转基因动物技术与动物育种

20世纪80年代以来，转基因动物技术一直是动物遗传育种领域的一个研究热点。它在改良动物生产性状、提高畜禽抗病力以及生产人药用蛋白等非常规畜牧产品等方面均有着广阔的应用前景。然而由于动物转基因的效率很低、难以控制转基因在宿主染色体中的行为、无法控制转基因表达的频率和水平等，转基因的稳定遗传问题也未能解决，以致难以形成转基因畜禽品种或品系，因而转基因动物技术在动物育种中的广泛应用尚需时日。随着动物基因组计划的深入进行，转基因技术将会得到不断的发展和完善，从而在未来的动物育种中大显身手。     

The welfare implications of animal breeding and breeding technologies in commercial agriculture

The commercial applications in agriculture of new breeding technologies, as well as conventional breeding strategies, have the potential to influence animal welfare in both positive and negative ways. For example, the sexing of cattle semen might be used to reduce the number of unwanted male dairy calves provided that the technique had not been shown to produce adverse effects. On the other hand, inappropriate use of some breeding technologies may create new problems, or exacerbate welfare problems that may already have arisen within conventional livestock breeding.

It is the impact of any breeding technology or strategy that is important to welfare, whether it is the quality of life of the offspring that is compromised, or whether it is the application of the technology itself that causes pain, distress or lasting harm to the subject animal.

The aim of this paper is to provide clear and practical advice on the establishment of an appropriate framework within which developments in animal breeding and breeding technologies, and the outcome of such processes, may be considered, monitored and, where necessary, regulated. It builds on recommendations recently made by the FAWC to UK Government, and considers the wider public interest in these technologies.

Finally, the response from stakeholders is considered in attempting to ensure that such controls do not render production systems non-competitive in a global livestock industry.     

The Bayesian controversy in animal breeding

Frequentist and Bayesian approaches to scientific inference in animal breeding are discussed. Routine methods in animal breeding (selection index, BLUP, ML, REML) are presented under the hypotheses of both schools of inference, and their properties are examined in both cases. The Bayesian approach is discussed in cases in which prior information is available, prior information is available under certain hypotheses, prior information is vague, and there is no prior information. Bayesian prediction of genetic values and genetic parameters are presented. Finally, the frequentist and Bayesian approaches are compared from a theoretical and a practical point of view. Some problems for which Bayesian methods can be particularly useful are discussed. Both Bayesian and frequentist schools of inference are established, and now neither of them has operational difficulties, with the exception of some complex cases. There is software available to analyze a large variety of problems from either point of view. The choice of one school or the other should be related to whether there are solutions in one school that the other does not offer, to how easily the problems are solved, and to how comfortable scientists feel with the way they convey their results.     

水产动物育苗与营养的关系

水产动物的育苗过程可分为亲本培育、催产孵化和幼体培育等过程。亲本培育实际上是卵母细胞的发育过程,这一阶段亲本对营养的需要是比较特殊的,和其它发育阶段相比有其不同的特点,而且这一阶段在整个育苗过程中处于关键地位,因为亲本发育的好坏是育苗的物质基础。所以,亲本培育应引起足够的重视。     

哺乳动物胚胎分割技术研究进展

本文介绍胚胎分割和卵裂球分离技术的研究进展、技术方法及其相关的问题.     

免疫技术在水产动物养殖中的应用

1942年Duff用杀鲑气单孢菌免疫鳟鱼获得成功后,便揭开了免疫学在水产动物养殖中应用的历史篇章。由于施用化学药物后会存在鱼体残留、出现抗药性菌株及破坏生态环境等诸多不利影响,就极大地推进了鱼类免疫技术的研究和发展。但由于水产动物是较低等的动物,其免疫系统和免疫反应也较高等动物原始,研究进展也比较缓慢。近几年的研究表明,兔疫技术在水产动物的疾病诊断、疾病防治及营养等多方面均有广阔的应用前景。     

复合育种值在畜牧生产中的应用研究

复合育种值是根据家畜个体本身、祖先、同胞及后裔的性能资料，采用估计育种值的方法计算所得。利用宁夏地区某牛场14头荷斯坦奶牛及其各种亲属（母亲、同胞、女儿）的产奶量对其产奶量复合育种值进行了计算，并根据复合育种值的高低对所选14头奶牛进行了排序，其中9号、13号、8号及12号奶牛具有较高的复合育种值，分别为6611．78、6519．58、6511．78和6506．08kg。据调查，此种排列与实际生产中表现相一致。因此，复合育种值为奶牛选种选配提供了重要依据，在家畜育种生产中具有重要的实践意义。     

现代生物技术在动物育种中的应用

本文介绍了转基因技术、胚胎工程技术、动物克隆技术以及分子生物技术等现代生物技术在动物育种中的应用,并讨论了现代生物技术目前存在的问题以及今后的发展前景。     

动物克隆技术在警犬繁育中的应用

<正>"克隆"一词是英文"Clone"的音译,其含义是无性繁殖。传统的动物繁殖一般都是经过精子和卵子的受精作用形成受精卵,受精卵经过发育分化最终成为完整的生物个体,其中来源于父本和母本的遗传物质各贡献     

Sustainable transparent farm animal breeding and reproduction

Farm animal breeders are facing challenges. More and more powerful technologies are at their disposal for creating genetic change. At the same time, society is concerned about the impact of breeding practices and the use to which new technologies are being put. European breeders must compete in a global market. To meet these challenges, European farm animal breeders have conducted three projects to contribute to sustainable and transparent farm animal breeding and reproduction. In “Farm animal breeding and society”, an overview is presented of farm animal breeding in Europe and its technical, ethical, legal and consumer constraints and possibilities. In ‘SEFABAR’, European breeders, scientists and socio-economists have worked towards sustainable breeding and reproduction scenarios. In ‘CODE–EFABAR’, breeders aim to develop, with experts on ethics, communication and certification, and in close contact with NGOs, farmers' organisations and policy makers, a Code of Good Practice for farm animal breeding and reproduction organisations. Along this Code of Good Practice organisations will be able to explain their goals and practices to the public in a transparent way. This paper reviews these projects.     

分子生物技术在中国动物育种中的应用

１前言农业是我国１２亿（１９９７）～１６亿（２０１５）人口赖以生存的基础。发展动物农业（畜牧业）对提高人民生活水平、保持社会安定团结具有重要的战略意义。根据美英等西方发达国家政府和国际粮农组织的预测，２１世纪全球畜牧业的９０％畜禽品种都将通过分子育种提供，而品种对整个畜牧生产的贡献率亦将达到５０％以上，显然品种是畜牧业发展的首要关键。优良品种是发展畜牧业的基础，有了良种就能够在同样投入的条件下有更大的产出。八十年代以来，国际上的动物育种已进入分子水平，朝着快速改变动物基因型的方向发展。我国要跟上…     

生物信息学在动物遗传育种中的应用

介绍了生物信息学的基本概念、发展历程、特点、研究领域以及在动物遗传育种中的作用。在动物分子育种工作中 ,通过分析和解读核酸与蛋白质序列中所表达的结构和功能的生物信息 ,结合分子遗传标记 ,来开展在建立良种繁育数据库、功能基因组的研究、畜禽生长发育机制、完整基因组的比较、种质资源基因库等方面的工作。指出二者在结合过程中存在的一些问题并提出了新的展望