots) to observations at the ecosystem scale. We observed a two thirds decrease in both ecosystem carbon assimilation and respiration (R_eco) within only 15 days time. The impact of decreasing R_eco on the ecosystem carbon balance was smaller than the impact of decreasing primary productivity. Flux partitioning of GPP and R_eco into their component fluxes from trees, understory, soil microorganisms and roots showed that declining ecosystem sink strength was due to a large drought and temperature-induced decrease in understory carbon uptake (from 56% to 21%). Hence, the shallow-rooted annuals mainly composing the understory have a surprisingly large impact on the source/sink behavior of this open evergreen oak woodland during spring to summer transition and the timing of the onset of drought might have a large effect on the annual carbon budget. In response to seasonal drought R_eco was increasingly dominated by respiration of heterotrophic soil microorganisms, while the root flux was found to be of minor importance. Soil respiration flux decreased with drought but its contribution to total daily CO₂-exchange increased by 11.5%. This partitioning approach disentangled changes in respiratory and photosynthetic ecosystem fluxes that were not apparent from the eddy-covariance or the soil respiration data alone. By the novel combination of understory vs. overstory carbon flux partitioning with soil respiration data from trenched and control plots, we gained a detailed understanding of factors controlling net carbon exchange of Mediterranean ecosystems.     

长期施肥下红壤旱地土壤CO2排放及碳平衡特征

在国家肥力网红壤旱地长期定位试验地上,采用静态箱/气相色谱法测定土壤CO2排放速率,同时利用根去除法区分根系对土壤呼吸的贡献,通过计算净生态系统生产力（NEP）,判断长期不同施肥下红壤旱地农田碳汇强度。结果表明,小麦、玉米生长季各处理的土壤和土体呼吸速率随着作物生长、温度升高均呈现明显的季节变化规律;玉米生长季土壤和土体累积呼吸量大于小麦生长季,小麦、玉米生长季均以NPKM处理土壤和土体呼吸累积呼吸量最大,且显著高于其它处理（P0.05）,NP和NPK处理次之,CK和NK处理最小（P0.05）;小麦、玉米生长季各处理根际呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例分别为7.6 %～17.4 %、4.7%～16.6 %,均以NPKM处理根际呼吸贡献率最大;小麦季NPKM处理、玉米季CK和NPKM处理的NEP值为负,是大气CO2的汇,且NPKM处理的净初级生产力与土壤呼吸的比值（NPP/Rs）最大,其它处理NEP值均为正,是大气CO2的源。有机无机肥配施（NPKM）相比其它处理具有较强的碳汇功能,是红壤旱地比较合理的施肥措施。     

Partitioning soil respiration in a temperate desert steppe in Inner Mongolia using exponential regression method

Accurately partitioning soil respiration into autotrophic and heterotrophic components is important for understanding how ecosystem carbon budgets will respond to climate change. Usually, heterotrophic respiration can be estimated by a linear relationship between soil respiration and root biomass. In this study, however, we found that an exponential relationship was more appropriate than a linear relationship for relating soil respiration to root biomass in a temperate desert steppe in Inner Mongolia, China.     

区分纯根呼吸和根际微生物呼吸的争议

定量区分土壤呼吸各组成成分是评价陆地生态系统地下 C 平衡和能量平衡的重要基础.目前,国际上有关区分纯根呼吸和根际微生物呼吸出现了较大的争议,争议的焦点集中于根呼吸、根际微生物呼吸和自养呼吸等术语的涵义及区分纯根呼吸和根际微生物呼吸的必要性两个方面.不同研究者对术语理解的差异以及不同研究之间区分方法、研究目的和实验尺度的不同,是争议产生的主要根源.此外,实验技术的不足也增加了区分纯根呼吸和根际微生物呼吸的不确定性.目前,在全球变暖的背景下,地下生态系统C素的分配和流动将发生很多未知变化.根际微系统作为地下生态系统的重要组成部分,其C素流动和微生物区系的变化将对土壤C库及土壤温室气体排放产生深刻影响.纯根呼吸和根际微生物呼吸作为根际微系统中C索分配的两个重要去向,定量区分两者将成为土壤呼吸各组分区分研究的下一个重要内容.     

Soil respiration rate and its sensitivity to temperature in pasture systems of dry-tropics

Abstract

Tree clearing is a topical issue the world over. In Queensland, the high rates of clearing in the past were mainly to increase pasture production. The present research evaluates the impact of clearing on some soil biological properties, i.e. total soil respiration, root respiration, microbial respiration, and microbial biomass (C and N), and the response of soil respiration to change in temperature.

In-field and laboratory (polyhouse) experiments were undertaken. For in-field studies, paired cleared and uncleared pasture plots were selected to represent three major tree communities of the region, i.e. Eucalyptus populnea, E. melanophloia, and Acacia harpophylla. The cleared sites were chosen to represent three different time-since-clearing durations (5, 11–13, and 33 years; n=18 for cleared and uncleared plots) to determine the temporal impact of clearing on soil biological properties. Experiments were conducted in the polyhouse to study in detail the response of soil respiration to changes in soil temperature and soil moisture, and to complement in-field studies for estimating root respiration.

The average rate of CO₂ emission was 964 g CO₂/m²/yr, with no significant difference (P<0.05) among cleared and uncleared sites. Microbial respiration and microbial biomass were greater at uncleared compared with those at cleared sites. The Q ₁₀-value of 1.42 (measured for different seasons in a year) for in-field measurements suggested a small response of soil respiration to soil temperature, possibly due to the limited availability of soil moisture and/or organic matter. However, results from the polyhouse experiment suggested greater sensitivity of root respiration to temperature change than for total soil respiration. Since root biomass (herbaceous roots) was greater at the cleared than at uncleared sites, and root respiration increased with an increase in temperature, we speculate that with rising ambient temperature and consequently soil temperature, total soil respiration in cleared pastures will increase at a faster rate than that in uncleared pastures.     

Soil microbial community composition under Eucalyptus plantations of different age in subtropical China

Eucalyptus is one of the fastest growing woody plants in the world, but few studies have reported the soil microbial community composition in Eucalyptus ecosystems. This study investigated the soil microbial communities in plantations of 3-, 7-, 10- and 13-year-old Eucalyptus in subtropical China based on phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) analysis. The variation in soil microbial biomass and community compositions were influenced by sampling site and season and the interaction of both, which were consistent with the variation in soil total nitrogen (TN), soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil moisture. The number and abundances of PLFAs, and the amount of soil TN and SOC were higher in plantation of 13-year-old Eucalyptus than those in other younger plantations, suggesting that the soil properties and the soil microbial community composition is not negatively affected by the planting of Eucalyptus. The ratio of monounsaturated-to-branched fatty acids, the proportional abundance (mol%) of bacterial PLFA and fungal PLFA varied significantly with Eucalyptus plantations of different age, suggesting that the individual PLFA signatures might be sensitive indicators of soil properties associated with forest plantations.     

华北低丘山地栓皮栎人工林土壤呼吸变化特征及其与撂荒地的差异

2010年4-10月,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了晴天条件下华北南部低丘山地29a生的栓皮栎人工林林地土壤呼吸变化特征及其与撂荒地的差异。结果表明：（1）撂荒地和栓皮栎林土壤呼吸速率月变化趋势均呈单峰曲线,且土壤呼吸速率最大值均出现在7月份。测定时期内的栓皮栎林土壤呼吸速率平均值为601.69mg·m^-2·h^-1,比撂荒地的1007.96mg·m^-2·h^-1约低40.3%。（2）影响撂荒地和栓皮栎人工林地土壤呼吸速率的主要因子是土壤温度,与土壤湿度的相关性不明显,且撂荒地与栓皮栎林地在土壤5cm深处的Q10分别为2.702、2.573。     

日本湿润的温带草地根际和微生物呼吸对土壤CO2排放的贡献及环境影响因素

Soil CO2 efflux, root mass, and root production were investigated in a humid temperate grassland of Japan over a growing season (Apr. to Sep.) of 2005 to reveal seasonal changes of soil CO2 efflux, to separate the respective contributions of root and microbial respiration to the total soil CO2 efflux, and to determine the environmental factors that control soil respiration. Minimal microbial respiration rate was estimated based on the linear regression equations between soil CO2 efflux and root mass at different experimental sites. Soil CO2 efflux, ranging from 4.99 to 16.29 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1, depended on the seasonal changes in soil temperature. The root mass at 0--10 cm soil depth was 0.82 and 1.27 kg m-2 in Apr. and Sep., respectively. The root mass at 0--10 cm soil depth comprised 60% of the total root mass at 0--50 cm soil depth. The root productivity at 0--30 cm depth varied from 8 to 180 g m-2 month-1. Microbial and root respiration rates ranged from 1.35 to 5.51 and 2.72 to 12.06 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1, respectively. The contribution of root respiration to the total soil CO2 efflux averaged 53%, ranging from 33% to 72%. The microbial respiration rate was exponentially related to soil temperature at 10 cm depth (R2 = 0.9400, P = 0.002, n = 6), and the root respiration rate was linearly related to the root production at 0--30 cm depth (R2 = 0.6561, P = 0.042, n = 6).     

Tree girdling increases soil N mineralisation in two spruce stands

Tree girdling is a common practice in forestry whenever trees are to be killed without felling. The effect of tree girdling on soil nitrogen (N) mineralisation was estimated in both an old and a young spruce forest. The dynamics of mineral N (NO₃⁻–N and NH₄⁺–N) and soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and N (MBN) were determined for different seasons. The in situ net N mineralisation was measured by incubating soil samples in stainless steel cylinders and the gross N mineralisation rates were measured by ¹⁵N pool dilution method. Mineral N concentrations increased significantly in the girdled plots in both old and young spruce forests and showed variations between soil horizons and between sampling times. Tree girdling significantly increased net N mineralisation in both spruce forests. Annual net N mineralisation was 64 and 39 kg N ha⁻¹ in O horizon of the girdled plots in old and young forest plots, respectively, compared to 25 and 21 kg N ha⁻¹ in the control plots. Annual N mineralisation in A horizon was similar between girdled and control plots (31 kg N ha⁻¹) in the old forest whereas in the young forest A horizon N mineralisation was about 2.5 times higher in the girdled plots. As a result, the annual carbon budget was significantly more positive in the girdled plots than in the control plots in both old and young forests. However, we found significantly higher gross N mineralisation rates in both horizons in the control plots than the girdled plots in the old forest, but no differences between the treatments in the young forest. The MBC and MBN contents only showed significant changes during the first three months of the experiment and were similar later on. They first decreased as girdling removed the root carbohydrate, amino and organic acid exudation from the C sources for microorganisms then increased two months after the treatment root dieback acted as a new source of C. Mineralising microorganisms enhanced the mineral N concentrations in girdled plots as a result of greater activity rather than larger population size.     

Partitioning CO2 Respiration among Soil,Rhizosphere Microorganisms,and Roots of Wheat under Greenhouse Conditions

Abstract

The measurement of soil, root, and rhizomicrobial respiration has become very important in evaluating the role of soil on atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration. The objective of this study was to partition root, rhizosphere, and nonrhizosphere soil respiration during wheat growth. A secondary objective was to compare three techniques for measuring root respiration: without removing shoot of wheat, shading shoot of wheat, and removing shoot of wheat. Soil, root, and rhizomicrobial respiration were determined during wheat growth under greenhouse conditions in a Carwile loam soil (fine, mixed, superactive, thermic Typic Argiaquolls). Total below ground respiration from planted pots increased after planting through early boot stage and then decreased through physiological maturity. Root‐rhizomicrobial respiration was determined by taking the difference in CO₂ flux between planted and unplanted pots. Also, root and rhizomicrobial respirations were directly measured from roots by placing them inside a Mason jar. It was determined that root‐rhizomicrobial respiration accounted for 60% of total CO₂ flux, whereas 40% was from heterotrophic respiration in unplanted pots. Rhizomicrobial respiration accounted for 18 to 25% of total CO₂ flux. Shade and no‐shoot had similar effects on root respiration. The three techniques were not significantly different (p>0.05).     

Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on soil respiration components and their temperature sensitivities in a semiarid grassland

Nitrogen (N) deposition to semiarid ecosystems is increasing globally, yet few studies have investigated the ecological consequences of N enrichment in these ecosystems. Furthermore, soil CO₂ flux – including plant root and microbial respiration – is a key feedback to ecosystem carbon (C) cycling that links ecosystem processes to climate, yet few studies have investigated the effects of N enrichment on belowground processes in water-limited ecosystems. In this study, we conducted two-level N addition experiments to investigate the effects of N enrichment on microbial and root respiration in a grassland ecosystem on the Loess Plateau in northwestern China. Two years of high N additions (9.2 g N m⁻² y⁻¹) significantly increased soil CO₂ flux, including both microbial and root respiration, particularly during the warm growing season. Low N additions (2.3 g N m⁻² y⁻¹) increased microbial respiration during the growing season only, but had no significant effects on root respiration. The annual temperature coefficients (Q₁₀) of soil respiration and microbial respiration ranged from 1.86 to 3.00 and 1.86 to 2.72 respectively, and there was a significant decrease in Q₁₀ between the control and the N treatments during the non-growing season but no difference was found during the growing season. Following nitrogen additions, elevated rates of root respiration were significantly and positively related to root N concentrations and biomass, while elevated rates of microbial respiration were related to soil microbial biomass C (SMBC). The microbial respiration tended to respond more sensitively to N addition, while the root respiration did not have similar response. The different mechanisms of N addition impacts on soil respiration and its components and their sensitivity to temperature identified in this study may facilitate the simulation and prediction of C cycling and storage in semiarid grasslands under future scenarios of global change.     

Plant carbon inputs and environmental factors strongly affect soil respiration in a subtropical forest of southwestern China

Soil respiration is a large component of global carbon fluxes, so it is important to explore how this carbon flux varies with environmental factors and carbon inputs from plants. As part of a long-term study on the chemical and biological effects of aboveground litterfall denial, root trenching and tree-stem girdling, we measured soil respiration for three years in plots where those treatments were applied singly and in combination. Tree-stem girdling terminates the flow of carbohydrates from canopy, but allows the roots to continue water and nutrient uptake. After carbon storage below the stem girdles is depleted, the girdled trees die. Root trenching immediately terminates root exudates as well as water and nutrient uptake. Excluding aboveground litterfall removes soil carbon inputs, but allows normal root functions to continue. We found that removing aboveground litterfall and the humus layer reduced soil respiration by more than the C input from litter, a respiration priming effect. When this treatment was combined with stem girdling, root trenching or those treatments in combination, the change in soil respiration was indistinguishable from the loss of litterfall C inputs. This suggests that litterfall priming occurs only when normal root processes persist. Soil respiration was significantly related to temperature in all treatment combinations, and to soil water content in all treatments except stem girdling alone, and girdling plus trenching. Aboveground litterfall was a significant predictor of soil respiration in control, stem-girdled, trenched and stem-girdled plus trenching treatments. Stem girdling significantly reduced soil respiration as a single factor, but root trenching did not. These results suggest that in addition to temperature, aboveground carbon inputs exert strong controls on forest soil respiration.     

稻-油轮作农田油菜生长季土壤呼吸作用及其影响因素分析

本文以西南地区稻-油轮作农田为研究对象,于2009年11月—2010年4月油菜生长期间采用静态暗箱法进行了土壤呼吸速率的观测,通过选择植株生长处、株间及行间3个样点研究土壤呼吸速率的时间变化及空间异质性,综合分析了土壤温度、土壤湿度、根系生物量、土壤有机碳以及C/N对土壤呼吸作用的影响。结果表明,油菜季土壤呼吸速率的日变化为单峰型,最大值出现在下午15:00。土壤呼吸速率的季节变化显著,呈现为先降低后升高的变化趋势,最低值出现在2010年1月。在植株尺度上,土壤呼吸作用存在明显的空间异质性,较高的土壤呼吸速率通常出现在靠近油菜植株的地方,表现为:植株生长处(336.71 mg·m-2·h-1)>株间(248.48 mg·m-2·h-1)>行间(141.77 mg·m-2·h-1)。土壤呼吸作用中根呼吸作用所占比例的季节变化呈单峰型,表现为生长初期小于生长中期和后期。在整个油菜生长季,根呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献为25.78%~72.61%,平均为51.03%。土壤呼吸速率受多个环境因子的影响,与地表温度呈显著指数关系,与根系生物量呈显著线性关系,与土壤微生物生物量碳、易氧化有机碳及颗粒有机碳存在显著或极显著正相关。     

皆伐对杉木人工林土壤呼吸的影响

应用密闭室碱吸收法对杉木人工林皆伐后的土壤呼吸及各分室呼吸进行为期1年定位研究,结果表明,杉木林皆伐后前4个月土壤呼吸显著高于对照(未伐地)的,皆伐6个月后则显著低于对照的,但伐后1年内的平均土壤呼吸则与对照的无显著差异。皆伐地枯枝落叶层呼吸和矿质土壤呼吸分别在伐后的5个月和6个月内显著高于对照的,但此后则与对照的无显著差异。皆伐地根系呼吸除在伐后当月显著高于对照的外,第3个月迅速降低至消失。皆伐地土壤呼吸、枯枝落叶层呼吸和矿质土壤呼吸最大值出现时间均较对照的有所提前。伐后1年内皆伐地枯枝落叶层呼吸、矿质土壤呼吸和根系呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例分别为34·5%、63·9%和1·6%,而对照的则分别为23·4%、50·1%和26·5%。双因素关系模型拟合结果表明,土壤温度和土壤湿度共同解释皆伐和对照土壤呼吸速率变化的54%和90%。皆伐地土壤呼吸及各分室呼吸对土壤温度的敏感性低于对照的,但对土壤湿度的敏感性则高于对照的。皆伐地土壤呼吸、矿质土壤呼吸和枯枝落叶层呼吸的Q10分别为1·42、1·53和1·34,而对照的土壤呼吸、矿质土壤呼吸、枯枝落叶层呼吸和根系呼吸的Q10则分别为2·42、1·81、2·40和4·41。     

高浓度CO2下长白松幼苗土壤和根系呼吸

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of higher CO2 concentrations （500 and 700 μmol mol^-1） in atmosphere on total soil respiration and the contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration during seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris vat. sylvestriformis. During the four growing seasons （May-October） from 1999 to 2003, the seedlings were exposed to elevated concentrations of CO2 in open-top chambers. The total soil respiration and contribution of root respiration were measured using an LI-6400-09 soil CO2 flux chamber on June 15 and October 8, 2003. To separate root respiration from total soil respiration, three PVC cylinders were inserted approximately 30 cm deep into the soil in each chamber. There were marked diurnal changes in air and soil temperatures on June 15. Both the total soil respiration and the soil respiration without roots showed a strong diurnal pattern, increasing from before sunrise to about 14：00 in the afternoon and then decreasing before the next sunrise. No increase in the mean total soil respiration and mean soil respiration with roots severed was observed under the elevated CO2 treatments on June 15, 2003, as compared to the open field and control chamber with ambient CO2. However, on October 8, 2003, the total soil respiration and soil respiration with roots severed in the open field were lower than those in the control and elevated CO2 chambers. The mean contribution of root respiration measured on June 15, 2003, ranged from 8.3% to 30.5% and on October 8, 2003, from 20.6% to 48.6%.