Osseous sequestration in cattle: 110 cases (1987-1997)

OBJECTIVE: To determine risk factors for development of sequestra in cattle and identify factors associated with a successful outcome. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 110 cattle. PROCEDURE: Medical records of cattle treated at veterinary teaching hospitals in North America were reviewed. To determine risk factors for osseous sequestration, breed, age, and sex of cattle with osseous sequestration were compared with breed, age, and sex of all other cattle admitted during the study period. RESULTS: 110 cattle were included in the study. Three had 2 sequestra; thus, 113 lesions were identified. Most sequestra were associated with the bones of the extremities, most commonly the third metacarpal or third metatarsal bone. Ninety-two animals were treated surgically (i.e., sequestrectomy), 7 were treated medically, 3 were initially treated medically and were then treated surgically, and 8 were not treated. Follow-up information was available for 65 animals treated surgically and 6 animals treated medically. Fifty-one (78%) animals treated surgically and 5 animals treated medically had a successful outcome. Cattle that were 6 months to 2 years old had a significantly increased risk of developing a sequestrum, compared with cattle < 6 months old. Cattle in which sequestrectomy was performed with the aid of local anesthesia were significantly more likely to undergo 2 or more surgical procedures than were cattle in which sequestrectomy was performed with the aid of general anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that sequestrectomy will result in a successful outcome for most cattle with osseous sequestration.     

不同肉用品种牛与新疆褐牛最佳杂交组合筛选试验

新疆褐牛是我国自主培育的乳肉兼用品种,具有耐寒、耐粗饲、适应性和抗逆性强、适宜草原放牧等特性。试验选择新疆褐牛（BD）与肉用品种牛——南德温牛（ND）、红安格斯牛（AG）、肉用西门塔尔牛（XM）进行经济杂交,以确定其是否可以表现出明显的杂种优势和很好的配合力。结果表明,ND×BD组出生重较其他2组高,AG×BD组出生重最低;随着月龄的增加,AG×BD组的体重迅速增加,表现为生长早期强势发育,但随着月龄的不断增加,从6月龄开始,AG×BD组与其他2组体重逐渐接近;到12月龄时,AG×BD组胸宽显著高于其他2组,但其他指标没有差异。试验显示,最佳杂交组合为ND×BD组,其次为AG×BD组,最后为XM×BD组。     

贵州威宁黄牛杂交改良效果初步研究

本研究对农户饲养条件下的984头威宁黄牛及西×威F1、安×威F1、利×威F1初生、6月龄、12月龄、18月龄、24月龄的体尺、体重进行了测定。结果表明:(1)西×威F1、安×威F1、利×威F1代牛的体斜长、胸围、体高、管围和十字部高分别平均增加16.69%~22.25%,20.20%~25.93%,16.38%~20.46%,18.03%~28.46%,15.96%~19.80%(P<0.01);(2)杂交F1代♂牛24月龄体重平均提高76.46%(P<0.01),日增重平均提高78.76%,生长系数平均提高12.13%;杂交F1代♀体重提高80.54%(P<0.01)、日增重平均提高67.16%,生长系数平均提高7.18%;(3)三种杂交F1代牛之间体尺差异不明显(P>0.05),增长速度以安×威F1提高幅度最大(P<0.05)。从而认为,用安格斯牛、西门塔尔牛、利木赞牛改良威宁黄牛可以取得良好的杂交效果,其中以用安格斯牛改良的效果更为明显。     

Seroprevalence of enzootic bovine leukosis in Trakya district (Marmara region) in Turkey

In this study, 481 cattle belonging to 77 farms from nine localities in Trakya district in the Marmara region of Turkey were blood sampled and serologically tested for enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL). Antibodies to bovine leukosis virus (BLV) were detected in 51 cattle sera (11%) belonging to nine farms in five localities. Cattle tested were mostly female Holstein or Brown Swiss of ages ranging between 18 months and 10 years. Analysis of the relationships between age, breed or sex and seropositivity to EBL in seropositive herds indicated no significant associations (p>0.05). The relationship between seropositivity and haematological changes was also studied, and seropositive cattle had higher lymphocyte percentage and lower neutrophil percentage than seronegative cattle (p<0.001).     

Lipogenesis and stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene expression and enzyme activity in adipose tissue of short- and long-fed Angus and Wagyu steers fed corn- or hay-based diets

Angus and Wagyu steers consuming high-roughage diets exhibit large differences in adipose tissue fatty acid composition, but there are no differences in terminal measures of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activity or gene expression. Also, adipose tissue lipids of cattle fed corn-based diets have greater MUFA:SFA ratios than cattle fed hay-based diets. We hypothesized that any changes in SCD gene expression and activity would precede similar changes in adipose tissue lipogenesis between short- and long-fed endpoints. Furthermore, changes in SCD activity and gene expression between production endpoints would differ between corn- and hay-fed steers and between Wagyu and Angus steers. Angus (n = 8) and Wagyu (n = 8) steers were fed a corn-based diet for 8 mo (short-fed; 16 mo of age) or 16 mo (long-fed; 24 mo of age), whereas another group of Angus (n = 8) and Wagyu (n = 8) steers was fed a hay-based diet for 12 mo (short-fed; 20 mo of age) or 20 mo (long-fed; 28 mo of age) to match the end point BW of the corn-fed steers. Acetate incorporation into lipids in vitro was greater (P < 0.01) in corn-fed steers than in hay-fed steers and tended (P = 0.06) to be greater in Wagyu than in Angus s.c. adipose tissue because the rate in Wagyu was twice that of Angus adipose tissue in the corn-fed, short-fed steers. There were diet x end point interactions for lipogenesis in i.m. and s.c. adipose tissues (both P < 0.01) because lipogenesis was 60 to 90% lower in the long-fed cattle than in short-fed cattle fed the corn-based diet. The greatest SCD enzyme activity in Angus s.c. adipose tissue was observed at 24 mo of age (corn-based diet), but activity in Wagyu adipose tissue was greatest at 28 mo of age (hay-based diet; breed x diet x end point interaction, P = 0.08). For short- vs. long-fed endpoints in Angus, s.c. adipose tissue SCD activity was less (hay diet) or the same (corn diet). Conversely, SCD gene expression was greatest in long-fed Wagyu steers fed the hay- or corn-based diets (breed x end point interaction; P < 0.01). Contrary to our hypotheses, SCD activity increased over time, whereas lipogenesis from acetate decreased. However, the developmental pattern of SCD gene expression and activity differed markedly between hay-fed Angus and Wagyu adipose tissues, which may explain the differences in the MUFA:SFA ratios observed in adipose tissues from these cattle.     

宁夏海原肉牛品种改良的实践与探索

近年来,海原县肉牛产业得到快速发展。为支撑未来肉牛产业发展需求,迫切需要从品种改良技术层面破解当前育种工作中遇到的问题,为今后高端肉牛产业发展指明方向。本文分析了海原县当前繁育母牛资源现状,从肉牛产业发展目标以及制约产业发展的瓶颈问题出发,探索高端肉牛产业的内在含义,提出以西门达尔牛为母本,安格斯公牛为父本的“海原黑牛”育种方向及其在实践基础上的现实可能性。同时通过现有安格斯纯种繁育扩大母牛和选育良种安格斯公牛,为大量杂交提供优秀的公牛基因资源。希望对当前海原肉牛产业发展具有一定指导意义。     

Risk factors for abomasal volvulus and left abomasal displacement in cattle.

A hospital-based case-control study was conducted to evaluate and compare risk factors for abomasal volvulus (AV) and left displaced abomasum (LDA) in cattle. Medical record abstracts were derived from 17 North American veterinary schools by the Veterinary Medical Data Program for all cattle admitted between Jan 1, 1977 and Dec 31, 1986, and for those with a diagnosis of AV or LDA. From a total of 108,956 individual cattle records, 1,036 cases of AV and 7,695 cases of LDA were identified, with a ratio of LDA to AV cases of 7.4 to 1. In-hospital mortality was 23.5% for AV and 5.6% for LDA. Age, breed, gender, and season each had significant (P less than 0.05) effects on risk for AV and LDA. Risk for AV and LDA increased with increasing age, with greater risk in cattle aged 4 to 7 years. Dairy cattle were at higher risk of developing AV (adjusted odds ratio, 36.4) and LDA (adjusted odds ratio, 95.2) than were beef cattle. The odds of AV in Brown Swiss cattle were significantly (P less than 0.0001) lower, and the odds of LDA in Guernsey cattle were significantly (P less than 0.0001) higher than those in Holstein cattle. Female cattle were also at higher risk of developing AV (adjusted odds ratio, 3.3) and LDA (adjusted odds ratio, 29.1) than were male cattle. The odds of AV and LDA varied considerably throughout the year, with the lowest number of cases observed in autumn. Seasonal development of AV differed significantly (P less than 0.0001) from that of LDA, with the odds of AV and LDA being highest in January and March, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Metabolic characteristics of multiparous Angus and Brahman cows grazing in the Chihuahuan Desert

Understanding metabolic differences between breeds of cattle is important when selecting for production in semiarid environments. Spring-calving multiparous Angus and Brahman cows (n = 8/breed) grazing in the Chihuahuan Desert were used to evaluate metabolic hormone status in February (i.e., 3rd trimester of pregnancy), May (i.e., early lactation), and September (i.e., late lactation) 2000. Crude protein in ruminal digesta collected from grazing companion ruminally cannulated cows during these months was 5.6, 6.0, and 10.3%, respectively. Angus cows were heavier (P < 0.01) than Brahman cows across months. Body condition scores among breed groups were 4.4, 3.6, and 4.6 in February, May, and September with Brahman cows tending (P < 0.10) to have greater body condition than Angus cows in May. Brahman cows tended to have greater fecal output per 100 kg BW than Angus cows in February (0.9 > 0.7 +/- 0.1, P < 0.10). Brahman cows had greater serum concentrations of leptin than Angus cows in September (1.8 > 0.70 +/- 0.1 ng/mL; P < 0.05), and serum concentrations of insulin were greater (P < 0.01) in Brahman than Angus cows throughout the study. Brahman cows also had greater (P < 0.01) serum concentrations of glucose during February and May than Angus cows. Serum concentrations of triiodothyronine were greatest (P < 0.01) during September and lowest during February and May in both breed groups and were greater (P < 0.01) in Brahman than in Angus cows in February, May, and September. Pregnancy rate and 205-d adjusted weaning weights were similar (P > or = 0.46) among breed groups. Results suggest that Brahman and Angus cows are sensitive to the seasonal dynamics of forage quality in the Chihuahuan Desert. Brahman cattle appear to have greater concentrations of metabolic hormones and metabolites than Angus cows in this environment, but Angus cows experience greater fluctuations in BW.     

BMY热带肉牛屠宰测定报告

热带牛（BMY）生长快，产肉性能好。在完全放牧条件下。18月龄体重可达300kg以上，18月龄和30月龄牛的平均屠宰率达55.53%，平均净肉率为46.30%。分别比云南黄牛提高18.10和21.92个百分点，优质切块占胴体重的39.30%，且抗蜱耐热，适应性广，不仅能适应炎热的气候，而且在冰天雪地的环境中表现也较好。     

A seroepidemiological study on bluetongue virus in dairy cattle in the central valley of California

A seroepidemiological study on bluetongue virus (BTV) infection in California dairy cattle was conducted to estimate the prevalence and distribution by age and season of BTV group-reactive antibodies and to look for possible associations between the presence of antibodies and cattle age or breed and farm. Between December 1985 and March 1987, a sample of cattle was tested at approximately two-month intervals for BTV group-reactive antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data taken during the month of December 1986 were used to evaluate possible associations between a positive antibody test and certain intrinsic (age, breed) and extrinsic (farm) factors.Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses using the -square test for associations and multiple logistic regression, respectively, were carried out for possible associations between positive antibody tests to BTV and each factor of interest. The strengths of the associations were determined using estimates of the odds ratio.Of the 3774 serum samples tested, 238 (6.3%) were from calves, 1045 (27.6%) were from heifers and 2492 (66.0%) were from cows. Seroprevalence varied from nil in calves on two occasions to over 90% on several occasions in cows. Cows consistently had higher prevalence rates than heifers or calves across all test dates (p<0.05). The seroprevalence of BTV group-reactive antibodies also showed a seasonal fluctuation, with the highest rates occurring during the warmer months of the year. These highest prevalence rates coincided with heavy activity of the known vector of BTV, Culicoides spp. Breed and farm effects were not statistically significant (p>0.05). With the exception of one farm, all cattle were of the Holstein breed, which reduced confidence in assessing any breed effect in this study. Relative estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of BTV ELISA were 87% and 100% respectively, compared to the standard agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test.The observations support previous findings of seasonal distribution of BTV antibodies and suggest an age relationship, whereby older cattle are more likely to be positive to BTV group-reactive antibodies than younger cattle.     

高寒地区安格斯牛改良本地黄牛效果观测

为了研究安格斯牛对门源黄牛的改良效果,本试验测定了初生重、6月龄、12月龄安本F1代的体尺、体重,并与本地黄牛进行了比较。结果表明,安本F1代牛的各项测定指标均比本地黄牛有明显的提高(P<0.01)。     

甘南牦牛与其他良种牛屠宰性能及牛肉食用品质对比分析

通过对甘南牦牛与鲁西黄牛、秦川牛、安格斯牛、夏洛来牛、西门达尔牛的屠宰性能和食用品质对比分析,结果表明,甘南牦牛在屠宰产肉性能的各项指标上,均低于其他良种牛;甘南牦牛肉色深红、大理石纹适中、pH值为5．55;甘南牦牛肉系水率为57．19％,比安格斯牛肉、西门塔尔牛肉分别低3．34％、3．90％,比秦川牛肉和鲁西黄牛肉分别高3．28％、3．37％;甘南牦牛熟肉率为69．79％,除比安格斯牛肉低之外,均高于秦川牛肉、鲁西黄牛肉及西门塔尔牛肉;甘南牦牛肉的剪切力值为4．85kg／cm2,比秦川牛肉略高,比鲁西黄牛肉、安格斯牛肉和西门塔尔牛肉低。     

辽育白牛与其他5品种(杂种)肉用牛持续育肥体量增长对比试验

辽育白牛是辽宁省培育的肉牛新品种,为了测试辽育白牛的肥育性状,并与辽宁地区其他主要品种(杂种)肉牛进行比较,辽宁省牛育种中心开展了育肥试验.200 kg辽育白牛公犊断奶后持续育肥12个月,增重384.22 kg,平均日增重1067.28 g;再持续育肥4个月,增重为107.80 kg,平均日增重898.33 g.在整个育肥期,辽育白牛皆显现出优越的肥育性能.结果表明,辽育白牛生长速度快,与其他5个品种(杂种)肉牛相比,具有更好的肥育性能,推广应用前景广阔.     

8个牛品种的大理石花纹评分相关基因变异的微卫星DNA池分析

本研究以8个牛品种为研究对象,利用与大理石花纹评分基因相关的7个微卫星位点结合DNA池分析技术,探讨微卫星DNA多态性与8个牛品种大理石花纹评分间的关系,并根据性状同质性原理预测品种组合,以加快生产出高端"雪花"牛肉。结果表明:日本和牛与荷斯坦牛、安格斯牛、渤海黑牛的相似性系数均超过0.8,而日本和牛与其他牛品种的的相似性系数均小于0.8。利用MEGA4软件采用邻接法进行聚类,利木赞牛与西门塔尔牛先聚合在一起,再与草原红牛聚合;渤海黑牛与鲁西黄牛2个地方良种聚合在一起,以上5个品种聚为第1大类。荷斯坦牛与日本和牛聚合,再与安格斯牛聚在一起,它们聚为第2大类。根据本研究结果和国外肉牛杂交生产实践,从牛肉大理石花纹性状的同质性出发,建议利用日本和牛、荷斯坦牛为亲本,杂交生产高档"雪花"牛肉,以解决我国的肉牛牛源短缺问题。     

Treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis in cattle: 11 cases (1974-1988)

A mixed population of 11 cattle (7 dairy, 4 beef; 9 male, 2 female) were examined because of acute onset of non-weightbearing hind limb lameness. Radiography revealed slipped capital femoral epiphyseal fracture in all cattle, with the exception of one large bull. Ten of the 11 cattle were treated with open reduction and internal fixation, using intramedullary pins. Cattle affected with slipped capital femoral epiphyseal fracture in previous reports typically have been calves that required forced extraction during dystocia. Cattle in this report were in the following 2 age groups in which trauma was the likely cause: 3 to 5 months and 1.5 to 2.3 years. Follow-up information was provided for 7 of the 10 cattle. Four of the 7 were functional and had no clinical signs of arthritis, abnormal gait, atrophy, scarring, contralateral compensation, breakdown, or other difficulty 6 months after surgical correction. If early diagnosis is achieved, it appears that reduction with intramedullary pinning can provide a good long-term prognosis in cattle when function as breeding animals is important to their future value.     

红安格斯牛杂交改良云南黄牛的效果报告

[目的]云南省自1974年、1997年和2003年先后从奥地利、美国、澳大利亚引进安格斯等肉牛品种对云南本地黄牛进行杂交改良,效果较好。[方法]对安×云杂交一代牛犊牛初生重6月龄、12月龄、24月龄、48月龄体重进行了测定。[结果]引进的种公牛对云南高原的气候条件适应性良好,在农村饲养条件下,安×云杂交一代牛犊牛初生重平均为21.21kg,6月龄体重平均为134.34kg,12月龄体重平均为187.18kg,24月龄体重平均为268.45kg,48月龄体重平均为324.92kg,分别比本地黄牛提高50.32%,57.45%,49.33%,38.89%和37.27%。[结论]杂交后代表现出较好的经济早熟性,效益显著。     

Differences in copper and selenium metabolism between Angus (Bos taurus) and Brahman (Bos indicus) cattle

A 2-yr study was conducted at the Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida – Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) (Ona, FL), to evaluate differences in the metabolism of Cu and Se of Angus (Bos taurus) and Brahman (Bos indicus) cattle. Thirty-two pregnant beef cows (n = 8 Brahman and 8 Angus/yr) were enrolled in the study in the first trimester of gestation. This study consisted of three phases: 1) restriction (day 0 to 90), 2) supplementation (day 91 to 150), and 3) calving. During all three phases, cows were individually fed and housed in partially covered drylot pens. During the restriction and supplementation phases, cows were provided a 1.5 kg/d of a grain-based concentrate supplement, which was fortified with flowers of S (50 g of supplemental S/cow daily; restriction phase) or Cu and Se (100 and 3 mg/d of Cu and Se, respectively; supplementation phase). Blood and liver samples were collected from all cows at 30 d intervals and from both cows and calves within 24 h of calving. Colostrum and milk samples were collected at calving and 7 d after birth. All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, where cow and calf were the experimental unit. During the restriction phase, a breed × day effect (P = 0.03) was observed where Brahman had greater liver Cu concentration than Angus cows in all sampling days. For liver Se concentration, a tendency (P = 0.07) for a breed effect was observed where Angus cows tended to have greater liver Se concentration than Brahman. During the supplementation phase, breed (P < 0.001) and day (P < 0.01) effects were observed, where Brahman cows had greater liver Cu concentration than Angus. For liver Se concentration, a day effect (P < 0.001) was observed, where liver Se concentration increased (P < 0.001) from day 90 to 120 and remained unchanged (P = 0.86) until day 150. At calving, no effects of breed (P = 0.34) were observed for liver Cu concentration of cows; however, Brahman calves tended (P = 0.09) to have greater liver Cu concentration than Angus calves. For Se liver concentration at calving, Angus cows tended (P = 0.07) to have greater liver Se concentration than Brahman cows; however, no breed differences (P = 0.70) were observed for liver Se concentration of calves at birth. In summary, substantial differences in multiple indicators of Cu and Se status were observed between Angus and Brahman cattle, implying that Angus and Brahman cattle possibly have different mechanisms to maintain adequate Cu and Se status.     

Predicting breed composition using breed frequencies of 50,000 markers from the US Meat Animal Research Center 2,000 Bull Project

Knowledge of breed composition can be useful in multiple aspects of cattle production, and can be critical for analyzing the results of whole genome-wide association studies currently being conducted around the world. We examine the feasibility and accuracy of using genotype data from the most prevalent bovine genome-wide association studies platform, the Illumina BovineSNP50 array (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA), to estimate breed composition for individual breeds of cattle. First, allele frequencies (of Illumina-defined allele B) of SNP on the array for each of 16 beef cattle breeds were defined by genotyping a large set of more than 2,000 bulls selected in cooperation with the respective breed associations to be representative of their breed. With these breed-specific allele frequencies, the breed compositions of approximately 2,000 two-, three-, and four-way cross (of 8 breeds) cattle produced at the US Meat Animal Research Center were predicted by using a simple multiple regression technique or Mendel (http://www.genetics.ucla.edu/software/mendel) and their genotypes from the Illumina BovineSNP50 array, and were then compared with pedigree-based estimates of breed composition. The accuracy of marker-based breed composition estimates was 89% when using either estimation method for all breeds except Angus and Red Angus (averaged 79%), based on comparing estimates with pedigree-based average breed composition. Accuracy increased to approximately 88% when these 2 breeds were combined into an aggregate Angus group. Additionally, we used a subset of these markers, approximately 3,000 that populate the Illumina Bovine3K (Illumina Inc.), to see whether breed composition could be estimated with similar accuracy when using this reduced panel of SNP makers. When breed composition was estimated using only SNP in common with the Bovine 3K array, accuracy was slightly reduced to 83%. These results suggest that SNP data from these arrays could be used to estimate breed composition in most US beef cattle in situations where pedigree is not known (e.g., multiple-sire natural service matings, non-source-verified animals in feedlots or at slaughter). This approach can aid analyses that depend on knowledge of breed composition, including identification and adjustment of breed-based population stratification, when performing genome-wide association studies on populations with incomplete pedigrees. In addition, SNP-based breed composition estimates may facilitate fitting cow germplasm to the environment, managing cattle in the feedlot, and tracing disease cases back to the geographic region or farm of origin.     

Seroprevalence and factors associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in dairy cattle in three milksheds in Ethiopia

This work was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence, to identify potential factors that influence seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and to investigate the association between BVDV serostatus and occurrence of reproductive disorders in dairy cattle in three milksheds in Ethiopia. A total of 1379 serum samples were obtained from cattle randomly selected from 149 herds from three milksheds representing central, southern, and western Ethiopia. Sera samples were examined for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) antibodies using commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Logistic regression analysis was employed to investigate associations between risk factors and the risk of BVDV seroprevalence, and BVDV serostatus and reproductive disorders. Seroreaction to BVDV antigens was detected in 32.6% of the 1379 cattle and 69.8% of the 149 herds sampled. Factors associated with BVDV seroplevalence were age, breed, and herd size (P?<?0.05). Adult cattle ≥?18 months old had 2.1 (95% CI 1.5, 3.1) times the odds of BVDV seroreaction than younger cattle. Holstein-Friesian (HF) local crosses (OR?=?2.1, 95% CI 1.3, 3.4) and HFs (OR?=?1.3, 95% CI 0.9, 1.9) were more likely to be seropositive than Jersey and the odds of seropositivity in cattle in large herds with 11 or more animals were higher (OR?=?1.8, 95% CI 1.3, 2.5) than the odds of BVDV seropositivity in smaller herds. Seroprevalence was not associated with geographical region (P?>?0.05). Risk of reproductive disorders was not affected by BVDV serostatus, except for repeat breeding (P?>?0.05). The present study demonstrated that BVDV has wide distribution in the country being detected in all the 15 conurbations and 69.8% of herds involved in the study.