Streptomyces communities in soils polluted with heavy metals

The contents of differently mobile heavy metal compounds and their influence on the formation of microbial cenoses (particularly, streptomyces communities) in technogenically disturbed soils are considered. Elevated concentrations of mobile Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, and Fe compounds are shown to determine structural-functional changes in microbial cenoses that are displayed in a decreasing number of microorganisms and a narrower spectrum of the streptomyces species. Some specific features of the formation of streptomyces communities in technogenic soils were revealed on the basis of the analysis of their species structure with the use of the Margalef, Berger-Parker, and Sorensen indices of biodiversity.     

石灰和磷酸盐结合稳定石灰性重金属污染土壤的研究

为了探讨磷酸盐和石灰对重金属污染土壤的稳定效果,采用铅冶炼污染石灰性土壤(镉、铜、铅和锌全量分别为4.12、81.0、455和115 mg·kg-1)、设置磷酸盐和3个不同石灰用量及磷酸盐和石灰同时施用及间隔15 d施用的处理,培养后测定土壤性质。结果表明,两种添加剂间隔15 d施用且石灰用量为250和500 mg·kg-1时,土壤pH和磷有效性均高于同时施用处理。两种添加剂间隔15 d施用时,土壤镉有效性显著低于二者同时施用时(P<0.05,低6.63%～11.82%)、土壤锌有效性显著高于同时加入的处理(P<0.05,高17.64%～28.39%)。两种添加剂的不同施用方式对土壤铅和铜的有效性影响较小。石灰用量为1000 mg·kg-1且两种添加剂间隔15 d施用时,土壤镉和铅有效性最低。以上说明,对于石灰性镉污染土壤,磷酸盐和石灰的施用方式对土壤镉的稳定效果存在重要影响。     

Diversity of microorganisms from forest soils differently polluted with heavy metals

Large accumulation of heavy metals in organic layers of forest soils may adversely affect the structure and diversity of microbial communities. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of different soil chemical properties on structure and diversity of microbial communities in soils polluted with different levels of heavy metals. The soil samples were taken at ten sites located in the vicinity of the cities of Legnica and Olkusz, differently polluted with Cu, Zn and Pb. The samples were measured for pH and the contents of organic C (C_org), total N (N_t), total S (S_t) and total Zn, Cu and Pb. The measured gross microbial properties included microbial biomass (C_mic) and soil respiration (RESP). The structure of soil microbial communities was assessed using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and the structure of soil bacterial communities using pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes. To assess diversity of the bacterial communities the Chao1 index was calculated based on the pyrosequencing data. For C_mic and RESP the most important factors were N_t and C_org, respectively. The structure and diversity of soil microbial communities revealed by PLFA profiles and pyrosequencing depended mainly on soil pH. The effect of high heavy metal contents on soil microbial properties was weaker compared with other soil properties. High concentrations of heavy metals negatively affected RESP and the Chao1 diversity index. The heavy metal pollution altered the structure of microbial communities measured with PLFA analysis, but the effect of heavy metal pollution was not observed for the structure of soil bacteria measured by pyrosequencing. The obtained results indicate that the use of soil microbial properties to study heavy metal effects may be difficult due to confounding influences of other environmental factors. In large-scale studies local variability of soil properties may obscure the effect of heavy metals.     

Mobility of heavy metals in polluted soils near zinc smelters

The distribution and the availability of Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb along the entire profile of two highly polluted soils located near Zn smelters have been related to the chemical and mineralogical composition of the soil. Lead and Cu deposits always remain in the surface layers and their availability measured by neutral ammonium acetate extraction was very weak. The behavior of Cd and Zn appears different in sandy acidic podzolic soils and in neutral loamy soils. These metals are associated with the organic matter migration in podzolic soils, while they remain in the upper layers in loamy soils provided that the pH is higher than 6. When the pH drops below 6, the mobility of Cd increases while that of Zn increases only below pH 5. The availability of heavy metals is lower in neutral loamy soils than in sandy acidic soils due to precipitation of carbonates and phosphates. With increasing depth, Cd and Zn are more available if the soil is acid; but, if the soil is neutral and loamy the availability is kept low by adsorption on clays and free oxides. The results of the complex trace metals interactions with the soil components show a higher accumulation capacity for loamy soils than for sandy soils notwithstanding the fact that their CEC is similar.     

Species abundance distribution of collembolan communities in forest soils polluted with heavy metals

The species frequency of collembolan communities along a gradient of heavy metal pollution in soil of pine forest soils was studied. Sampling plots were established in forests 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 68 and 148 km from the Miasteczko Śląskie zinc smelter. At each plot the plant associations, physicochemical characteristics of soil, and collembolan species composition and abundance were examined. The structure of collembolan communities was analyzed with regard to species distribution, testing geometric series, broken-stick, logarithmic series, log-normal and negative binomial distribution models. Most of the collembolan communities occurring both in contaminated and in uncontaminated soils had structure similar to a negative binomial distribution. In the samples from the oldest forest, the species frequencies could also be fitted to a log-normal distribution. The species frequency model was independent of the degree of soil pollution. Under the assumption of a negative binomial distribution of Collembola from soil samples, it is possible to estimate the theoretical number of collembolan species in the habitats studied. The difference between estimated and empirical numbers of species (the number of species not revealed in samples) was linearly correlated with metal concentrations in soil, indicating the elimination of a number of rare species from severely polluted forests.     

Determination of labile Cu in soils and isotopic exchangeability of colloidal Cu complexes

Measurement of labile (isotopically exchangeable) pools of metals (E values) in soil is required to assess the size of metal pools potentially available to soil organisms, from both a micronutrient deficiency and metal toxicity viewpoint. In this paper, E values of soil Cu were measured by an isotope dilution technique using different solution extracts – water with and without resin purification, water coupled with Donnan dialysis (free ion determination) and 0.01 m CaCl₂. Using these techniques, the isotopic exchangeability of Cu species in water extracts was investigated. The results showed that the specific activity of ⁶⁴Cu in the water‐soluble fraction was less than in the free metal ion fraction or in the fraction that adsorbed to resin. The isotopically non‐exchangeable Cu in water extracts ranged between 4% and 40% of water‐soluble Cu (16% on average), and appeared to be associated with dispersed colloids. The existence of isotopically non‐exchangeable Cu in water extracts led to overestimation (17.7% on average) of isotopically exchangeable Cu in soils when based on the specific activity in water extracts. The method of isotope dilution coupled with resin extraction is recommended for the determination of isotopically exchangeable Cu in soils when water extracts are used.     

Extractable heavy metals in Atlantic coast soils

Abstract

The analysis of soils, using 0.1 N HC1 as an extractant for the heavy metals, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb on “fine”; textured North Shore and “coarse”; textured Annapolis Valley soils was completed. Results show ranges of 0.012 to 0.469 parts per million Cd; 0.102 to 2.90 parts per million Cr; 0.16 to 29.25 parts per million Ni and 0.12 to 244.8 parts per million Pb. Correlation studies indicate that the heavy metal content of fine textured soils is less influenced by changes in clay content and organic matter than are coarse textured soils. Generally the surface layers (0–15 cms) are higher in extractable heavy metal content than the lower layers (15–30 cms).     

矿区植物根内嗜鱼外瓶霉对重金属的耐性和超积累作用

从云南会泽铅-锌矿区自然生长植物密序野古草(Arundinella bengalensis(Spreng.)Druce)的健康根内分离得到一株深色有隔内生真菌(dark septate endophytes,DSE)。据其形态学特征和ITS1-5.8S-rDNA-ITS2序列分析,鉴定为一株嗜鱼外瓶霉(Exophiala pisciphila)。纯培养条件下研究了其对Pb2+、Zn2+、Cd2+的耐性和超积累作用。结果表明,此菌株在液体合成培养基上可以分别耐受2、3和0.5 g/L的Pb2+、Zn2+和Cd2+;在含Pb2+、Cd2+培养基中生长其菌丝可以富集超过其干重25%以上的Pb2+和5%以上的Cd2+;显示此菌株属于极端耐性并具有超积累作用的真菌。此真菌在植物根系的定殖或许可以通过菌丝体对金属离子的固持作用缓解植物根围土壤微环境中超量金属离子对植物的毒害作用。     

用模糊综合评判法评价土壤重金属污染程度

通过对南宁市郊 1 2个主要菜区土壤中重金属 ( Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb)含量的调查和分析测定 ,采用模糊综合评判方法对土壤重金属污染状况进行评价。结果表明 :南宁市郊部分蔬菜区土壤不同程度地受到Cu、 Zn、 Pb、 Cd的污染 ,污染程度依次是 :Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu。 1 2个样点污染程度依次为 n2 =n6 =n1 1 >n7=n8=n9>n1 =n4 >n5>n1 2 >n3=n1 0     

Concentrations and forms of heavy metals in Slovak soils

The risk assessment of heavy‐metal contamination in soils requires knowledge of the controls of metal concentrations and speciation. We tested the relationship between soil properties (pH, CEC, C_org, oxide concentrations, texture) and land use (forest, grassland, arable) and the partitioning of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn among the seven fractions of a sequential extraction procedure in 146 A horizons from Slovakia. Using a cluster analysis, we identified 92 soils as representing background metal concentrations while the remaining 54 soils showed anthropogenic contamination. Among the background soils, forest soils had the lowest heavy‐metal concentrations except for Pb (highest), because of the shielding effect of the organic layer. Arable soils had the highest Cr, Cu, and Ni concentrations suggesting metal input with agrochemicals. Grassland soils had the highest Cd and Zn concentrations probably for geogenic reasons. Besides the parent material (highest metal concentrations in soils from carbonatic rock, lowest in quartz‐rich soils with sandy texture), pedogenic eluviation processes controlled metal concentrations with podzols showing depletion of most metals in E horizons. Partitioning among the seven fractions of the sequential extraction procedure was element‐specific. The pH was the overwhelming control of the contributions of the bioavailable fractions (fractions 1–4) of all metals and even influenced the contributions of Fe oxide‐associated metals (fractions 5 and 6) to total metal concentrations. For fractions 5 and 6, Fe concentrations in oxides were the most important control of contributions to total metal concentrations. After statistically separating the pH from land use, we found that the contributions of Cu in fractions 1–4 and of NH₄NO₃‐extractable Al, Cd, Pb, and Zn to total metal concentrations were significantly higher under forest than under grassland and in some cases arable use. Our results confirm that metal speciation in soils is mainly controlled by the pH. Furthermore, land use has a significant effect.     

Accumulation of heavy metals in oil-contaminated peat soils

X-ray fluorescence and X-ray radiometry represent easy and simple methods to determine concentrations of heavy metals in the ash of peat soils contaminated with oil and can be applied for soil monitoring purposes. Oil spills on peat bogs produce two contamination zones differing in the composition of heavy metals. In the zone of primary contamination, the peat surface is covered by a bitumen crust with V, Ni, Sr, Ba, Ce, and La accumulating there. This zone adjoins the zone of secondary peat contamination, where heavy alkaline-earth metals (Sr, Ba) and lanthanides (Ce and La) are accumulated to a lesser extent. Biological preparations recommended for remediation of oil-contaminated peat soils should be tolerant to high concentrations of heavy metals, particularly, V, Ni, and Ba that are present in the oil contaminated soils in relatively high amounts.     

Natural and technogenic compounds of heavy metals in soils

The existing geological classification of heavy metals (HMs) is not suitable for their characterization in soils. The carriers of HMs in soils differ from those in the lithosphere. These are clay minerals; iron oxides, whose composition varies between the background and urban soils; various manganese oxides; and different groups of organic substances. The mineral composition of HM carriers can vary significantly. The main iron oxides are ferrihydrite, goethite, feroxyhyte, and lepidocrocite in the background soils and technogenic magnetite in the urban soils. The different structures of manganese oxides determine their affinity for specific HMs. Metallic iron and green rust are very efficient in artificial geochemical barriers, although they act as strong reducers there. HM compounds strongly vary in soils because of the unstable conditions.     

污泥和水溶性重金属盐的植物有效性比较研究

采用盆栽方法研究了污泥中重金属的植物有效性,并与等量重金属盐进行了比较。结果表明,施用污泥50 g/kg土和100 g/kg土能明显增加番茄和玉米苗期地上部Zn、Cu、As的含量,对Cr、Ni、Pb含量影响不大。施用污泥可以降低玉米苗期地上部Cd的含量。施用污泥与施用等量水溶性重金属盐比较,污泥重金属有效性低于水溶性重金属盐的有效性。在土壤污泥施用量为50 g/kg时,污泥重金属在番茄苗期的Zn、Cu有效系数分别为80.9%和54.8%;玉米苗期Zn、Cu的有效系数分别为53.4%和70.3%;污泥用量为100 g/kg土时,污泥重金属在玉米苗期的Zn、As有效系数分别为74.5%和64.4%。     

Pollution-induced tolerance of soil bacterial communities in meadow and forest ecosystems polluted with heavy metals

Pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) allows finding a cause–effect relationship between pollution and adverse changes in a community. In our previous study we found that functional diversity of bacterial communities decreased significantly with increasing metal concentration, in both forest humus and meadow topsoil. Thus, the aim of the present study was to test whether tolerance of soil bacterial communities had increased as an effect of long-term metal pollution. Bacterial tolerance was tested with the use of the Biolog^® ECO plates in soils originating from the most polluted and the least polluted sites from three forest and five meadow transects located near smelters in Avonmouth (England), Clydach (Wales), and Głogów and Olkusz (Poland). We found that tolerance of bacterial communities was significantly increased in polluted meadow soils when compared to control meadow soils. On the contrary, no increase in tolerance was detected in polluted forest humus.     

不同高粱种质对污染土壤中重金属吸收的研究

利用重金属含量较高的污水污染土壤,以未污染土壤作对照,种植8个甜高粱品种、2个饲用高粱品种和1个粒用高粱品种,检测8种重金属在高粱植物体内不同器官的含量,以研究不同高粱种质对重金属的吸收特性。结果表明:甜高粱对汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)、锰(Mn)和锌(Zn)的吸收在两种土壤间差异显著,对钴(Co)、铬(Cr)、铅(Pb)和铜(Cu)的吸收差异不显著。Mn在甜高粱体内含量表现为未污染土壤高于污染土壤;而Zn含量在不同器官之间存在差异,未污染土壤叶中含量远高于穗,穗中含量远高于茎和根。不同重金属在甜高粱体内的储存部位不同,污染土壤上Hg、Cd、Co、Cr和Zn在根中积累量较高,Cu、Mn和Pb在穗中的积累量较高。甜高粱、饲用高粱和粒用高粱对重金属的吸收、运输及储存在品种之间差异较大,同一品种对不同重金属的吸收也存在差异。饲用高粱表现为叶部对Cr和Zn的储存量较高,而粒用高粱‘晋中0823’则显示了茎对多种重金属的储存能力。高粱根对土壤中重金属的富集系数较高,为0.02(Pb)~0.23(Cd),转移系数变幅为0.21(Co)~3.42(Pb)。对同一种重金属的吸收量品种间差异较大,甜高粱‘西蒙’根对Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb和Zn具有高富集系数,粒用高粱‘晋中0823’茎对Hg、Cd、Mn、Pb和Zn富集系数较高。高粱对重金属的吸收能力与转移能力不同步,甜高粱‘绿能1号’具有对多种重金属的高转移能力,粒用高粱‘晋中0823’只对Zn有较高的转移能力。因此本文认为甜高粱对不同重金属的吸收和转移有选择性。对Zn吸收并转移到地上部后,首先储存在叶和穗中,当吸收量足够大时,茎和根也成为储存器官;对Mn的吸收与其他重金属的吸收存在竞争作用,Hg吸收后很少向地上部转移;而对Cu、Mn和Pb吸收后在穗部的储存量较大。饲用高粱与甜高粱相比对重金属的吸收未显示明显的不同,甜高粱‘西蒙’根对多种重金属具有强储存能力,而粒用高粱‘晋中0823’的茎秆显示了比甜高粱更强的储存能力,甜高粱‘绿能1号’对多种重金属的转移能力较强。所以,选择富集和转移能力均强的高粱品种能更有效地吸收土壤中的重金属,达到修复污染土壤的目的。     

Assessment of the migration of heavy metals in soils

Qualitative and quantitative studies of the kinetics and dynamics of technogenic migration of heavy metals (HMs) have been performed in laboratory experiments. It is shown that the redistribution of HMs applied into soils in neutral form has an impulsive pattern. Soil texture does not have a decisive influence on the migration capacity of metals. An important feature of the technogenic migration of HMs is the effect of the polymetallic contamination, upon which the migration capacity of a set of heavy metals is higher than that of separate metal compounds. An index characterizing the ratio of absolute values of migration rates of ionic forms of metals estimated from electrical conductivity values to the rate of infiltration of the soil solution (v_m/v_f) is suggested to estimate the kinetics of HM migration in soils.     

典型设施栽培土壤重金属含量变化及其风险评价

采用野外调查采样和室内分析相结合的方法,对典型设施栽培地山东寿光的部分土壤重金属含量进行测定,并根据温室蔬菜产地环境质量评价标准,选取单项污染指数法和尼梅罗综合指数法对土壤的重金属污染状况进行了环境质量评价。结果表明,重金属Cu、C r、Pb在设施栽培土壤耕层(0—20 cm)的含量达最大值,显著高于露地土壤;而设施栽培土壤中Zn和Cd的含量分别在20—40 cm和40—60 cm的土层达到最大值,其中Zn含量在0—20 cm和60—80 cm的土层显著高于露地土壤,Cd含量在0—20 cm,40—60 cm,60—80 cm和80—100 cm的土层显著高于露地土壤。从不同使用年限设施栽培土壤中重金属含量变化看出,重金属在设施栽培24~年的土壤中含量最高。对研究区设施栽培土壤重金属含量进行风险评估及分级发现,山东寿光设施土壤耕层主要受到重金属Cd的污染。     

Standards for the contents of heavy metals and metalloids in soils

In line with the present-day ecological and toxicological data obtained by Dutch ecologists, heavy metals/metalloids form the following succession according to their hazard degree in soils: Se > Tl > Sb > Cd > V > Hg > Ni > Cu > Cr > As > Ba. This sequence substantially differs from the succession of heavy elements presented in the general toxicological GOST (State Norms and Standards) 17.4.1.02-8, which considers As, Cd, Hg, Se, Pb, and Zn to be strongly hazardous elements, whereas Co, Ni, Mo, Sb, and Cr to be moderately hazardous. As compared to the general toxicological approach, the hazard of lead, zinc, and cobalt is lower in soils, and that of vanadium, antimony, and barium is higher. The new sequence also differs from that of the metal hazard in soils according to the Russian standard on the maximal permissible concentration of mobile metal forms (MPC_mob): Cu > Ni > Co > Cr > Zn. Neither an MPC_mob nor an APC_mob has been adopted for strongly hazardous thallium, selenium, and vanadium in Russia. The content of heavy metals in contaminated soils is very unevenly studied: 11 of them, i.e., Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, As, Mn, Co, Hg, and Se, are better known, while the rest, much worse, although there are dangerous elements (Ba, V, Tl) among them.     

贵阳市主要土壤重金属状况研究

通过对2000～2003年贵阳市的白云区、修文县、开阳县、清镇市、息烽县、乌当区、小河区以及花溪区的多个旱地的表土和底土（53个样品）中重金属元素（汞、砷、铅、镉、铬）含量进行检测，以GB／T18407．1—2001《农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜产地环境要求》为标准，采用单因子指数法及N．L．Nemerow综合指数法进行评价，分析结果表明：贵阳市无公害蔬菜生产基地的大部分土壤中的5种重金属元素的含量基本在GB／T18407．1—2001规定的范围内，但也有个别区域内土样中砷、镉含量达到了警戒线的含量范围，如白云区底土中砷的单因子综合污染指数达到0．7968、乌当区表土中镉的单因子综合污染指数达到0．7542，两者都属于0．7～1．0污染警戒线范围内。总体土壤的表土、底土重金属综合污染指数分别为0．3785、0．4204，小于0．7，污染等级属于安全，污染水平为清洁，土壤环境质量为1级。     

Gel permeation chromatography studies on the speciation of lead in solutions of heavily polluted soils

Samples of solutions from soils contaminated with lead as a result of three different processes: natural weathering and dispersion from an ore body, mining and smelting, and sewage sludge-amendment to land, were fractionated on Sephadex gels. Solutions from the sludge-amended soil, dried sludge and calcareous mine soils were found to contain a proportion of lead eluted at the exclusion limit of the gel, accompanied by a peak in U.V. absorbance, implying the occurrence of a high molecular weight organo-lead complex. This fraction was proportionally highest in the solution from the dried sludge sample; however, low molecular weight organic peaks were also accompanied by elution of Pb in all samples except that from the low pH, naturally contaminated site. Association of Pb with organic matter was observed to be greater in samples of soil solution with a higher initial pH and this may be related to increased stability constants for Pb-organo complexes at higher pH.