纸浆纤维素苄基化及其反应动力学

通过纸浆纤维素的苄基化试验,研究反应温度和反应时间对苄基化产物取代度的影响,证明适当延长反应时间、提高反应温度有利于提高产物的取代度。傅里叶红外光谱仪、差示扫描量热仪、X射线衍射仪等对纸浆纤维素苄基化产物的分析表明:原料中的部分羟基被苄基取代,原有的结晶结构被破坏,产物热稳定性略有下降。维卡软化点和熔融温度测试显示产物的热塑性随取代度的增加而增加。本文还确定纸浆纤维素苄基化在4个不同温度下的反应速度常数,计算出纸浆苄基化反应的表观活化能为46.1kJ·mol-1。     

二次纤维的微波强化碱预处理及其氰乙基化改性研究

对二次纤维(SF)的微波强化碱预处理及其氰乙基化反应工艺及反应产物氰乙基化二次纤维(CSF)结构、性能和热塑化机理进行探讨.结果表明,在微波辐射功率200、400和600W的作用条件下,辐射特定时间都能明显提高SF的反应程度、缩短反应时间,微波连续辐射比间歇辐射更有利于提高SF的氰乙基化反应程度;SF的氰乙基化有消晶效果,CSF的结晶度降低随着含氮量的增加而不断降低、晶面间距增大;CSF具有热塑性,可热压成形;SF氰乙基化反应程度越高,CSF的热塑性能和力学性能越好;CSF之所以具有热塑化性,与SF引入取代基团—CH2CH2 CN,纤维素的结晶结构遭到破坏而促进纤维素大分子或链段的运动有关.     

马来酸乙基纤维素的制备与表征

为提高乙基纤维素的进一步应用,以乙基纤维素为原料,马来酸酐为衍生化试剂,制备了马来酸乙基纤维素,通过红外、核磁、X射线衍射、差示扫描量热(DSC)等手段对其结构及性质进行了表征,研究了反应各因素对产物取代度的影响,确定了马来酸乙基纤维素(ECMA)最佳反应条件为:马来酸酐与乙基纤维素中羟基总量物质的量之比为4:1,反应...     

竹纤维乙酰化改性制备醋酸纤维素

竹纤维经乙酰化改性制备醋酸纤维素。研究了催化剂种类、原料固液配比、催化剂用量和反应时间对取代度和不溶物含量的影响,并采用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和X-射线衍射(XRD)对乙酰化产物进行了表征。结果表明:竹纤维的羟基被乙酰基取代,其纤维素中晶格遭到破坏;固液配比1∶5,催化剂硫酸用量9%,反应2.5 h,乙酰化产物不溶物含量较少,取代度达2.8以上。     

木材氰乙基化改性研究（Ⅱ）

利用ＮａＳＣＮ饱和的低浓度ＮａＯＨ水溶液作预润胀剂和催化剂，以丙烯腈作醚化剂对杉木进行氰乙基化改性。研究了丙烯腈用量、反应温度和时间、ＮａＯｈ浓度等对氰乙基化反应的影响。利用ＦＴＩＲ－Ｘ－ｒａｙ、ＴＭＡ、ＳＥＭ等对氰乙基化木材的微观结构和热塑性进行了研究和表征。     

纤维素与半纤维素热解过程的相互影响

以微晶纤维素为纤维素模型物,以木聚糖为半纤维素模型物,采用同步热分析仪(STA)及热重和傅立叶红外光谱仪联用技术(TG-FT-IR)对微晶纤维素、木聚糖以及两种成分不同比例的混合组分进行了研究,以考察纤维素和半纤维素在热解过程中的相互影响。结果表明微晶纤维素和木聚糖均有一狭窄的快速热解温度区间,而且两者热解区间不重合。在微商热失重(DTG)峰对应温度区间微晶纤维素热解有一明显的吸热峰,吸热量为547.98 J/g,木聚糖热解则有一个比DTG峰较晚出现的小吸热峰,吸热量为45.01 J/g。木聚糖与微晶纤维素的混合组分的热解研究中发现,在DTG曲线上有两个分别由它们热解引起的失重峰,随着组分中比例的变化两个热失重峰此消彼长。微晶纤维素的热解失重峰不仅往高温区移动,而且热解速率减缓,热失重范围变宽。在DSC曲线上有两个分别由木聚糖和微晶纤维素热解所引起的吸热峰,木聚糖的吸热峰受组分中比例的变化影响较小,而微晶纤维素吸热峰随着纤维素比例的下降而明显减小。FT-IR检测到的主要有气体产物为H2O、CH4、CO2和CO。木聚糖与微晶纤维素的混合组分热解产物析出规律总体上是两者热解产物析出的叠加,与单独热解相比组分的混合有利于CH4、CO的生成,而CO2的产量则有较大幅度的下降。     

聚乙烯亚胺-纤维素的合成及对胆红素吸附性能

以聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)为功能基团、微晶纤维素(MCC)为载体通过环氧氯丙烷将PEI接枝到MCC上,制得功能高分子吸附材料PEI-MCC,通过红外光谱、元素分析、X射线衍射对PEI-MCC进行结构表征;测定其对胆红素的吸附性能。结果表明PEI-MCC的合成条件为:在N2保护下,环氧化纤维素(EC)与PEI的质量比为1∶6,反应介质为pH值11的氢氧化钠水溶液40 mL,反应温度70℃,反应时间12 h;过滤产物,水洗至中性,40℃真空干燥24 h,得微黄色固体粉末PEI-MCC,此时结晶度为78.36%,含氮量5.27%。静态吸附测得PEI-MCC对胆红素吸附容量为9.23 mg/g,吸附达平衡的时间为4 h。     

利用FTIR对苯基异氰酸酯与不同含水率纤维素反应的研究

通过FTIR红外光谱对苯基异氰酸酯与醇、水、不同含水率纤维素反应产物的研究 ,确定了产物的红外光谱吸收峰的归属。研究发现 :异氰酸酯与绝干纤维素羟基反应产物是氨基甲酸酯 ,随着纤维素含水率的增加 ,异氰酸酯与纤维素的反应越来越低 ,与水反应的比例越来越高 ;当纤维素含水率为 9 78%时 ,异氰酸酯绝大部分与水反应生成取代脲     

微波强化碱预处理对二次纤维结构及其氰乙基化反应的影响

研究了微波强化碱预处理对二次纤维(SF)化学结构、超分子结构、物理特性的影响,并通过与丙烯腈反应分析微波强化对二次纤维氰乙基化反应性能的影响,初步探讨了微波强化作用机理。结果表明,微波强化碱预处理二次纤维(WASF)的化学组分和晶型没有发生改变,但纤维素分子中的氢键受到部分破坏,结晶度下降,纤维变得疏松,表面和内部结构受到一定的损伤,保水值和可及度增大,反应活性提高。与碱预处理相比,微波强化碱预处理显著提高了二次纤维的氰乙基化反应性能,在同一辐射功率下,延长微波强化时间有利于氰乙基化反应,微波强化碱预处理氰乙基化二次纤维的含氮率由10.85%提高至17.80%。     

Ni催化制备纤维素基石墨化材料的研究

以纤维素为原料,经过炭化后在Ni的催化作用下制得了石墨化材料。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱和高分辨率透射电镜(HRTEM)确定了最优反应条件。结果表明:在反应温度1 400℃、Ni负载量3 mmol/g、反应时间3 h的条件下,由纤维素炭化得到的无定形炭发生了有效的石墨化转化,形成了多于40层的环状石墨化结构,而未添加金属的对照样经过相同处理后仍为无定形碳结构;电导率测试结果显示在压力为20 MPa时,石墨化产物的电导率为54 S/cm,为未加入金属的2倍。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.