油菜干物质积累和养分钾、磷、硫吸收特点及施钾的影响

采用微区试验研究油菜干物质积累和养分钾，磷，硫吸收特点及施钾的影响。结果表明：（1）油菜地上部干物质积累量呈快速增长趋势，地下部干物质积累量增长平缓，施钾明显提高油菜植株干物质积累量。（2）苗期植株地上部钾，磷和硫含量最高，越冬期迅速降低，生育后期地下部钾和磷含量下降较快，成熟期达最低值。（3）施钾明显提高植株钾含量，但施钾对磷和硫含量的影响较小。（4）生育后期地上部出现明显的钾，磷和硫吸收高峰，结角－成熟期地下部磷吸收下降。施钾明显提高油菜植株钾，磷和硫的吸收量。     

燕麦籽粒β-葡聚糖的积累动态

为给燕麦优化栽培技术措施的制定和高β-葡聚糖含量的品种选育提供理论依据,以不同地区的四个燕麦品种为试验材料,对燕麦籽粒β-葡聚糖含量的变化规律进行了研究.结果表明,从开花到籽粒完全成熟,β-葡聚糖含量呈逐渐增长的趋势.其中总β-葡聚糖在花后15 d内迅速合成,是β-葡聚糖合成积累的关键时期,之后合成和积累速度减缓,其中可溶性β-葡聚糖在花后10 d内积累速度较快,而后变缓.不同燕麦品种的β-葡聚糖含量存在显著差异,而且可溶性β-葡聚糖所占比例表现为皮燕麦高于裸燕麦.从燕麦籽粒形成到成熟,不同品种籽粒中葡萄糖含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,且花后15 d左右达到最大值,葡萄糖含量与β-葡聚糖含量没有显著相关性,葡萄糖含量不是燕麦籽粒中β-葡聚糖合成的限制因素.     

燕麦籽粒β-葡聚糖的积累动态

为给燕麦优化栽培技术措施的制定和高β-葡聚糖含量的品种选育提供理论依据,以不同地区的四个燕麦品种为试验材料,对燕麦籽粒β-葡聚糖含量的变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,从开花到籽粒完全成熟,哥葡聚糖含量呈逐渐增长的趋势。其中总β-葡聚糖在花后15d内迅速合成,是β-葡聚糖合成积累的关键时期,之后合成和积累速度减缓,其中可溶性β-葡聚糖在花后10d内积累速度较快,而后变缓。不同燕麦品种的β-葡聚糖含量存在显著差异,而且可溶性β-葡聚糖所占比例表现为皮燕麦高于裸燕麦。从燕麦籽粒形成到成熟,不同品种籽粒中葡萄糖含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,且花后15d左右达到最大值,葡萄糖含量与β-葡聚糖含量没有显著相关性,葡萄糖含量不是燕麦籽粒中β-葡聚糖合成的限制因素。     

大豆种子脂肪和蛋白质形成及积累规律的初步研究

以 8个脂肪和蛋白质含量不同的大豆品种为试材,探索了大豆种子脂肪和蛋白质形成与积累规律。结果是:在种子成长过程中,大豆种子干重呈递增的曲线。脂肪相对含量是:中晚熟品种在开花后13～23天迅速增加,脂肪形成高峰在开花后33～36天,以后多数品种稍有下降,少数品种下降后稍有回升。脂肪绝对含量呈递增的曲线。熟期相同的品种,凡在初期脂肪含量高者,成熟时亦高。 蛋白质相对含量呈“前急、后缓”的下降曲线,少数品种下降后又稍有回升。中熟品种在开花后17～37天下降陡度大。蛋白质绝对含量呈“前急、后缓”的递增曲线。同熟期品种,凡初期蛋白质含量高者,成熟种子亦高。 脂肪与蛋白质含量不仅在成熟种子呈负相关,而是始终呈负相关。     

环境条件对亚麻纤维品质的影响

品种区域试验结果显示,黑龙江省不同地区的气候、土壤环境条件差异极大,亚麻纤维强度在不同(区域)间、品种间和两者的互作均达到极显著水平,因此有必要对黑龙江省亚麻(种植)进行优质区划,选择适宜的品种在适宜的区域种植,全面提高黑龙江省亚麻纤维的品质。相关分析表明,土壤缓效钾和速效钾含量与纤维强度和可挠度均呈正相关,其它指标与两个品质指标间呈负相关。土壤全磷和速效磷含量与可挠度呈显著负相关,速效磷与纤维强度呈较大的负相关,有机质含量、全氮含量与之呈较大的正相关,二者与可挠度呈负相关。3个品种的纤维强度与开花前后的气象因子的关系比较复杂,开花前日照时数与强度负相关;开花后较多的积温、日照时数和降雨量有利于提高纤维的纤维强度和可挠度。     

紫粒小麦籽粒发育过程中色素含量的动态变化

为了解紫粒小麦籽粒色素的形成机理,以绵阳26和川麦107为对照,研究了紫粒小麦(032-1、漯珍1号、黑粒小麦76、XNZ-1)籽粒发育过程中色素含量的动态变化,结果表明: (1)在紫粒小麦籽粒发育进程中,籽粒总色素与花色素含量都呈先升后降的趋势,在花后29 d达到最高,且显著高于对照;(2)籽粒总黄酮含量呈先上升后缓慢下降的趋势,而且紫粒颜色越深含量越高,除黑粒小麦76在花后15 d含量达到最高外,其他紫粒小麦都在开花后22 d左右达到最大值,并且在各个时期都与对照川麦107与绵阳26含量差异显著;(3)籽粒叶绿素含量随着籽粒发育天数先上升后下降,到花后22 d达到最高,到开花后 36 d 时含量已降到很低;(4)类胡萝卜素含量在籽粒整个发育过程中呈下降趋势,在花后36 d左右含量达到最低.因此,可以看出,总色素与花色素是紫粒小麦的关键性色素,在色素的形成过程中主要转化为呈色物质;黄酮是紫粒小麦呈色深浅的重要中介代谢物;黑色素是紫粒小麦的构成色素,且黑色素的形成与叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的降解存在一定的关系.     

环境条件对亚麻纤维品质的影响

品种区域试验结果显示，黑龙江省不同地区的气候、土壤环境条件差异极大，亚麻纤维强度在不同（区域）间、品种间和两者的互作均达到极显著水平，因此有必要对黑龙江省亚麻（种植）进行优质区划，选择适宜的品种在适宜的区域种植，全面提高黑龙江省亚麻纤维的品质。相关分析表明，土壤缓效钾和速效钾含量与纤维强度和可挠度均呈正相关，其它指标与两个品质指标间呈负相关。土壤全磷和速效磷含量与可挠度呈显著负相关，速效磷与纤维强度呈较大的负相关，有机质含量、全氮含量与之呈较大的正相关，二者与可挠度呈负相关。3个品种的纤维强度与开花前后的气象因子的关系比较复杂，开花前日照时数与强度负相关；开花后较多的积温、日照时数和降雨量有利于提高纤雏的纤维强度和可挠度。     

棉花连作对土壤主要理化性状的影响

以库尔勒连作年限分别为3～5、10～15、20～25年的棉田为研究对象,对其进行容重、水稳性团聚体、pH及有机质、总盐、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的测定与分析。结果表明,随着棉花连作年限增加,土壤容重下降,土壤团粒直径在0．106～2mm的水稳性团粒增加,土壤有机质含量上升,pH升高,总盐含量增加;土壤中全氮、碱解氮、速效磷的含量呈增加的趋势,速效钾的含量呈下降趋势。     

香水菠萝叶片氮磷钾含量动态变化及其对氮磷钾肥的响应

以香水菠萝为试验材料,研究缓慢生长期后期至成熟期菠萝叶片氮磷钾含量的动态变化规律,以及氮磷钾肥对菠萝叶片氮磷钾含量的影响。结果表明：当缓慢生长期后期叶片氮磷钾含量处于较高水平时,至快速生长期,叶片氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势;而当缓慢生长期后期叶片氮磷钾含量处于较低水平时,至快速生长期,叶片氮含量仍呈缓慢下降趋势,但下降幅度较小,而磷钾含量则有所上升;快速生长期至中果期,叶片氮磷钾含量总体上均呈下降趋势,中果期至成熟期,则略有上升。适量增施氮、钾肥能显著提高菠萝叶片氮、钾含量,磷肥对菠萝叶片磷含量的影响则不明显。     

淹水胁迫对不同土壤类型养分及玉米苗期养分吸收分配的影响

采用池栽试验,以潮土和砂姜黑土为对象,研究淹水胁迫下不同土壤类型速效养分变化及玉米苗期养分吸收分配的特征。结果表明,淹水胁迫导致两类土壤速效氮含量显著下降,随着淹水时间延长降低幅度增大;土壤速效磷含量呈倒抛物线型,在淹水3 d达最低值;速效钾含量呈上升趋势,潮土速效钾含量呈曲线上升趋势,砂姜黑土速效钾含量呈线性增加趋势。玉米养分及干物质的累积量和产量随着淹水时间延长而降低,氮、磷、钾的累积量分别降低21.37%~72.22%、22.00%~42.10%和11.71%~60.36%;干物质的累积量下降37.49%~57.17%;玉米产量下降9.05%~30.15%,砂姜黑土的下降幅度大于潮土。淹水减少了叶片和茎秆的养分及干物质累积量,增加了茎秆中的养分和干物质分配比例,平均增加25.95%和43.34%。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.