溴甲烷熏蒸检疫处理豇豆上的巴西豆象

溴甲烷熏蒸检疫处理白豇豆上的巴西豆象。１０－１２℃，溴甲烷３５ｇ／ｍ＾３，熏荪２４时；１６－１８℃，溴甲烷２５ｇ／ｍ＾３，熏蒸２４小时，２１－２３℃，溴甲烷２０ｇ／ｍ＾３，熏蒸２４小时；可以１００％杀死巴西豆象卵，幼虫，蛹和成虫。     

集装箱通风器对集装箱磷化铝熏蒸效果的影响

在平均气温１６℃的情况下,用３ｇ／ｍ＾３８５％磷化铝粉剂熏蒸新产的集装箱空箱,集装箱通风器分成不糊封,两只糊封,四只全糊封三种处理,检测投药后２４小时至１２０至１２０小时的磷化氢浓度,结果三种处理五天平均浓度依次为５７２．５ｐｐｍ,６６３ｐｐｍ,８１６ｐｐｍ,说明不同糊封处理之间的磷化氢浓度相差１００－２００ｐｐｍ;而以上处理所设置的花斑皮蠹幼虫虫样的熏蒸１２０小时后合部死亡,说明在上述温度和剂量     

高温与磷化铝对四纹豆象的处理技术

采用不同温度和不同剂量的磷化铝,在不同的处理时间一对四纹豆象的高温灭虫及磷化铝熏蒸试验,结果表明：四纹豆象肾的而高温能力最强,卵次之,在５５℃温度下幼虫和成虫经５０ｍｉｎ校正死亡率为１００％,肾和卵要７５ｍｉｎ,在６０℃温度下卵、幼虫、成虫经１５ｍｉｎ全部死亡,而肾需要４５ｍｉｎ才达到１００％的死亡率。用经铝熏蒸,幼虫和成虫较第敏感,用１．５ｇ／ｍ＾３处理３天,人武部死亡,但卵、蛹的校正死亡率仅为     

桃蛀螟在板栗树上的发生及防治研究

桃蚊螟在我省鄂北地区的一年发生４－５代，以老熟幼虫越冬，５０６月中害桃，李等，７月中旬转移到板栗树上为害。用５０％杀螟松乳油１０００倍液喷雾和５２％磷化铝１５ｇ／ｍ＾３熏蒸栗蓬，其防效达９０％以上。     

出口盆景的磷化铝熏蒸灭虫试验

在盆景生长季节及休眠季节,５６％磷化铝粉剂“８ｇ／ｍ＾３＊２４ｈ”与“６ｇ／ｍ＾３＊３６ｈ”两种处理的杀虫效果均较理想;生长季节试验的５８种盆景中发现１０种有明显药害,但常见的出口盆景品种基本无药害。     

溴甲烷熏蒸处理几种豆象致死剂量及死亡率的测试

采用溴甲烷对鹰嘴豆象、灰豆象及巴西豆象进行检疫熏蒸处理的试验结果表明，以上３种豆象对溴甲烷熏蒸剂均较敏感，耐药性较弱，而且几种豆象耐药性程度均较接近。其中，鹰嘴豆象在１８±０．５℃处理温度下，７ｇ／ｍ３，４８ｈ，１０ｇ／ｍ３，２４ｈ，其死亡率可达１００％。而在２８±０．５℃处理温度下，７ｇ／ｍ３，２４ｈ，其死亡率即可达１００％；灰豆象、巴西豆象在处理温度平均为１７℃下，１０ｇ／ｍ３，２４ｈ，在处理温度平均为２６℃下，１０ｇ／ｍ３，１０ｈ，其校正死亡率均可达１００％     

溴甲烷对野苹果的灭虫处理

溴甲烷常压熏蒸野苹果ＳｍｉｌａｘｃｈｉｎａＬ．,上的果蛀蛾Ｃａｒｐｏｓｉｎｉｄａｅ和柑桔红叶螨ＰａｎｏｎｙｃｈｕｓｃｉｔｒｉＭｃｇｒｅｏｒ经重复试验及大容量熏蒸应用,表明温度１４℃１６℃溴甲烷４８ｇ／ｍ３,熏蒸２小时,死亡率１００％;温度２２～２４℃,溴甲烷４０ｇ／ｍ３,熏蒸２小时,死亡率１００％。并对植物本身无伤害,可以作为商业化熏蒸。     

溴甲烷与磷化铝混合熏蒸藤害虫效果好

1989年9月,我所组织的进口木材藤枝巡回调查中,在东莞市石排中坑藤厂大仓库发现双钩异翅长蠹和竹长蠹严重为害进口印尼藤料。为迅速扑灭害虫,保护藤料生产安全,我们采用溴甲烷与磷化铝混合熏蒸杀虫处理。该仓库是钢筋水泥结构,达8000m~3,存藤量约2000t,四周有门窗25个。为密闭熏     

烟叶贮藏期药剂防治烟草粉螟的初步研究

在烟叶贮藏阶段，烟草粉螟第１代盛蛾期，应用８０％敌敌畏乳油２００倍液连续逐日库内喷雾，能有效压低蛾量，显著控制其危害；在密封仓库内用磷化铝熏蒸烟叶，投药量为７．５ｇ／ｍ^３，对烟草粉螟各虫态的杀灭效果达１００％，不影响烟叶质量，药剂残留量亦低于国家卫生标     

溴甲烷熏蒸检疫处理柚和红桔上的桔大实蝇

溴甲烷常压熏蒸柚和红桔上的桔大实蝇幼虫Ｂａｃｔｒｏｃｅｒａ（Ｔｅｔｒａｄａｃｕｓ）ｃｉｔｒｉ（Ｃｈｅｎ），经重复试验结果表明：温度为１４～１６℃，溴甲烷５６ｇ／ｍ３，熏蒸２小时，死亡率１００％（装载量５０％）；温度２２～２４℃，涅甲烷４０ｇ／ｍ３，熏蒸２小时，死亡率１００％（装载量５０％）。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.