苜蓿草粉在养兔实践中的应用

紫花苜蓿在陇东是一种古老的栽培牧草。兔日粮中配合一定量苜蓿草粉,不仅可节省精料,而且还可预防肠胃病。确定日粮中苜蓿草粉比例,对养兔有现实的指导意义。本研究用5种不同比例的苜蓿草粉日粮饲喂西德长毛兔,通过饲喂比较试验,提出兔日粮中适宜的草粉比例,供养兔生产参考。一、材料和方法1.试兔的选择在生产群中选择同日龄、体重、胎次的断奶仔兔60只,随机分成5组,组间体重差异不显著(P>0.05),每组12只,两兔一笼。2.试验日粮日粮配合比及营养成分如表1。3.饲养管理日粮压制成颗粒料,日喂4次,自由饮水。日记录给料量,试验始未及间隙15     

不同纤维源日粮对四川白鹅肉品质及氨基酸含量的影响

为研究日粮纤维源对四川白鹅肉品质、氨基酸含量和营养价值的影响,试验选用28日龄体重相近的四川白鹅120只,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只,公母各半,采用地面平养方式,分别饲喂含苜蓿草粉、黑麦草粉、燕麦草粉和花生秧粉日粮,自由采食和饮水,试验期共42 d。结果显示,在日粮近似等氮等能、采食量相等的条件下,日粮纤维源对四川白鹅肉剪切力、肉色、滴水损失率、粗脂肪和氨基酸含量均有显著影响(P0.05),苜蓿和花生秧组剪切力均显著低于黑麦和燕麦组(P0.05),苜蓿、燕麦和花生秧组滴水损失率均显著低于黑麦组(P0.05),燕麦组粗脂肪显著高于其他3组(P0.05),而花生秧组显著低于其他3组(P0.05),不同纤维源日粮对水分、灰分和粗蛋白质含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。日粮中添加苜蓿草粉可提高鹅肉保水性,增加其嫩度,同时也可提升鹅肉中鲜味氨基酸含量,建议生产中可在肉鹅日粮中适当添加苜蓿草粉,以提升其肉品质和营养价值。     

不同苜蓿草粉水平对产蛋鸡蛋黄胆固醇含量影响的研究

选择健康35周龄新罗曼商品代蛋鸡768只,采用2×4因子试验设计,随机分为8个处理组,每组3个重复,每个重复32只,分别在饲粮中添加0,3%,5%,7%的紫花苜蓿草粉和1.6%和2.4%的油脂,试验期60 d,观测苜蓿草粉和油脂对鸡蛋蛋黄重、蛋黄相对重、每克蛋黄胆固醇含量以及每枚鸡蛋中胆固醇含量的影响.结果表明:1)添加苜蓿草粉和油脂后,对蛋黄相对重无显著影响(P＞0.05);蛋黄重有显著增加,其中低油脂组中7%草粉添加组蛋黄重极显著高于不添加组(P＜0.01),各添加组之间差异不显著;高油脂组中各添加组之间无显著差异;每g蛋黄胆固醇含量有较大降低,添加草粉后,各试验组较不添加组极显著降低每g蛋黄中胆固醇含量(P＜0.01);每枚蛋中胆固醇含量有显著降低,其中高油脂组中5%和7%草粉添加组蛋黄重极显著高于不添加组(P＜0.01),各添加组之间差异不显著.二者的交互作用中,苜蓿水平对鸡蛋中胆固醇的影响高于油脂水平.2)随着苜蓿草粉添加水平的增加,每g蛋黄中胆固醇含量和鸡蛋中胆固醇含量逐渐降低,每g蛋黄中胆固醇含量在前30 d下降较快,随后逐渐降低,试验至45 d时趋于平稳.     

饲粮纤维源对5～10周龄四川白鹅生产性能和血清生化指标的影响

为探究不同纤维源饲粮对5～10周龄四川白鹅生产性能和血清生化指标的影响,选择28日龄体重相近的四川白鹅120只,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只,分别饲喂黑麦草粉、花生秧粉、苜蓿草粉和燕麦草粉饲粮,持续42 d。结果显示:花生秧、苜蓿和燕麦组平均日增重显著高于黑麦组(P0.05),其中苜蓿组日增重最大;燕麦组肝脏、肌胃、胰腺、脾脏和法氏囊指数均显著高于花生秧组(P0.05);苜蓿组腺胃和法氏囊指数显著高于花生秧组(P0.05);各组间十二指肠、空肠和回肠长度差异不显著(P0.05),燕麦组盲肠长度显著高于其他三组(P0.05);不同纤维源日粮对体斜长、胫长和骨盆宽影响显著(P0.05);对平均日采食量、料重比和血清生化指标影响不显著(P0.05),但总蛋白和高密度脂蛋白含量苜蓿组最高。结果表明,在5～10周龄的四川白鹅饲粮中添加苜蓿草或燕麦草可获得较好的生长性能、免疫力以及内脏器官发育。     

不同蛋白水平颗粒料对西农萨能奶山羊羔羊哺乳期生长发育的影响

为了筛选西农萨能奶山羊羔羊哺乳期全价颗粒料配方,本试验采用2×3两因子设计,选用出生日期相近(5d之内)、体重相近(3.66±0.69kg)的健康西农萨能奶山羊初生羔羊53只(公羊26只、母羊27只),按性别和蛋白质水平随机分为6组(A、B、C为三组母羊;D、E、F为三组公羊),试验期为120d,并分为1~60日龄和61~120日龄两个阶段,两阶段颗粒料苜蓿草粉含量分别为10%和20%,蛋白质水平分别为18%、21%、24%和15%、18%、21%,哺乳期自由采食干草,试验期间采集奶样和饲料样,记录羔羊采食量和生长发育数据。结果表明,试验期间公羔日增重显著高于母羔(P0.05);1~60日龄,A、D组羊羔具有较大的日增重,饲料报酬高,且D组日增重显著高于E、F组(P0.05);61~120日龄,D组具有最大日增重,随着蛋白水平的升高,公羔日增重呈现出降低的趋势,C组母羔显著大于A、B两组(P0.05),公羔间日增重差异不显著(P0.05);饲喂不同蛋白水平颗粒料对哺乳期羔羊腹泻率和血液生化指标无显著影响。试验表明,1~60日龄,蛋白质水平为18%的颗粒料组羔羊生长发育最快,饲料报酬高;61~120日龄,蛋白质水平为21%的颗粒料组母羔增重快。     

红薯藤粉替代颗粒料中苜蓿草粉对兔生长发育的影响

应用日本大耳兔60只,随机分为3组,每组20只,A组为苜蓿草粉组,B组为红薯藤粉组,C组为苜蓿草粉 红薯藤粉组,试验期为45 d,研究其对试验兔生长发育的影响,结果表明,红薯藤粉能部分或全部代替苜蓿草粉,对试验兔生长发育、生理生化值无影响,在南方养兔生产中,选择红薯藤粉代替苜蓿草粉是可行的。     

不同比例苜蓿草粉对獭兔生产性能等相关指标的影响

为研究不同比例苜蓿草粉对獭兔生产性能、免疫指标、屠宰性能、死亡率等相关指标的影响,试验选取90日龄獭兔196只,随机分为4组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1组、试验2组、试验3组分别在基础日粮中添加88%、48%、8%苜蓿草粉,试验期为60 d,进行生产性能等相关指标的测定。结果表明:试验2组獭兔生产性能最佳,试验末重、平均日增重最高,料重比最低;试验3组死亡率最高,试验2组最低;试验2组与试验3组的臀部、肩部被毛密度和皮张面积差异不显著(P0.05),均优于对照组;试验2组被毛长度极显著高于试验1组、试验3组、对照组(P0.01),腹部腹毛密度显著高于试验1组(P0.05),与对照组、试验3组差异不显著(P0.05);试验2组与试验3组半净膛率差异不显著(P0.05),均极显著高于对照组(P0.01);各试验组免疫指标差异不显著(P0.05)。说明日粮中添加苜蓿草粉可以提高獭兔的生产性能、毛皮性能及屠宰率,降低死亡率,其添加量以不超过48%为宜。     

饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉或发酵苜蓿草粉对鹅生长性能、血清抗氧化酶及消化酶活性的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉或发酵苜蓿草粉对鹅生长性能、血清抗氧化酶及消化酶活性的影响。选用162只狮头鹅,随机分为9组,每组3个重复,每重复6只鹅。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂分别添加5%、10%、15%和20%的苜蓿草粉或发酵苜蓿草粉的试验饲粮。试验期35 d。结果表明:1)饲粮添加苜蓿草粉或发酵苜蓿草粉对鹅的平均日增重产生显著二次和交互影响(P0.05),对平均日采食量的线性和交互无显著影响(P0.05),对料重比无显著影响(P0.05)。饲粮添加10%发酵苜蓿草粉组,鹅的平均日增重最高,较对照组提高了19.48%(P0.05)。2)饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉对鹅血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量有显著交互影响(P0.05),5%、10%苜蓿草粉组及5%发酵苜蓿草粉组血清GSH-Px、SOD和CAT活性与对照组差异不显著(P0.05),其他各组与对照组差异显著(P0.05)。3)饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉对胃蛋白酶、胰脂肪酶、十二指肠蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性无显著影响(P0.05)。饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉或发酵苜蓿草粉对胰蛋白酶、胰淀粉酶活性产生显著二次和交互影响(P0.05)。10%苜蓿草粉组胃蛋白酶、胰淀粉酶、十二指肠淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),但与5%苜蓿草粉组无显著差异(P0.05)。由此可见,在鹅饲粮中添加一定量的苜蓿草粉或发酵苜蓿草粉可以促进其生长,提高血清抗氧化酶和消化酶活性,添加发酵苜蓿草粉效果更好。     

不同料型对蛋雏鸡采食、生长和胫骨发育的影响

选择1日龄海兰褐蛋雏鸡1350只,随机分为3个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复150只。3个处理分别饲喂颗粒料、粉料和破碎料。试验期14d。结果发现,与粉料组相比,试验期采食量颗粒料组提高7.28%(P0.05),破碎料组提高3.54%(P0.05);试验期日增重颗粒料组提高7.17%(P0.05),破碎料组提高8.36%(P0.05)。颗粒料组和破碎料组日增重相似(P0.05)。与颗粒料组和粉料组相比,破碎料组料重比分别降低5.75%(P0.05)和5.20%(P0.05)。试验第6d、10d和14d,各处理胫骨长度相似(P0.05)。     

饲粮纤维源对0～4周龄四川白鹅生长性能及血清生化指标的影响

选用1日龄体质量相近的四川白鹅120只,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只,公母各半,分别饲喂苜蓿草粉、黑麦草粉、燕麦草粉和花生秧粉饲粮,试验期共28 d,探讨不同纤维源饲粮对0～4周龄四川白鹅生长性能及血清生化指标的影响。结果显示,在饲粮等氮等能条件下,饲喂苜蓿草粉和黑麦草粉饲粮的四川白鹅平均日增重显著高于花生秧粉饲粮(P0.05);不同纤维源饲粮对平均日采食量、料重比、小肠长度影响不显著(P0.05),对龙骨长、颈长、胸宽、胸腺指数、谷丙转氨酶、总蛋白、总胆固醇、甘油三酯影响显著(P0.05),苜蓿草粉可显著降低甘油三酯水平(P0.05)。结果表明,不同纤维源饲粮对0～4周龄四川白鹅平均日采食量、料重比、体尺、小肠长度和血清生化指标具有不同程度地影响,在0～4周龄的四川白鹅饲粮中添加苜蓿和黑麦草粉可获得较好的生长性能。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein