The effects of omega-3 fatty acid diet enrichment on wound healing

Omega-3 fatty acids were evaluated to determine how their anti-inflammatory properties affect wound healing. Twelve Beagle dogs were divided into two groups of six. Group I was fed an n-3 fatty acid enriched diet (n-3 FAED) with an n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio of 0.3, and group II was fed a control diet (CD) with a ratio of 7.7. Open and sutured cutaneous wounds were created on the trunk of the dog, and evaluated by laser Doppler perfusion imaging, tensiometry, planimetry, histopathology, and eicosanoid content. At 5 days, the n-3 FAED-fed dogs had significantly less epithelialization of the open wounds ( P  = 0.0343) and significantly less oedema in sutured wounds ( P  = 0.015). There were also tendencies of less tissue perfusion ( P  = 0.086), lower PGE₂ levels ( P  = 0.0756) and negative wound contraction in open wounds at 5 days. The n-3 FAED used in this study did not appear to have any outstanding long-term negative effect on wound healing.     

日粮n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对母猪繁殖性能的影响

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸作为一种重要的营养物质,能影响家畜繁殖性能。本文主要从n-3多不饱和脂肪酸作用机理、使用效果等方面阐述n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对母猪繁殖性能的影响。     

Effects of dietary ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on immunoglobulins,cytokines, fatty acid composition,and performance of lactating sows and suckling piglets

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary ratios of n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the performance of lactating sows and their piglets. Thirty pregnant Landrace sows were assigned to one of three treatments from d 108 of gestation until weaning (26–29 d) and were fed diets containing different ratios of n-6:n-3 PUFA including 3:1, 9:1 and 13:1. The effects on sow and litter production traits were examined together with an assessment of sow body condition. No differences were detected among the treatments for the daily feed intake of sows or changes in sow weight and back-fat levels during lactation (P > 0.05). Litter size at d 14 and d 21 were tended to increase in 3:1 treatment compared with 9:1 and 13:1 treatments (P < 0.10). Litter weight gain (1.77 kg/d) from d 0 to d 14 was tended to increase in 9:1 groups compared with the other two treatments (P < 0.10). A significant difference was observed for the content of α -linolenic acid, total n-3 PUFA, and the ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA in the colostrum, milk, and piglets plasma (P < 0.01). The effects of different ratios of n-6:n-3 PUFA in sow diets on colostrum, milk, and piglet plasma immunoglobulin concentrations are studied. No difference was observed among treatments in the concentrations of IgM, and IgA in colostrum (P > 0.05). A great significant difference for IgG concentration was observed among 3 group in colostrum. A great significant difference for IgA, and IgM (P < 0.01) concentrations in piglet plasma at d14 and a significant difference for IgG(P < 0.05) was observed at d14. Furthermore, at d 21 of lactation, piglet plasma IgG and IgA concentration were greater in 3:1 compared with 13:1 group (P < 0.01).In summary, the current study demonstrated that altering the ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA in lactating sow diet had an effect on the immune component including immunoglobulin and cytokines, and it tended to increase the litter average daily gain and improve the immune status of piglets when dietary ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA was 9:1.     

Effect of n-3 fatty acid ratio and dose on clinical manifestations,plasma fatty acids and inflammatory mediators in dogs with pruritus

The use of n-3 fatty acids is often recommended to manage pruritus. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of various doses of n-3 fatty acids at different n-6:n-3 ratios on plasma fatty acids, clinical response and inflammatory mediators in pruritic dogs. After baseline assessment, dogs were randomly assigned to receive diets varying in both total n-3 and n-6 fatty acid dose and n-6:n-3 ratio. The total clinical score decreased significantly in all four diet groups after 8 weeks with no difference between groups. Plasma fatty acid changes generally mirrored the fatty acid content of the test diets, although alterations appeared to depend on both the dose of n-3 fatty acids and the n-6:n-3 ratio. In this clinical trial, which controlled dietary intake of fatty acids, n-3 fatty acid supplementation did not appear to have an added benefit on clinical signs over thorough clinical management.     

Double-blind pilot study on the effects of ketoconazole on intradermal skin test and leukotriene C4 concentration in the skin of atopic dogs

Abstract The effects of ketoconazole on intradermal skin test results and on leukotriene C₄ (LTC₄) concentration in the skin of atopic dogs were evaluated in a pilot study. Twelve atopic dogs without a detectable Malassezia dermatitis were selected. All dogs had positive immedíate reaction to intradermal injection of house dust mite (HDM) at 25 PNU mL^-1. Six dogs received a control sugar tablet and six dogs received ketoconazole at 5 mg kg^-1 PO b.i.d. for 3 weeks. On days 0 and 21, intradermal injections of saline, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and house dust mite (HDM) were performed and biopsies of the injection sites were taken at 90 min postinjection to measure the concentration of LTC₄ in the skin. Intradermal skin test results were not affected by ketoconazole therapy. Ketoconazole significantly decreased the concentration of LTC₄ that could be elicited by the intradermal injection of saline and LPS. Ketoconazole also decreased the HDM-induced LTC₄ but differences between the prevalues and postvalues were not statistically significant. The mean decrease of LTC₄ concentration in the ketoconazole group was 37% for the saline injection, 42% for the LPS injection and 26% for HDM injection. In the control group no significant changes in the LTC₄ concentrations were found over the 3-week time of the study. This pilot study showed that ketoconazole has anti-inflammatory properties and suggests that this drug may be effective in decreasing the skin concentrations of LTC₄ in atopic dogs. Résumé— Les effets de kétoconazole sur les résultats des tests intradermiques et la concentration en leucotriène C4 (LTC₄) dans la peau de chiens atopiques ont étéévalués dans une étude en double aveugle. Douze chiens atopiques sans dermite à Malassezia ont été selectionnés. Tous les chiens ont des tests intradermiques positifs aux acariens de la poussière de maison à 25 PNU mL^-1à 20 minutes. Six chiens ont reçu des comprimés de sucre, six autres ont reçu du kétoconazole à 5 mg kg^-1, 2 fois par jour par voie orale pendant 3 semaines. Aux jours 0 et 21, des injections intradermiques de liposaccharides (LPS), d'eau salée et d'aeariens de la poussière de maison sont réalisées et des biopsies des points d'injections sont effectuées 90 minutes après l'injection afin de mesurer la concentration en LTC₄ dans la peau. Les résultats des tests intradermiques ne sont pas modifies par la thérapeutique au kétoconazole. Par contre, le kétoconazole diminue significativement la concentration en LTC₄ induit par les injections intradermiques de LPS et d'eau salee. Le kétoconazole diminue également le LTC₄ induit par les acariens de la poussière de maison, mais il n'existe pas de différence significative entre les valeurs avant et après. La diminution moyenne de LTC₄ dans le groupe traité au kétoconazole est de 37% pour l'injection intradermique d'eau salée, de 42% pour l'injection intradermique de LPS et de 26% pour l'injection intradermique d'acariens de la poussière de maison. Dans le groupe de contrôle, aucune différence significative dans les concentrations en LTC₄ n'est observée durant les 3 semaines de l'étude. Cette étude démontre que le kétoconazole a des propriétés antiinflammatoires et suggèrent qu'il peut être efficace dans la diminution des concentrations en LTC₄ chez les chiens atopiques. [Marsella R, Kunkle, GA, Vaughn, DM, Macdonald, J. Double-blind pilot study in the effects of kétoconazole on intradermal skin test and leukotriene C₄ concentration in the skin of atopic dogs. (Etude en double aveugle sur les effets du kétoconazole sur les tests intradermiques et la concentration en leucotriène C₄ dans la peau de chiens atopiques.) Veterinary Dermatology 1997; 8 : 3–10.] Resumen Se evaluaron en un estudio piloto los efectos del ketoconazol sobre los resultados del test intradérmico cutáneo y sobre las concentraciones de leucotrieno C₄ (LTC₄) en la piel de perros atópicos. Se seleccionaron doce perros atópicos sin Dermatitis por Malassezia detectable. Todos los perros mostraban respuesta positiva inmedíata a la inyección del ácaro del polvo doméstico (HDM) a 25 PNU mL^-1. Seis perros recibieron una tableta control de azúcar y seis recibieron ketoconazol a dosis de 5 mg kg^-1 PO BID durante 3 semanas. En los días 0 y 21 se realizaron inyecciones intradérmicas de suero salino, lipopolisacárido (LPS) y ácaro del polvo doméstico, y se tomaron biopsias de las zonas inyectadas a los 90 minutos postinyección para cuantificar la concentración de LTC₄ en la piel. Los resultados de los tests intradérmicos no se afectaron por la terapia con ketoconazol. El ketoconazol disminuyó significativamente la concentración de LTC₄ que pudo haber provocado la inyección intradérmica de suero salino y LPS. El ketoconazol también disminuyó el LTC₄ inducido por el HDM pero las diferencias entre los valores previos y posteriores no fueron estadisticamente significativos. La disminución en la concentración medía de LTC₄ en el grupo de ketoconazol fue del 37% para la inyección de suero salino, 42% para la de LPS y 26% para la de HDM. En el grupo control no se encontraron alteraciones significativas en las concentraciones de LTC₄ durante las 3 semanas que duró el estudio. Este estudio piloto mostró que el ketoconazol posee propiedades antiinflamatorias y sugiere que este fármaco puede ser efectivo en disminuir las concentraciones cutáneas de LTC₄ en perros atópicos. [Marsella R, Kunkle, GA, Vaughn, DM, Macdonald, J. Double-blind pilot study in the effects of ketoconazole on intradermal skin test and leukotriene C₄ concentration in the skin of atopic dogs. (Estudio doble ciego sobre los efectos del ketoconazol en los tests intradérmicos cutaneos y en la concentración de leucotrieno C₄ en la piel de perros atópicos.) Veterinary Dermatology 1997; 8 : 3–10.] Zusammenfasung In einer Pilotstudie wurden die Wirkung von Ketoconazol auf Ergebnisse des intrakutanen Hauttests und der Leukotrien C₄ (LTC₄)-Konzentration in der Haut atopischer Hunde bewertet. Zwölf atopische Hunde ohne feststellbare Malassezia Dermatitis wurden ausgewählt. Alle Hunde hatten eine positive Sofortreaktion zu Hausstaubmilbenextrakt von 25 PNU mL^-1. Sechs Hunde erhielten eine Zuckertablette als Kontrolle und sechs Hunde erhielten Ketoconazol in einer Dosis von 5 mg kg^-1 oral zweimal täglich für drei Wochen. An den Tagen 0 und 21 wurden intrakutane Injektionen von physiologischer Kochsalzlösung, Lipopolysaccharid (LPS) und Hausstaubmilbenextrakt durchgeführt und 90 Minuten danach Biopsien an den Injektionsstellen entnommen, um die Konzentration von LTC₄ in der Haut zu messen. Ketoconazoltherapie hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Ergebnisse des Intrakutantests. Ketoconazol verminderte die LTC₄ Konzentration in den intrakutanen Injektionsstellen von physiologischer Kochsalzlösung und LPS. Die Konzentrationen des von Hausstaubmilbenextrakt-induzierten LTC₄ waren ebenfalls vermindert, die Unterschiede zwischen den Werten vor und nach der Injektion waren jedoch nicht statistisch significan. Die durchschnittliche Verminderung der LTC₄ Konzentration in der Ketoconazol-Gruppe betrug 37% für die Injektion mit Kochsalzlösung, 42% für die Injektion mit LPS und 26% für die Injektion mit Hausstaubmilbenextrakt. In der Kontrollgrupe wurden während der dreiwöchigen Studie keine signifikanten Veränderungen in der LTC₄ Konzentration festgestellt. Diese Pilotstudie zeigt die entzündungshemmende Wirkung von Ketoconazol und deutet darauf hin, daß dieses Medikament geeignet sein könnte, die Hautkonzentration von LTC₄ in atopischen Hunden zu verringern. [Marsella R, Kunkle, GA, Vaughn, DM, Macdonald, J. Double-blind pilot study in the effects of ketoconazole on intradermal skin test and leukotriene C₄ concentration in the skin of atopic dogs. (Doppelblind-Pilotstudie über die Wirkung von Ketoconazol auf den intrakutanen Hauttest und die Konzentration von Leukotrien C₄ in der Haut atopischer Hunde.) Veterinary Dermatology 1997; 8 : 3–10.]     

Effects of dietary flax seed and sunflower seed supplementation on normal canine serum polyunsaturated fatty acids and skin and hair coat condition scores

This prospective study involved supplementing 18 normal dogs with flax seed (FLX) and sunflower seed (SUN) and evaluating their effects on skin and hair coat condition scores and serum polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) concentrations. Skin and hair coat were evaluated in a double-blinded fashion using a numeric scoring system and serum PUFA concentrations were determined. Our hypothesis was that changes in serum PUFA concentrations are associated with improvements in skin and hair coat and that serum PUFA would provide an objective method for making dietary fatty acid supplement recommendations. Although a numerical improvement was found in hair coat quality in both groups, this improvement was not sustained beyond 28 days. The relative per cent of 18:3n-3 concentrations in serum phospholipids increased in the FLX treated dogs but these concentrations remained unchanged in the SUN treated dogs. Also, elevations in relative per cent of 18:2n-6 concentrations in serum phospholipids were seen in the FLX group. The ratio of serum polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids also showed a transient increase. These increases preceded the peak skin condition score peak value by approximately 14 days. It was concluded that a 1-month supplementation with either flax seed or sunflower seed in dogs provides temporary improvement in skin and hair coat. These changes appeared to be associated with increased serum 18 carbon PUFA.     

饲粮n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比值对冬毛期北极狐生长性能及肝脏脂肪酸代谢相关蛋白基因表达的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)比值对冬毛期北极狐生长性能、肝脏脂肪酸组成及肝脏型脂肪酸结合蛋白(L-FABP)和脂肪酸转运蛋白(FATP)基因表达的影响。试验选取48只157日龄、平均体重为(5 658±47)g的健康雄性北极狐,随机分成4组,每组12个重复,每个重复1只。Ⅰ组饲粮中添加12.00%鱼油和2.00%豆油,n-6/n-3 PUFA比值为3.00;Ⅱ组饲粮中添加9.38%玉米油和4.62%豆油,n-6/n-3 PUFA比值为18.03;Ⅲ组饲粮中添加12.00%玉米油和2.00%豆油,n-6/n-3 PUFA比值为40.83;Ⅳ组饲粮中添加1.50%鱼油和12.50%玉米油,n-6/n-3 PUFA比值为136.36。各组饲粮除油脂组成和配比不同外,其他原料一致。预试期7 d,正试期40 d。结果表明:1)饲粮n-6/n-3 PUFA比值对冬毛期北极狐的平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和料重比(F/G)有极显著影响(P0.01)。Ⅰ和Ⅳ组的ADG极显著高于Ⅱ和Ⅲ组(P0.01),Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅳ组的ADFI极显著高于Ⅲ组(P0.01),Ⅳ组的F/G极显著低于Ⅱ和Ⅲ组(P0.01)。2)饲粮n-6/n-3 PUFA比值对冬毛期北极狐肝脏单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、PUFA、n-3 PUFA和n-6 PUFA的含量有显著或极显著影响(P0.05或P0.01),对肝脏饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量无显著影响(P0.05)。Ⅰ和Ⅳ组肝脏n-3 PUFA含量极显著高于Ⅱ和Ⅲ组(P0.01),Ⅱ和Ⅲ组肝脏n-6 PUFA含量极显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅳ组(P0.01)。3)饲粮n-6/n-3 PUFA比值对冬毛期北极狐肝脏L-FABP mRNA相对表达量无显著影响(P0.05),但极显著影响肝脏FATP mRNA相对表达量(P0.01)。Ⅰ和Ⅳ组肝脏FATP mRNA相对表达量极显著高于Ⅱ和Ⅲ组(P0.01)。由此可见,饲粮添加1.50%鱼油与12.50%玉米油的混合油脂,即饲粮n-6/n-3 PUFA比值为136.36时,上调了肝脏中FATP基因的表达,增加了肝脏长链脂肪酸的转运及利用效率,促进了冬毛期北极狐的生长。     

Effect of oregano (O. majorana x O. vulgare) on performance and antioxidative capacity of quails fed a diet rich in omega3 fatty acids

Oregano possesses high antioxidant activity and could therefore be used to enhance oxidative stability of eggs high in omega3 fatty acids. In this study, 20 female quails were fed a diet containing 4% linseed oil. They were divided into two groups, one receiving oregano, and the other grass meal as control (2% respectively). Cholesterol oxidation products were analysed in fresh eggs, in stored eggs and in the livers. Trolox equivalent antioxidative capacity of plasma was measured. No significant differences were seen between the groups.     

The effect of pomegranate seed oil and grapeseed oil on cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA (rumenic acid), n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acids deposition in selected tissues of chickens

The aim of this study was to determine whether diet modification with different doses of grapeseed oil or pomegranate seed oil will improve the nutritive value of poultry meat in terms of n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acids, as well as rumenic acid (cis‐9, trans‐11 conjugated linoleic acid) content in tissues diversified in lipid composition and roles in lipid metabolism. To evaluate the influence of applied diet modification comprehensively, two chemometric methods were used. Results of cluster analysis demonstrated that pomegranate seed oil modifies fatty acids profile in the most potent way, mainly by an increase in rumenic acid content. Principal component analysis showed that regardless of type of tissue first principal component is strongly associated with type of deposited fatty acid, while second principal component enables identification of place of deposition—type of tissue. Pomegranate seed oil seems to be a valuable feed additive in chickens’ feeding.     

Effect of dietary ω6/ω3 on growth performance,carcass traits,meat quality and fatty acid profiles of Beijing‐you chicken

The effects of varying the ω6 to ω3 fatty acid ratio (ω6/ω3) of diets on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality and fatty acid composition of breast muscle were investigated in Beijing‐you chickens grown to 92 days. A total of 360 one‐day‐old female BJY chickens were fed diets containing 0%, 0.12%, 0.42%, 1.00% or 1.97% linseed oil replacing equal weights of maize oil to make dietary ω6/ω3 to be approximately 30:1, 20:1, 10:1, 5:1 and 2.5:1. Subcutaneous fat thickness and intramuscular fat content increased significantly in birds fed up to 10:1 ω6/ω3. a* values (redness of meat, dimension of the CIELAB‐system) progressively increased as the diets contained increasing ω3 content, up to the 10:1 ω6/ω3.The changes in b* (yellowness of meat, dimensions of the CIELAB‐system) were also significant but the pattern was almost the reverse of changes in a*. Shear force increased significantly as dietary ω6/ω3 was reduced from 30:1 to 5:1. Decreasing the dietary ω6/ω3 clearly decreased the content in breast muscle of C20:1 and C22:1, but increased that of C24:1. C20:4, C20:5 and C22:5, increased significantly by decreasing the dietary ω6/ω3, and the birds fed the 10:1 diet had higher contents of C22:6 than other treatments. This study has clearly demonstrated that decreasing the dietary ω6/ω3, increases the deposition of desirable ω3 and ω6 long chain PUFA in the edible tissue, thereby achieving nutritionally enriched meat.     

Effects of different n‐6 to n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio on reproductive performance,fecal microbiota and nutrient digestibility of gestation‐lactating sows and suckling piglets

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary ratios of n‐6:n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on reproductive performance, fecal microbiota and nutrient digestibility of gestation‐lactating sows and suckling piglets. Fifteen primiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly allotted into three treatments. Fed diets contained different ratios of n‐6:n‐3 PUFA, including 20:1, 15:1 and 10:1. No differences were detected among the treatments for average daily feed intake (ADFI) of sows and the back fat levels during lactation (P > 0.05). Body weight (BW) loss of sows after farrowing to weanling was greater in the 10:1 treatment compared with 15:1 or 20:1 (P < 0.05). In piglets, a great significant difference for BW was observed at 4 weeks (P < 0.01). Furthermore, average daily gain (ADG) of piglets in the 10:1 treatment was higher (P < 0.05). No difference was observed among treatments in nutrient digestibility of sows (P > 0.05). A great significant difference for fecal microbiota was in the 10:1 treatment compared with 20:1 and 15:1 treatments (P < 0.01). In conclusion, altering the ratio of n‐6:n‐3 PUFA in gestation‐lactating sow diet had no difference on nutrient digestibility in gestation‐lactating sows, but it can partially improve reproductive performance.     

Stable carbon isotopes accurately predict diet selection by sheep fed mixtures of C3 annual pastures and saltbush or C4 perennial grasses

The stable carbon isotope technique has been widely used to infer the dietary ecology of a range of animal species; however calibration of the technique with animals fed known diets is essential for accurate back-calculation of dietary preferences. The aim of this study was to identify suitable samples and back-calculation methods to predict short-term (2 to 3 week) dietary selection by sheep among plants with C₃ and C₄ photosynthetic pathways. Variation in integration time of dietary carbon into plasma and faeces; diet-tissue discrimination of carbon isotopes (fractionation) and the importance of accounting for the digestible or indigestible components of the diet was investigated. The results indicate that faecal and rumen samples provided the most accurate prediction of short term dietary changes in sheep selecting between C₃ and C₄ plants. The most accurate back-calculation method for these samples used δ¹³C of the C₃ and C₄ plants and accounted for both diet-tissue discrimination and differences in the indigestibility between the C₃ and C₄ forage. For faecal samples, the organic matter content of the diet originating from C₄ plants could be predicted with a mean error as low as 2.7%. Wool and plasma samples were not conducive to predicting proportion of C4 forage in the diet within 18 days after a change in diet; however plasma could be used to discriminate between animals fed 100% C₃ and C₄ diets after 3 days. The δ¹³C technique provides a valuable tool for researchers when designing pastures for dual environmental and production purposes. An understanding of what sheep select allows for development of appropriate grazing management strategies to optimise productivity and/or persistence of target species.     

灌胃左旋甲状腺素(L-T4)对妊娠小鼠胎盘中DIO3基因表达及胚胎数的影响

旨在探究小鼠胚胎发育过程中DIO3的表达模式和灌胃左旋甲状腺素(L-T4)对孕鼠胎盘中DIO3基因表达和胚胎数的影响,以期为研究妊娠期母体甲状腺激素异常提供基础数据.本研究以6周龄健康昆明小鼠(雌鼠70只,雄鼠35只)为试验对象.雌鼠经适应性饲养1周后,腹腔灌胃10 U PMSG(溶于0.3 mL生理盐水),正常饲喂4...