濮阳地区花生新黑地珠蚧生物学特性及化学防治方法

花生新黑地珠蚧是近年来新发生为害花生的地下害虫.经室内饲养和室外观察,了解了它的生活史和生活习性,摸清了它的寄主范围、为害程度以及发生与环境因子的关系;探明了该虫在濮阳地区的发生规律,筛选出了防治花生新黑地珠蚧的适宜化学农药和适当施药方式.     

花生新黑地珠蚧发生特点及防治措施

花生新黑地珠蚧发生特点及防治措施李爱花，韩明宝，曹继兰（河南尉氏县植保站４５２１７０）花生新黑地珠蚊（ＮｅｏｍａｒｇａｒｏｄｅｓｎｉｇｅｒＧｒｅｅｎ）属同翅目珠蚧科是近年来在花生田新发生的１种地下害虫，主要分布在河南省的中牟、尉氏、兰考、通许等市县的...     

花生新黑地珠蚧发生为害及其系统发育

本文以花生地下害虫花生新黑地珠蚧为研究对象, 对其田间危害及虫体发育情况进行了调查, 并利用分子生物学技术对其进行系统发育研究。田间调查结果表明, 花生新黑地珠蚧在河南省一年发生一代, 多发生于沙壤土, 主要以珠体状的2龄若虫为害花生根部; 雌雄珠体数量及大小差异均较大, 单株花生上为害的雌珠体数17~78头, 雄珠体数59~146头, 雌雄珠体性比为1.00∶2.61, 雌雄珠体直径分别为4.72~7.26 mm和1.83~2.65 mm。通过系统发育分析和传统形态学分类的综合分析表明本研究中所采集害虫为花生新黑地珠蚧, 隶属于半翅目蚧总科珠蚧科。     

花生新黑地蛛蚧的发生与防治技术

花生新黑地蛛蚧是近年来滑县花生田新发现的一种地下害虫.该虫隐蔽性强,对花生危害大,严重影响花生的品质和产量.由于当地农户对花生新黑地蛛蚧的生活习性和发生规律了解不足,该虫的防治工作成效不理想.本文主要介绍新黑地蛛蚧的形态特征、发生规律、生活习性、为害症状及防治措施等内容,以期为花生新黑地蛛蚧的防治提供指导.     

花生新黑地珠蚧在豫北的为害特点与综合治理技术

2002年至2011年田间调查和田间罩笼养虫观察发现,花生新黑地珠蚧在豫北地区1年发生1代,且砂壤田发生重,壤土田发生轻,黏土田不发生。因此,防治应采取合理轮作倒茬、适时浇水、中耕、灭茬除草及化学防治等综合治理措施。化学防治适期为1龄幼虫期,采取2次施药法,第1次采用喷雾加喷淋法,第2次灌根浇水,防治效果显著。     

花生新黑地珠蚧发生危害与防治

花生新黑地珠蚧是近年来在沙区严重危害花生的害虫之一。经观察 ,该虫在豫东 1年发生 1代 ,以 2龄幼虫(球体 )在土壤 10～20cm的土层中越冬 ,5月中下旬越冬球形体脱壳羽化为成虫 ,交尾产卵。 6月下旬为 1龄幼虫孵化盛期 ,孵化后的 1龄幼虫钻入土内 ,吸取花生根部汁液 ,是防治的关键时机 ,7月上中旬为 2龄幼虫危害盛期。     

新黑地珠蚧在开封县发生

新黑地珠蚧(Neomargarodes niger)是一种危害花生的地下害虫。该害虫1989首次在开封县袁坊乡出现,点片发生,面积不足百亩。1990年发生面积达500多亩,平均减产20-30％,有的田块绝产。9月初收获时调查,一般田块虫量300-500头/米~2最高达7000     

新黑地珠蚧生物学特性及防治的研究

新黑地珠蚧Neomargarodes nigerGreen是近年来发现危害花生的一种新的重要害虫。花生是豫东主要经济作物之一,此虫发生面积占栽培总面积的30％以上,仅豫东每年可造成600万元左右的损失。为此,我们于1982—1984年对此虫进行了调查研究,现将结果报导如下:     

花生新黑地珠蚧发生程度分级标准研究

通过对新黑地珠蚧不同危害程度田块的虫口密度与667 m~2产量的关系调查和回归分析表明,虫口密度与667m~2产量显著相关。相关方程y(667 m~2产量)=533.461 9-0.1071x(虫口密度),r=0.982 7,由回归方程,得出该虫发生轻、偏轻、中度、偏重和重发生5种发生程度的虫口密度分别为250、500、750、1000头/m~2和1500/m~2。     

花生新黑地珠蚧的发生规律及防治技术

采用田间调查与室内试验相结合的方法，在河北省首次对花生珠蚧进行了系统观察，确定了珠蚧的种类。摸清了该虫的寄主范围、危害程度及与环境因子的关系；探明了该虫在邯郸市生活史和发展规律；筛选出有效的防治药剂和防治方法。     

花生新珠蚧发育起点温度和有效积温研究

本试验测定了不同发育阶段花生新珠蚧的发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明：在16～32 ℃时,该虫的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,发育速率与温度呈直线关系。并得到了花生新珠蚧各虫态及全世代的发育起点温度和有效积温。根据有效积温法则推算,该虫在濮阳地区1年发生1代,与田间调查结果和发生规律相符。     

Studies on the biology of black mould (Aspergillus niger) on temperate and tropical onions. 1. A comparison of sources of the disease in temperate and tropical field crops

Aspergillus niger colonies were present on 60–90% of the leaves sampled from onion crops grown under hot, tropical conditions (Shambat, Sudan), but only on 21% of leaves in crops grown under temperate conditions (Wellesbourne, UK). The seed stocks used in the Sudan were naturally contaminated with A. niger , whereas the fungus was absent from seed used in the UK. Inoculation of seed with A. niger resulted in an increase in the incidence of the fungus on onion plants (mean 83% of plants with affected leaves) in the field and on bulbs in store in crops grown in the UK. In the UK, A. niger is infrequent in the soil and air, but it is a major component of the soil and air mycoflora in the Sudan. Most of the bulbs grown in Sudan were contaminated with A. niger at harvest because of the high incidence of the fungus in the field.     

Studies on the biology of black mould (Aspergillus niger) on temperate and tropical onions. 2. The effect of treatments on the control of seedborne A. niger

Treatment of A. niger -inoculated onion seed with benomyl dust (1 g a.i./kg), or a foliar spray of thiram (0·4% a.i./ha) applied to plants grown from inoculated seed under temperate (UK) conditions reduced the incidence of A. niger in harvested crops. Treatment of naturally contaminated Sudanese onion seed with a benomyl + thiram mixture at a rate of 2·5 + 2·5 g a.i./kg or soaking the seed in hot water (15 min at 60°C) reduced the incidence of black mould on bulbs grown in the Sudan in field soil that had not previously been used for onion production. The seed treatments were less effective in crops produced in fields regularly used for onion production. However, incubation of harvested bulbs in moist chambers showed that damage to the internal storage tissue of onion bulbs caused by A. niger was reduced by seed treatment.     

The effect of heat on the growth and recovery of Aspergillus spp. from the mycoflora of onion seeds

Temperature optima for growth of Aspergillus niger and A. flavus on agar lay between 30°C and 35°C; the optimum for A. fumigatus was 40°C. A. flavus grew less rapidly in culture than the other two species. These fungi were recovered when a single sample of onion seeds, produced in Sudan, was plated out onto agar and incubated over a range of temperatures from 15°C to 45°C. In line with the growth optima of the fungus, the recovery of A. niger was greatest between 25°C and 35°C; recovery of A. flavus was greatest between 30°C and 35°C and recovery of A. fumigatus greatest between 40°C and 45°C. Hot-water treatment for durations of up to 60 min at 50°C failed to reduce the incidence of recovery of seedborne A. niger and A. flavus from seeds incubated at 30°C on agar; A. fumigatus was not recovered from seeds treated in this way. However, when seeds were hot-water treated at 60°C and incubated on agar at 30°C, A. niger was virtually eliminated by a treatment duration of 15 min or more; the incidence of recovery of A. fumigatus was significantly increased compared with the 50°C treatment and there was no change in the incidence of A. flavus. Hot-water treatment at 60°C for more than 30 min significantly reduced seed germination.     

普洱茶固态发酵过程中联苯菊酯降解规律研究

为了研究微生物在普洱茶发酵中对联苯菊酯的降解规律,以人工添加180倍液联苯菊酯的云南大叶种晒青毛茶为材料,分别设置接种黑曲霉、酿酒酵母、产黄青霉以及不接菌的对照进行普洱茶固态发酵,应用气相色谱质谱联用分析方法测定茶叶中联苯菊酯的残留,分析比较微生物在普洱茶固态发酵中对联苯菊酯农药的降解规律。结果表明,普洱茶固态发酵中联苯菊酯残留量降低,接种微生物能够有效降低联苯菊酯的含量25%左右(P0.05),其中酿酒酵母发酵对联苯菊酯农药残留的降解效果显著高于黑曲霉、产黄青霉处理(P0.05)。联苯菊酯在黑曲霉、酿酒酵母、产黄青霉以及不接菌固态发酵普洱茶过程中的降解动态规律符合一级动力学模型C=C0e~(-kt),降解曲线方程分别为:C=12.889e~(-0.043t),C=13.348e~(-0.057t),C=13.309e~(-0.042t),C=14.458e~(-0.04t)。综上,研究表明,由于优势微生物的作用,晒青毛茶上的联苯菊酯在固态发酵中显著降低,残效期缩短。     

吐鲁番地区葡萄生长期果实腐烂病研究初报

通过葡萄果实腐烂病田间发病情况调查与症状观察,并对发病果穗进行病原分离、培养和回接试验,结果表明,葡萄果实腐烂病的病原是 Aspergillus niger v. Tiegh,其菌落呈黑褐色,分生孢子头球形,直径200～500 μm,分生孢子梗壁光滑,带黄色。顶囊球形或近球形,直径35～70 μm,褐黄色,全部表面可育;产孢结构双层,瓶梗8～10（~12）μm×2～3 μm。分生孢子球形或近球形,直径3～5 μm,孢子壁表面粗糙,有的生有小疣。     

食线虫真菌的筛选及菌株DF09002的鉴定与产酶特性分析

从海南五指山原始森林、定安雷鸣发病胡椒园采集土壤样品及死亡线虫尸体,分离得到126株菌落形态有差异的真菌。以离体培养的南方根结线虫为靶标线虫对126株真菌进行筛选,获得7株对根结线虫校正死亡率在70%以上的菌株。菌株DF09002抗线虫活性最强,校正死亡率达100%;经5次继代培养,仍具有稳定产生杀线虫活性物质的能力。通过形态学和rDNA ITS序列分析,将该菌株归类为曲霉属黑色组曲霉黑曲霉集合体。酶系分析试验表明,菌株能产生在线虫侵染过程中起重要作用的几丁质酶和胞外蛋白酶,酶活力分别达到0.67、41.63 U/mL。     

Biocontrol strain of Bacillus subtilis AF 1 rapidly induces lipoxygenase in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) compared to crown rot pathogen Aspergillus niger

Metabolic products of polyunsaturated fatty acids have been variously implicated in control of microbial pathogens. Induced resistance has been shown as one of the mechanisms of biological control by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). This paper reports a significant lipoxygenase (LOX) activity in groundnut seedlings with production of 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HPODE) and 13-hydroperoxyoctadecatrienoic acid (13-HPOTrE) as major products with linoleic acid (LA) and -linolenic acid (ALA), respectively. Both the hydroperoxides are inhibitory to the growth of Aspergillus niger as measured in micro titer plates. Ours is the first report on induction of LOX activities in groundnut on treatment with a PGPR strain Bacillus subtilis AF 1, and with crown-rot pathogen, A. niger. Treatment with B. subtilis AF 1 enhanced LOX levels in groundnut similarly but earlier to A. niger – treatment. This induction of LOX during activation of growth and pathogen infection was discussed in light of the reported involvement of LOX both in growth and development as well as in plant-pathogen interaction, particularly induced disease resistance.     

2-取代苯基-5-取代苯甲酰胺基-1,3,4-噻二唑的合成、抑菌活性及三维定量构效关系

以取代苯甲酸为起始原料，与氨基硫脲、三氯氧磷及取代苯甲酰氯进行缩合，制备了33个2-取代苯基-5-取代苯甲酰胺基-1,3,4-噻二唑 E ₁ ~E ₃₃ 。采用核磁共振氢谱 (1H NMR) 和高分辨质谱 (HRMS) 等对目标化合物的结构进行了确证及表征。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了目标化合物对根霉Rhizopus nigricans、青霉Penicillium glaucum、灰霉Botrytis cinerea、交链孢霉Alternaria brassicae和黑曲霉Aspergillus niger的体外抑菌活性。针对黑曲霉的抑制活性，分别利用CoMFA和CoMSIA对目标化合物进行了初步的三维定量构效关系 (3D-QSAR) 研究。结果表明，大部分化合物表现出良好的抑菌活性，在50 μg/mL下，化合物 E ₁ 、 E ₂ 和 E ₂₉ 对供试真菌的抑制率均达到80%以上，与对照药剂百菌清和多菌灵的抑菌效果相当。综合两种模型的结果，发现静电场的贡献值高于其他势场，且当苯环a的4位引入供电子基、苯环a的2位和6位以及苯环b上引入吸电子基时，有利于化合物抑菌活性的提高，可为进一步指导设计合成此类高活性化合物提供理论依据。     

大蒜鳞茎腐烂病的病原鉴定

从江苏太仓产蒜区及南京周边市场采集的病蒜上分离到 5株细菌和 3种真菌 ,经柯赫氏法则验证 ,均确定为大蒜鳞茎腐烂的病原菌。经细菌形态特征观察和生理生化性状测定结果表明 :g W、g 1属芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus spp .) ;g Y、g 2为欧文氏菌 (Erwinia spp .) ;g 3属红球菌 (Rhodococcu ssp .)。真菌的形态特征观察鉴定结果表明 :3株真菌F1、F2、F3分别属于黄青霉 (Penicillium chrysogenum Thom)、黑曲霉 (Aspergillus niger van Tiegh)和尖胞镰刀菌 (Fusarium oxysporum)