Changes in soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi along a large-scale aridity gradient

Changes in soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, and the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are examined along a large-scale aridity gradient from southeast to northwest in China. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen decreased but pH increased with increased aridity. Aboveground plant biomass, spore abundance, and colonization of roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi also declined as the aridity increased. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen were positively correlated with aboveground plant biomass, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spore number and root colonization were positively correlated with soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and aboveground plant biomass but were negatively correlated with soil pH. A structural equation model suggested that aridity affected soil organic carbon and total nitrogen by limiting aboveground plant biomass. Aridity exerted a large direct effect and smaller indirect effects (via changes in aboveground plant biomass) on the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil pH also directly influenced arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal abundance. These results suggest that aboveground plant biomass could be a key factor driving the changes of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal abundance along this aridity gradient in China.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi and glomalin-related soil protein drive the distributions of carbon and nitrogen in a large scale

Purpose

Arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi (AM-like fungi) are crucial for ecosystem functioning and soil organic matter (SOM) is an indicator of soil quality. However, the spatial distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) and SOM in a large scale is still unclear. The objectives of this study were to investigate the spatial distribution of SOM, arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi and GRSP, and reveal the potential relationship among them in a large scale across China.

Materials and methods

Soil samples (different in vegetation type, climate, and soil variables) were collected from 26 sites in a large scale across China. The soil properties including pH, total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and SOM were determined. Quantitative PCR amplification of the 18S rRNA gene was conducted to evaluate the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi. The contents of easily extractable GRSP (EE-GRSP), difficultly extractable GRSP (DE-GRSP), and total GRSP (T-GRSP) were measured.

Results and discussion

Arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi abundance was significantly affected by the vegetation type and dramatically correlated with the soil TN and mean annual precipitation (MAP). EE-GRSP and DE-GRSP were more associated with the TC and TN content, respectively. The abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi significantly but weakly correlated with the T-GRSP and EE-GRSP. The SOM content positively correlated with the DE-GRSP and T-GRSP. Those results suggested that the arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi are a larger contributor to regulating the content of GRSP, which is an important indicator of the soil organic carbon pool.

Conclusions

Our results indicated that arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi abundance has a greater contribution to driving the distribution of soil C and N in a large scale by affecting the content of glomalin-related soil protein.

     

Relationship between soil enzyme activities, nutrient cycling and soil fungal communities in a northern hardwood forest

Soil fungi are highly diverse and act as the primary agents of nutrient cycling in forests. These fungal communities are often dominated by mycorrhizal fungi that form mutually beneficial relationships with plant roots and some mycorrhizal fungi produce extracellular and cell-bound enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nitrogen (N)- and phosphorus (P)- containing compounds in soil organic matter. Here we investigated whether the community structure of different types of mycorrhizal fungi (arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungi) is correlated with soil chemistry and enzyme activity in a northern hardwood forest and whether these correlations change over the growing season. We quantified these relationships in an experimental paired plot study where white-tailed deer (access or excluded 4.5 yrs) treatment was crossed with garlic mustard (presence or removal 1 yr). We collected soil samples early and late in the growing season and analyzed them for soil chemistry, extracellular enzyme activity and molecular analysis of both arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal/saprotrophic fungal communities using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP). AM fungal communities did not change seasonally but were positively correlated with the activities of urease and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), enzymes involved in N cycling. The density of garlic mustard was correlated with the presence of specific AM fungal species, while deer exclusion or access had no effect on either fungal community after 4.5 yrs. Ectomycorrhizal/saprotrophic fungal communities changed seasonally and were positively correlated with most soil enzymes, including enzymes involved in carbon (C), N and P cycling, but only during late summer sampling. Our results suggest that fine scale temporal and spatial changes in soil fungal communities may affect soil nutrient and carbon cycling. Although AM fungi are not generally considered capable of producing extracellular enzymes, the correlation between some AM taxa and the activity of N acquisition enzymes suggests that these fungi may play a role in forest understory N cycling.     

长期有机无机肥配施对东北黑土真菌群落结构的影响

【目的】分析长期有机无机肥配施对土壤真菌丰度、多样性及其群落特征的影响,探讨东北黑土真菌群落变化与施肥的相关性,为进一步调节土壤微生物结构,改善其生态功能提供参考依据。【方法】依托黑龙江省农业科学院36年长期定位试验站,选取4个不同施肥处理:不施肥处理（CK）、有机肥处理（M）、氮磷钾无机肥处理（NPK）和有机肥配施无机肥处理（MNPK）的耕作层土壤为研究对象,以真菌ITS基因为分子标靶借助qPCR技术和Illumina Miseq高通量测序平台,研究不同施肥处理对黑土中真菌群落丰度、多样性和组成的影响,并与土壤化学性质进行偶联分析,揭示群落与施肥的相关性。【结果】长期施用无机肥显著降低土壤pH,而有机无机配施可以有效缓解土壤酸化。NPK处理的ITS基因丰度显著高于MNPK;MNPK处理的细菌/真菌比值（26.91104）显著大于NPK,各处理比值由高到低为MNPK M CK NPK。细菌/真菌比值与土壤pH正相关;MNPK处理的真菌多样性指数值略大于NPK。Ascomycota和Zygomycota为土壤中主要真菌门,不同施肥处理之间真菌组成的相对丰度存在显著差异,对照处理Ascomycota的相对丰度为45.35%,MNPK和NPK处理分别为50.93%和56.16%。有机肥有利于降低病原真菌相对丰度,具有高度侵染性的Cochliobolus在MNPK（0.41%）和M（0.39%）中的相对丰度显著小于CK（3.25%）和NPK（2.08%）。CCA分析表明,土壤理化性质共解释土壤真菌群落结构变化的73.3%,有效磷（贡献量为32.4%,P=0.002）、铵态氮（贡献量为14.8%,P=0.01）和硝态氮（贡献量为16.2%,P=0.048）是3个重要的影响因子。【结论】不同施肥条件下土壤真菌丰度、多样性,以及菌群组成特征不同。与无机肥相比,有机肥无机肥配施能够有效改善真菌群落结构,降低真菌的丰度,增加真菌多样性,并提高土壤pH,减缓土壤酸化。土壤有效磷、铵态氮和硝态氮含量是影响黑土土壤真菌群落结构变化重要因素。     

Soil fungi influence the distribution of microbial functional groups that mediate forest greenhouse gas emissions

The distribution of microbial functional groups in soil may be governed by the interaction between the soil environment and the presence of other microbial competitors or facilitators. In forest soils, one of the most important groups of organisms are fungi, which are vital to many ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling and decomposition, and can form direct connections to primary producers. Nevertheless, the overall effect of soil fungi on the structure and distribution of the other soil microbial functional groups has not been thoroughly investigated. We hypothesized that by altering the soil environment, fungi create favorable conditions for Archaea, methane oxidizing bacteria (MOB) and denitrifying bacteria (DNB), thereby potentially influencing the ability of forest soils to produce or consume greenhouse gases. To test these hypotheses, we studied the distribution of microbial functional groups and fungi in forest soil using molecular methods and related that distribution to soil environment and extracellular enzyme activity as a measure of microbial activity and metabolic effort. Non-metric multidimensional scaling of terminal restriction fragment length (TRFLP) profiles found that DNB and MOB largely separated within ordination space, suggesting little overlap of these bacteria in soil cores. In addition, DNB were significantly positively correlated with fungal biomass and with chitinase activity while MOB were negatively correlated with both. Most archaeal TRFs were also negatively correlated with fungal biomass, suggesting that forest Archaea and MOB have similar relationships to fungal biomass. Soil chemistry including soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and bicarbonate extractable phosphorus (P) were not significantly correlated with DNB, MOB or Archaea. Our results suggest that soil fungi might influence the spatial distribution of important prokaryotic groups in forests, including some groups that mediate the production and consumption of important greenhouse gases.     

十种湿生植物根际真菌群落参数和土壤肥力的比较

【目的】利用人工湿地是目前我国进行点源污水处理的一项重要技术,人工湿地的湿生植物及其根际微生物对污水处理有重要影响。目前人们普遍关注的是湿生植物根际细菌的群落结构和功能,而对根际真菌群落结构的信息较少。本文主要研究10种湿生植物根际的土壤肥力、真菌数量、生物量和真菌的碳代谢,目的在于筛选出根际土壤真菌生物量和活性均较大的植物种类,为今后人工湿地的建设提供参考依据。【方法】采用"向后抛石法"随机选取采样点,收集10种湿生植物根际土壤。采用常规方法测定土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量;真菌数量采用稀释平板法,真菌生物量(麦角固醇含量)采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定;真菌碳代谢指纹采用FF板进行分析。【结果】银边石菖蒲、花叶香蒲和黄菖蒲根际土壤分别有较高的有机碳、全氮和全磷含量(P0.05)。黄菖蒲根际土壤真菌数量和生物量最大(P0.05)。相关分析表明,土壤全磷与真菌数量和生物量有极显著的正相关关系(P0.05),是制约土壤真菌分布的重要因素。碳代谢指纹分析表明,水生美人蕉土壤真菌对95种碳源的平均利用活性以及对6种碳源群的利用强度均大于其它植物,土壤全氮显著地影响了真菌群落对碳水化合物的利用(P0.05)。【结论】10种湿生植物根际土壤肥力和真菌群落有显著性差异,因而土壤肥力和真菌群落可以作为筛选人工湿地植物的重要依据,但这一结论还有待从分子生物学的角度进一步验证。     

Distribution and abundance of fungi in the soils of Taylor Valley, Antarctica

The occurrence and distribution of culturable fungi in Taylor Valley, Antarctica was assessed in terms of soil habitat. Soil transects throughout the valley revealed differential habitat utilization between filamentous and non-filamentous (yeast and yeast-like) fungi. In addition, there were significant differences in species distribution patterns with respect to soil pH, moisture, distance from marine coastline, carbon, chlorophyll a, salinity, elevation and solar inputs. Filamentous fungal abundance is most closely associated with habitats having higher pH, and soil moistures. These close associations were not found with yeast and yeast-like fungi demonstrating that yeast and yeast-like fungi utilize a broader range of habitat. An intensive survey of the Victoria Land is necessary to gain a better understanding of their role in soil functioning and nutrient cycling processes.     

生物质炭对稻田土壤团聚体稳定性和微生物群落的影响

土壤团聚体决定着土壤功能与质量,受土壤生物与非生物因素的共同作用。本文从非生物和生物学角度解析生物质炭施用对土壤团聚体稳定性的长期影响。以句容和南京两个独立施用生物质炭3年或5年后的稻田麦季土壤为研究对象,选取常规施肥（CK）和常规施肥+生物质炭（AB）处理,利用湿筛法获得不同粒级土壤团聚体,并测定其中有机碳（SOC）、全氮、全磷含量,同时采用定量PCR技术测定土壤微生物（细菌、真菌、丛枝菌根真菌、古细菌和放线菌）丰度。结果表明：句容和南京土壤AB处理生物质炭原位老化后,大团聚体比例（R>0.25）和土壤田间持水量显著增加,平均重量直径和几何平均直径表现出增加趋势（P>0.05）;土壤团聚体养分含量（SOC、全磷）和土壤微生物丰度发生显著变化。与对照处理相比,句容和南京老化生物质炭处理的土壤大团聚体比例分别显著增加93.0%和61.5%,0.002～0.053 mm和<0.002 mm粒级团聚体均呈减少趋势;句容和南京土壤AB处理全土SOC含量分别显著增加26.3%和26.9%,大团聚体中SOC含量分别显著增加72.4%和52.3%,微团聚体中SOC含量分别显著增加20.8%和30.0%,全土真菌丰度显著增加;南京土壤全磷含量显著增加25.4%,丛枝菌根真菌和古细菌丰度也呈增加趋势（P>0.05）。由相关性分析可知,土壤团聚体平均重量直径与大团聚体比例、SOC含量、真菌和丛枝菌根真菌丰度极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与全磷含量和古细菌丰度显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.641和0.646。综上所述：生物质炭可以改善土壤pH值,田间持水量等理化性质,增加稻-麦轮作麦季土壤0.25～2 mm大团聚体比例和碳、磷含量,增加土壤真菌、丛枝菌根真菌和古细菌丰度,提高土壤团聚体稳定性,具有持续性。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in sesame under low-input cropping systems

The abundance and composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are generally low under managed agroecosystems in comparison to natural ecosystems. The objective of the study was to determine the composition and species richness of AMF associated with sesame under traditional low-input cropping system in Kerala, India. Wide variability in root colonization by AMF as well as spore density in the rhizosphere existed in sesame. Correlation between frequency of colonization (F%) and spore density as well as between these variables and soil characteristics showed a negative relationship. The fungal variables were influenced by soil factors such as pH, soil organic carbon (OC) and available nutrients. Frequency of colonization was positively correlated (P < 0.01) with soil pH and potassium (K) and negatively correlated with OC, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). AM spore density was positively correlated with OC, N and P and negatively correlated with pH and K. Ten taxa of AMF belonging to the genera Acaulospora, Diversispora, Funneliformis, Gigaspora, Glomus and Scutellospora were associated with sesame, with the predominance of Funneliformis and Acaulospora in both frequency and relative abundance over a wider soil nutrient range. Soil characteristics appear to have a profound influence on the composition and species richness of AMF under traditional low-input cropping systems.     

Functional guild classification predicts the enzymatic role of fungi in litter and soil biogeochemistry

Linking community composition to ecosystem function is a challenge in complex microbial communities. We tested the hypothesis that key biological features of fungi - evolutionary history, functional guild, and abundance of functional genes – can predict the biogeochemical activity of fungal species during decay. We measured the activity of 10 different enzymes produced by 48 model fungal species on leaf litter in laboratory microcosms. Taxa included closely related species with different ecologies (i.e. species in different “functional guilds”) and species with publicly available genomes. Decomposition capabilities differed less among phylogenetic lineages of fungi than among different functional guilds. Activity of carbohydrases and acid phosphatase was significantly higher in litter colonized by saprotrophs compared to ectomycorrhizal species. By contrast, oxidoreductase activities per unit fungal biomass were statistically similar across functional guilds, with white rot fungi having highest polyphenol oxidase activity and ectomycorrhizal fungi having highest peroxidase activity. On the ecosystem level, polyphenol oxidase activity in soil correlated with the abundance of white rot fungi, while soil peroxidase activity correlated with the abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi in soil. Copy numbers of genes coding for different enzymes explained the activity of some carbohydrases and polyphenol oxidase produced by fungi in culture, but were not significantly better predictors of activity than specific functional guild. Collectively, our data suggest that quantifying the specific functional guilds of fungi in soil, potentially through environmental sequencing approaches, allows us to predict activity of enzymes that drive soil biogeochemical cycles.     

降水变化和氮沉降对荒漠草原土壤丛枝菌根真菌群落结构的影响

降水变化和氮沉降是影响植物、微生物和土壤环境变化的两个重要方面。尽管丛枝菌根（AM）真菌在陆地生态系统中起着至关重要的作用，但人们对降水变化和氮添加如何交互影响AM真菌群落仍知之甚少。本研究以短花针茅荒漠草原为研究对象，采用裂区设计，主区为自然降雨(CK)、增雨30%(W)和减雨30%(R)三个水分梯度，副区为0(N0)，30(N30)，50(N50)和100(N100) kg?hm-2?a-1 四个氮素梯度共12个处理，通过高通量测序分析了土壤中AM真菌群落的多样性和组成。结果发现，水分处理对土壤AM真菌的Alpha多样性有促进作用，氮素处理抑制了土壤AM真菌的Alpha多样性，水分增加和氮素添加的交互作用促进了AM真菌的Alpha多样性增加，并改变了土壤AM真菌群落组成。水分和氮素刺激了各功能型植物生物量的增加，氮添加使多年生杂草和半灌木、小半灌木生物量显著增加，多年生禾草生物量显著减少。此外，多型孢子菌科的相对丰度与一二年生植物和半灌木、小半灌木生物量呈显著正相关，一二年生植物和半灌木、小半灌木生物量在氮添加和增雨处理下增加。本研究证明了AM真菌群落在短期气候变化下的稳定性。此外，AM真菌在科水平上的丰度与各生活型植物地上生物量的相关性证明了地上和地下生态系统的连通性。     

Mineral fertilizer alters cellulolytic community structure and suppresses soil cellobiohydrolase activity in a long-term fertilization experiment

Nutrient inputs to soil can alter mineralization of organic matter and subsequently affect soil carbon levels. To understand how elemental interactions affect the biogeochemistry and storage of soil C, we examined soils receiving long-term applications of mineral fertilizer and manure-containing fertilizers. As cellulose is the dominant form of carbon entering arable soils, cellulolytic communities were monitored through enzymatic analysis, and characterization of the abundance (real-time PCR) and diversity (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, T-RFLP) of fungal cellobiohydrolases (cbhI) genes. The data showed that long-term mineral fertilization increased soil organic C and crop productivity, and reduced soil heterotrophic respiration and cellobiohydrolases (CBH) activity. Correspondingly, the diversity and community structure of cellulolytic fungi were substantially altered. The variation in cellulolytic fungi is mainly attributable to shifts in the proportion of Eurotiomycetes. In addition, CBH activity was significantly correlated with the diversity and community structure of cellulolytic fungi. These results suggest that enhanced C storage by mineral fertilizer addition occurs not only from extra organic carbon input, but may also be affected through the cellulose decomposing community in arable soil.     

Spatial distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, glomalin and soil enzymes under the canopy of Astragalus adsurgens Pall. in the Mu Us sandland, China

To measure and manage plant growth in arid and semi-arid sandlands, improved understanding of the spatial patterns of desert soil resources and the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is needed. Spatial patterns of AM fungi, glomalin and soil enzyme activities were investigated in five plots located in the Mu Us sandland, northwestern China. Soils to 50 cm depth in the rhizosphere of Astragalus adsurgens Pall. were sampled. The study demonstrated that A. adsurgens Pall. could form strong symbiotic relationships with AM fungi. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal status and distributions were significantly different among the five studied plots. Correlation coefficient analysis demonstrated that spore density was significantly and positively correlated with soil organic carbon (SOC), soil acid phosphatase and to two Bradford-reactive soil protein (BRSP) fractions (P < 0.01). Colonization of arbuscules and vesicles were positively correlated with protease activity. The BRSP fractions were also significantly and positively correlated to edaphic factors (e.g. SOC, available nitrogen, and Olsen phosphorus) and soil enzymes (e.g. soil urease and acid phosphatase). The means of total BRSP and easily extractable BRSP were 0.95 mg g⁻¹ and 0.5 mg g⁻¹ in all data, respectively. The levels of BRSP in the desert soil were little lower than those in native and arable soils, but the ratios of BRSP to SOC were much higher than farmland soils. The results of this study support the conclusion that glomalin could be an appropriate index related to the level of soil fertility, especially in desert soil. Moreover, AM fungal colonizations and glomalin might be useful to monitor desertification and soil degradation.     

Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and glomalin in the rhizosphere of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. in Mu Us sandland, China

To understand the ecological significance of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations in semi-arid and arid lands, the temporal and spatial dynamics of AM fungi and glomalin were surveyed in Mu Us sandland, northwest China. Soil samples in the rhizosphere of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. were collected in May, July and October 2007, respectively. Arbuscular, hyphal and total root infection and spore density of AM fungi peaked in summer. The mean contents of total Bradford-reactive soil proteins (T-BRSPs, TG) and easily extractable Bradford-reactive soil proteins (EE-BRSPs, EEG) reached maximal values in spring. Spore density and two BRSPs fractions were the highest in the 0-10 cm soil layer, but the ratios of two BRSPs fractions to soil organic carbon (SOC) were the highest in the 30-50 cm soil layer. Hyphal infection was negatively correlated with soil enzymatic activity (soil urease and acid phosphatase) (P < 0.05). Arbuscular infection was negatively correlated with soil acid phosphatase (P < 0.01). Spore density was positively correlated with edaphic factors (soil available N, Olsen P, and SOC) and soil enzymatic activity (soil acid and alkaline phosphatase) (P < 0.01). Two BRSPs fractions were positively correlated with edaphic factors (soil available N and SOC) and soil enzymatic activity (soil urease, acid and alkaline phosphatase) (P < 0.01). TG was positively correlated with soil Olsen P (P < 0.05). We concluded that the dynamics of AM fungi and glomalin have highly temporal and depth patterns, and influenced by nutrient availability and enzymatic activity in Mu Us sandland, and suggest that glomalin are useful indicators for evaluating soil quality and function of desert ecosystem on the basis of its relationship to AM fungal community, soil nutrient dynamics and carbon cycle.     

Soil enzyme activity in an old-growth northern hardwood forest: Interactions between soil environment,ectomycorrhizal fungi and plant distribution

Plants and soil microbes produce extracellular enzymes (EE) that catalyze the hydrolysis of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) containing compounds in soil and other enzymes involved in degradation of lignin and cellulose. We explored whether soil enzyme activity involved in carbon (C), N and P cycling were correlated with plant distribution, soil chemical conditions and the identity of fungi colonizing tree roots in an old growth forest remnant. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) was used to determine the presence of root fungi and standard fluorometric analysis was used to determine soil enzyme activities. Soil enzymes were consistently positively correlated with soil C and N, but not CN ratio. Soil P was also correlated with enzyme activity during both June and September sampling. We saw no significant relationships between herbaceous plant cover and enzyme activity in June, but there were significant positive correlations between α-glucosidase and herbaceous plant coverage in September. We also found that some enzymes were significantly correlated with the identity of fungi colonizing tree roots separated from the soil cores. Chitinase and β-glucosidase were positively correlated with the genera Russula and Piloderma while chitinase was negatively correlated with Amanita and Entoloma. In addition, phosphatase was positively correlated with Russula, Meliniomyces and Solenopezia. Our results suggest that enzyme activity in old growth forest soils are affected by a variety of environmental factors, and that herbaceous plants and some root fungi may be associated with sites of elevated or decreased decomposition potential and nutrient cycling.     

基于高通量测序研究猕猴桃苗不同生育期根际真菌群落结构及多样性

为探究猕猴桃苗不同生长期与根际土壤真菌群落结构、多样性及土壤养分之间的相互关系,利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序研究猕猴桃苗3个不同生长阶段(生长前期、速生期、生长后期)根际微生物群落结构组成及其多样性,运用CANOCO和R语言软件对土壤真菌群落与土壤环境因子间关系进行RDA和相关性分析。结果表明:猕猴桃苗不同生长期土壤性质均存在显著差异,随着猕猴桃苗根系不断生长,土壤p H、速效氮、有效磷出现先升高后降低趋势,速效钾则出现先降低后升高;高通量测序共得到1776个真菌OTUs,分属于10门22纲151科157属;方差分析表明各生长时期多样性指数(Shannon)差异显著;序列分析发现,子囊菌门(Ascomycota,丰度72.69%)、被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota,18.80%)、罗兹菌门(Rozellomycota,6.68%)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota,4.28%)和球囊菌门(Glomeromycota,1.45%)是猕猴桃苗不同生长期的优势菌门(丰度大于1%的视为优势菌门);对不同生长时期优势菌门所占比例进行分析,发现子囊菌门出现先升高后降低,被孢霉门、罗兹菌门和担子菌门则出现先降低后升高,球囊菌门相对丰度随着猕猴桃根系生长逐渐升高;RDA分析结果显示,有效磷和pH与子囊菌门显著正相关,速效钾与子囊菌门显著负相关,有机碳与壶菌门(Chytridiomycota)显著负相关。综上,猕猴桃苗在不同生长时期根际土壤真菌群落结构不同,速生期根际真菌种群最丰富,生长后期最少;子囊菌门、被孢霉门、罗兹菌门和担子菌门始终是猕猴桃苗生长期根际优势菌群;根际真菌群落组成和土壤养分变化受猕猴桃苗不同生长时期的影响,其中土壤有效磷和速效钾是影响子囊菌门群落组成的重要因子。     

Effects of regenerating vegetation on soil enzyme activity and microbial structure in reclaimed soils on a surface coal mine site

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of reclaimed scenarios on soil enzyme activities and microbial community in a reclaimed surface coal mine on the Northwest Loess Plateau of China. Soil samples were collected from a bare land (CK), and a plantation (PL) and four mixed forests (MF1-4). Soil physicochemical characteristics, four enzyme activities and microbial abundance and T-RFLP (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism) profiles were measured. Effects of reclaimed scenarios on soil nutrients content, enzyme activities and microbial community were pronounced. Soil organic carbon could be well used to predict the major differences in enzyme activities, and microbial abundance and composition. Soil enzyme activities were more significantly correlated with fungal abundance than bacterial and archaeal ones. The higher soil nutrient content, enzyme activities, and microbial abundance and diversity were from mixed forests and the lowest ones were from CK, which suggested mixed forests would be feasible scenarios in semi-arid Loess Plateau. Soil bacteria, archaea and fungi evolved with reclaimed process, but the influences of reclaimed scenarios on each domain of microbial abundance, diversity and composition were different. These findings suggested that soil bacteria, archaea and fungi play different ecological roles during restoration process.     

鄱阳湖湿地不同环境条件土壤AM真菌群落特征及其影响因素

丛枝菌根(AM)真菌可以与湿地植物共生，并在湿地生态系统的修复与维护过程中具有重要作用。然而，不同环境条件下湿地土壤AM真菌群落分布特征及其影响因素仍然有待明晰。选择鄱阳湖湿地不同水位条件(高水位和低水位)2种典型植物群落(南荻和水蓼)为研究对象，运用高通量测序技术探究水位和植被类型对鄱阳湖湿地土壤AM真菌群落结构和多样性的影响，比较不同环境条件下AM真菌群落结构和多样性差异，分析其与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明，AM真菌OTU数为21～38,水位和植被类型影响鄱阳湖湿地土壤AM真菌OTU数，高水位下AM真菌OTU数高于低水位，水蓼群落高于南荻群落。被鉴别出的菌属为Glomus、Claroideoglomus和Paraglomus,其中，Glomus是优势属，占比85%以上，其相对丰度在高水位下显著高于低水位(p<0.05),南荻群落高于水蓼群落。AM真菌多样性指数(Simpson和Shannon指数)受水位和植被类型以及二者交互影响(p<0.01),低水位下不同群落之间的AM真菌多样性指数无显著差异，而高水位下水蓼群落AM真菌多样性指数显著高于南荻群落(p<0.05...     

Tempo-spatial dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under clonal plant Psammochloa villosa Trin. Bor in Mu Us sandland

Tempo-spatial dynamics of AM fungi within the rhizome system of Psammochloa villosa (Poaceae) were investigated in Mu Us sandland, northwest China. Soil samples in the annual and perennial ramet rhizospheres of P. villosa were collected in 2007. AM fungal percent colonization reached maximal values in the rainy season and spore number in the dry season. Spore number exhibited positive correlation with soil pH and available phosphorous (P) (P < 0.01), and negative correlation with available nitrogen (N) (P < 0.05). Vesicular, arbuscular, hyphal and total colonization were positively correlated with soil organic matter and available P (P < 0.01), and negatively correlated with available N (P < 0.01). Fourteen species of AM fungi in four genera were isolated. The same AM fungal taxa were found in the annual and perennial ramet rhizospheres, although the last ones had higher fungal colonization and spore number. A high Shannon-Weiner diversity index of AM fungi was observed. Spore number and species richness indicated that Glomus was the predominant AM fungi, especially the small-spored taxa. AM fungal dynamics under P. villosa are highly seasonal: different aged ramets and nutrient availability have effects on AM fungal development and abundance in Mu Us sandland.     

苹果园生草对土壤微生物多样性、酶活性及碳组分的影响

  【目的】  果园种植生草能够改善土壤肥力与土壤结构。研究种植不同生草对果园土壤微生物多样性和土壤生物学性状的影响,为果园高效绿色管理提供理论依据。  【方法】  于2017年山东省泰安市马庄试验基地多年生苹果行间进行生草试验,供试草种为白三叶草(Trifolium pratense)、垂穗草(Bouteloua gracilis)、沙画眉草(Eragrostis trichodes)、弯叶画眉草(Eragrostis curvula)和加拿大披碱草(Elymus canadensis),以清耕自然生草为对照(A_CK),研究不同生草处理在连续3年内对果园土壤环境的影响。  【结果】  1) 从6个土壤样品中共得到31459个细菌操作分类单元和5021个真菌操作分类单元,6个土壤样品中共有1019个相同细菌群落(OTUs)和108个相同真菌群落(OTUs)。Alpha 多样性分析可知,弯叶画眉草处理后的土壤中细菌的Shannon、Simpson和Chao1指数高于Ack处理,比Ack分别增加了4.61%、7.01%和27.44%,尤其加拿大披碱草处理后土壤真菌的Chao1指数是对照的1.31倍(P<0.05)。在门分类水平变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)是优势细菌,这8个细菌门在各自处理中占比超过95%,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)、接合菌门(Zygomycota)是优势真菌,这4个优势真菌门在各自处理中占比超过80%。弯叶画眉草处理可提高土壤中细菌丰富度和多样性,沙画眉草处理土壤中的细菌芽单胞菌门、浮霉菌门、绿弯菌门相对丰度降低;5个生草处理提高了土壤中真菌群落担子菌门的相对丰度,垂穗草子囊菌门相对丰度降低明显,垂穗草、弯叶画眉草和加拿大披碱草提高了土壤中的球囊菌门相对丰度。2)果园生草提高了土壤中微生物的数量,且随着生草时间的延长微生物数量增加明显,2020年9月份的弯叶画眉草处理土壤微生物数量高于清耕处理。3) 生草提高了果园土壤总有机碳和可溶性有机碳含量,弯叶画眉草、加拿大披碱草和沙画眉草处理效果显著好于清耕,弯叶画眉草的效果尤为突出,而三叶草的效果不显著。相应地,沙画眉草、弯叶画眉草和加拿大披碱草土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著高于清耕处理。4)相关性分析结果表明,果园生草处理土壤的碳组分(除DOC外)、酶活性与微生物数量之间存在极显著或显著正相关。  【结论】  种植沙画眉草、弯叶画眉草和加拿大披碱草均可显著增加土壤中总有机碳和可溶性有机碳含量,随着生草年限的增加,提高幅度也在增加,进而显著增加了土壤中微生物数量,并不同程度地改变了细菌和真菌的丰富度和多样性。弯叶画眉草和加拿大披碱草对土壤影响效应优良,极具推广价值。