不同尿素添加水平对青年母水牛尿中嘌呤衍生物排出规律的研究

试验选取3头24月龄左右,体重相近的健康青年母水牛,采用随机区组试验设计,分别饲喂基础日粮+15 g/d尿素（处理A）、基础日粮+30 g/d尿素（处理B）和基础日粮+45 g/d尿素（处理C）组合的试验日粮。结果表明,随着尿素用量的增加,粗蛋白质采食量明显提高,营养物质的表观消化率、氮沉积率和氮的表观消化率均以处理B组最高,且与其它处理组差异显著(P<0.05);尿中嘌呤衍生物的排出量仍以处理B组最高,与其它组差异不显著(P>0.05);肌酸酐的排出量稳定在40 mmol/d左右,各处理间无显著差异（P>0.05）。由此说明,适量添加尿素有利于青年母水牛营养物质消化率的提高、氮的沉积和微生物氮的合成,而过量添加反而降低其添加效果。     

不同日粮采食水平对青年母水牛尿中嘌呤衍生物排出规律的影响研究

为了探讨青年母水牛尿中嘌呤衍生物排出量的变化规律,试验选取3头24月龄左右、体重相近的青年瘘管母水牛,采用随机区组试验设计.分别饲喂3种不同采食水平的试验日粮.结果表明:随着采食水平的降低,营养物质的表观消化率呈递增趋势(P<0.05);粪氮(P<0.01)、尿氮(P<0.05)呈递减趋势;尿中嘌呤衍生物的排出量显著降低(P<0.05),且与微生物氮估测值之间有显著的回归关系:Y=3.542 7X-25.285 0(R2=0.990 7;n=3),Y=6.209 3X+7.567 9(R2=0.990 7;n=3;P<0.05),与可消化有机物干物质采食量之间也有存在显著的线性相关:Y=6.209 3X+7.567 9(R2=0.996 1;n=3;P<0.05);肌酸酐的排出量稳定在40 mmol/d左右,各处理间无显著差异(P>0.05).     

日粮不同精粗比对肉羊氮沉积和尿嘌呤衍生物排出量的影响

本试验旨在研究肉羊在不同日粮精粗比条件下氮沉积和尿嘌呤衍生物的排出规律。选择12只体况健康的9月龄、体重(47.21±3.35)kg杜×寒杂交绵羊公羊,试验日粮为12种不同精粗比的全混合颗粒饲料,采用12×4不完全拉丁方设计,进行4期消化代谢试验,试验每期19 d,其中预试期14 d,正试期5 d,采用全收粪、尿法。结果表明:随日粮精粗比的提高,尿氮排出量和氮沉积量均显著提高(P<0.05),日粮精粗比对粪氮排出量的影响不显著(P>0.05),氮沉积量与氮采食量之间存在线性相关(R2=0.72,P<0.05);尿中尿囊素排出量和总尿嘌呤衍生物排出量均随日粮精粗比升高而显著升高(P<0.05),尿囊素、尿酸、黄嘌呤和次黄嘌呤排出量占总尿嘌呤衍生物排出量的比例变化范围分别为69.92%~84.76%、2.89%~7.58%和9.39%~25.04%。日粮精粗比对粪氮与尿氮有不同的影响,对尿嘌呤衍生物排出量影响显著;尿嘌呤衍生物排出量与尿氮排出量存在着线性相关,相关方程为Y=0.429X+0.324(R2=0.85)。     

不同粗精比日粮对山羊瘤胃微生物氨基酸组成的影响

文中比较研究了不同粗精比日粮对山羊瘤胃微生物氨基酸组成的影响,结果表明,液相微生物和固相微生物的氨基酸组成有较大差异,前者含有更高比例的天冬氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸,后者含有更高比例的亮氨酸和苯丙氨酸等必需氨基酸以及谷氨酸和酪氨酸。粗料比例增加增大了微生物赖氨酸和脯氨酸的含量,但减少了蛋氨酸和酪氨酸的百分含量,尤其是对与饲料颗粒疏松结合的细菌影响更大。     

肉牛混合日粮不同进食水平对尿中嘌呤衍生物排出量的影响

为研究肉牛不同进食水平对尿中嘌呤衍生物排出量的影响,选4头本地黄牛,按4×4拉丁方设计,采用"自由采食量"的100%、80%、60%和40%饲喂4种相同组分不同进食量的日粮,用全收粪法和全收尿法分别测定有机物的消化率和尿中嘌呤衍生物排出量.结果表明:日粮进食水平对全消化道OM表观消化率没有明显影响(P＞0.05),尿中嘌呤衍生物排出量随进食水平提高而增加(P＜0.05),而尿中肌酸酐的排出量没有明显差异(P＞0.05),日粮低进食水平时嘌呤衍生物排出量变异较大.     

不同精粗比日粮对安格斯杂交阉牛生产性能的影响

[目的]为了掌握不同日粮对安格斯杂交阉牛生产性能的影响.[方法]试验对采用不同精粗比的全混合日粮对舍饲条件下杂交阉牛的育肥效果和生产性能进行研究.[结果]表明:随着时间的增加,精粗比为67.1:32.9(粗蛋白12.86,消化能12.38MJ· kg-1)的全混合日粮对安格斯与秦川杂交阉牛的育肥效果优于精粗比为57.0:43.0(粗蛋白质11.92,消化能10.82 MJ·kg-1)和45.7:54.3(粗蛋白质11.29,消化能10.62MJ·kg-1).育肥杂交阉牛的增重得到显著提高,53 d育肥日增重1 019.47 g.[结论]说明在本试验条件下日粮的精粗比可有效提高安格斯牛与秦川牛杂交的育肥效果和生产性能.     

饲粮不同采食水平下肉羊氮沉积和尿中嘌呤衍生物排出规律的研究

本试验旨在研究饲粮不同采食水平下肉羊氮沉积和尿中嘌呤衍生物(PD)的排出规律.试验选用12只平均体重为(41.3±2.8)kg的杜寒杂交绵羊公羔,随机平均分为3组,按照自由采食、自由采食量的70％和自由采食量的40％3个干物质采食水平饲喂,试验期为12d,其中预试期7d,正试期5d.结果表明:随着饲粮采食水平的降低,营养物质消化率均显著上升(P＜0.05),粪氮和尿氮排出量均显著降低(P＜0.05),沉积氮与摄入氮之间存在线性相关(R2=0.92).尿中PD排出量和微生物氮(MN)产量均随采食水平的降低而显著降低(P＜0.05),嘌呤氮指数(PNI)与氮沉积率和氮吸收率均表现出相同变化趋势.由此可见,PD排出量与可消化有机物采食量(DOMI)以及MN产量之间均存在线性相关,相关方程分别为y=21.41X-1.81(R2=0.94)和Y=0.91X+2.57(R2=0.94);PNI能够将氮平衡和PD排出量有机结合起来,用于评价饲粮氮的利用效率.     

不同精粗比的日粮对反刍动物消化代谢功能的影响

合理的精料投入及其与粗饲料的配比对优化反刍动物瘤胃环境具有非常重要的意义,而且不同的精粗比会影响到反刍动物生产的很多方面.笔者从消化代谢和营养物质流通方面阐述了精粗比对反刍动物的影响.     

不同精粗比日粮对黄淮白山羊瘤胃内环境的影响

为了探讨精粗比日粮对黄淮白山羊瘤胃内环境的影响,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,选用3只具永久瘘管的黄淮白山羊,分别饲喂3:7、4:6、5:5精粗比日粮,并于采食后0、2、4、6、8、10、12 h收集瘤胃液,测定其瘤胃pH值、氧化还原电位(ORP)、氨态氮(NH3-N)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和微生物蛋白(MCP)的变化情况.结果表明,3种精粗比日粮试验组的瘤胃pH值和氧化还原电位(ORP)发酵指标之间差异不显著(P＞0.05),但随着精饲料比例的增加瘤胃pH值呈下降趋势;日粮精粗比对瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)影响显著,其中3:7试验组的乙酸和丁酸含量显著高于4:6试验组和5:5试验组(P＜0.05),丙酸含量显著低于4:6试验组和5:5试验组(P＜0.05),4:6试验组和5:5试验组VFA之间差异不显著(P＞0.05);3种精粗比日粮试验组的瘤胃氮代谢之间差异不显著(P＞0.05),但随着精饲料水平增加瘤胃NH3-N浓度和MCP产量呈增加趋势.综上所述,日粮精粗比与黄淮白山羊瘤胃内环境有着密切关系,在实际生产中为了保证其瘤胃健康并增加其动物生产品,以40％～50％精料比例适宜.     

不同精粗比日粮中添加甘露寡糖对绵羊体外发酵的影响

试验旨在研究不同精粗比日粮中添加甘露寡糖(MOS)对绵羊体外发酵的影响。采用4×6二因子析因试验设计,在4种精粗比日粮(20:80、30:70、40:60及50:50)中分别添加6个水平的MOS(0、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%及2.0%),以体外产气法对各底物培养3、6、9、12和24h的产气量、甲烷(CH₄)产量、体外干物质消失率(IVDMD)、体外粗蛋白质消失率(IVCPD)、体外有机物质消失率(IVOMD)进行测定。结果表明:日粮精粗比对体外总产气量(除12、24h)和甲烷(CH₄)产量(除9h)均没有显著影响(P>0.05),日粮精粗比对IVDMD、IVOMD和IVCPD均产生了显著的影响(P<0.05);MOS仅对24h IVCPD产生了显著的影响(P<0.05);日粮精粗比和MOS的交互作用对体外产气量、CH₄产量、IVDMD、IVOMD和IVCPD均没有产生显著的影响(P>0.05)。随日粮中精饲料比例的上升,IVCPD下降而IVDMD和IVOMD在升高;随日粮中MOS比例的升高,IVCPD升高。综上所述,在精粗比为30:70的日粮中添加1.2% MOS效果最好。     

不同精粗比饲粮对牦牛瘤胃内环境的影响

旨在研究不同精粗比饲粮对西藏牦牛瘤胃内环境的影响.选取3周岁、平均体重(154.8±13.6)kg、健康无病的牦牛20头随机分为低精料组和高精料组,每组10头,公母各半,分别饲喂低精料(精粗比40∶60)和高精料(精粗比60 ∶ 40)饲粮,预试期10d,正试期90d(8、9和10月).结果:饲粮精料水平的提高显著降低...     

日粮精粗比对育肥藏羊瘤胃组织形态及微生物菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮精粗比对育肥藏羊瘤胃组织形态及微生物菌群的影响.选择210只早期断奶藏羔羊,随机分成7组,每组30只,分别对其饲喂精粗比为20:80(A)、30:70(B)、40:60(C)、50:50(D)、60:40(E)、70:30(F)和80:20(G)的基础日粮,预饲期10 d,试验期90 d.试验结束后,...     

Eating and rumination behaviour in Brahman grade cattle and crossbred water buffalo fed on high roughage diet

The purpose of this study is to compare feeding and other behavior and nutrient digestibility of tropical grade Brahman (body weight (BW) = 231 kg ± 12.4; n = 3) and crossbred water buffalo (BW = 300 kg ± 13.9; n = 3). This experiment on digestibility and measures of muscles of mastication utilized one‐way, and animal behavior two‐way, analysis of variance, respectively. Two video camcorders were installed in each pair of buffalo and Brahman for 24 h period programmed on the 107th, 109th and 111th days of the digestion trials. Frequency and duration of feeding, meal intake, rumination, bolus, chews, drinking, defecating, standing and lying were recorded daily. Muscle diameter of Digastricus, Masseter and Pterygoid and different regions of the tongue were sampled and measured under light microscope using a standard micrometer. Buffalo obtained significantly higher intake of dry matter, roughage, crude protein, total digestible nutrient and metabolized energy than Brahman. This was supported by longer meal duration (P ≤ 0.05), and shorter meal breaks (P ≤ 0.05) of buffalo than Brahman. The diameter of the muscles for mastication was bigger (P ≤ 0.05) in buffalo than in Brahman, which is indicative of stronger chewing ability. Briefly, lesser and slower chewing action; higher intake of roughage and crude protein; and longer resting behavior of crossbred water buffalo than Brahman are all indicative of better digestive and metabolic performance of the buffalo under high roughage feeding conditions.     

Comparison of fattening performance in Brahman grade cattle (Bos indicus) and crossbred water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) fed on high roughage diet

The objective of this study was to compare the fattening performance in Brahman grade cattle (crossbred cattle) and crossbred water buffalo at the same young age and fed with high roughage based fattening rations in the Philippines. Ten crossbred cattle and 10 crossbred water buffalo, aged between 18 and 24 months old were used in this experiment. The animals were fed diets consisting of 85% Napier or Para grass and 15% concentrate mixture (CM) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The grass, total DM intake and bodyweight gain were significantly (P < 0.01) higher for the crossbred water buffalo than for the cattle. There was no species significant difference in the digestion coefficient and feed conversion rate between the crossbred cattle and water buffalo. The return over feed cost for fattening was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the crossbred water buffalo than in the cattle. These results clearly indicate that under high roughage‐based fattening rations, young crossbred water buffalo are better able to utilize the roughage and they perform better in terms of feed intake and live weight gains than the crossbred cattle in the Philippines.     

Urinary purine derivates excretion as an indicator of in vivo microbial N flow in cattle: A review

Microbial protein flow to the duodenum may be regarded as the most important and sensitive indicator to optimise rumen metabolism in high-yielding dairy cows. In this review, the methodology and the sources of variation to estimate the duodenal microbial N flow with urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) as a non-invasive method is discussed. The urinary PD excretion was linearly related with the amount of purine bases (PB) infused in the abomasum or duodenum, but the recovery of PB in urine differed between experiments. The main sources of variation in the relationship between microbial N flow and urinary PD excretion are dietary contribution of nucleic acids to duodenal flow, varying N:purine ratio in duodenal digesta, differences in intestinal digestibility of nucleic acids and infused PB, and endogenous contribution of PD to urinary excretion. The recycling of PD to the rumen is negligible, and does not explain the incomplete urinary recovery of PD. A large proportion of the total PD is excreted as allantoin in urine. In some experiments this proportion was constant, whereas in others it varied with diet or physiological state of the animal. The excretion of PD in milk is not a suitable indicator of microbial N flow, due to mammary purine catabolism to uric acid and due to the strong positive correlation between milk allantoin excretion and milk yield. Instead of total urine collection, the molar ratio between urinary PD and creatinine can be used to estimate microbial N flow. However, a substantial between-animal variation in this ratio was found, and effects of changes in energy balance of dairy cows on urinary creatinine excretion should be determined. The urinary excretion of total PD and of allantoin provided lower estimates of duodenal microbial N flow than with measurements in the omasum or duodenum, but they closely reflected the changes observed with these measurements.     

牦牛尿嘌呤衍生物排出量对皱胃注射酵母RNA水平的响应

本研究对3头牦牛施以皱胃瘘管手术,以酵母RNA为嘌呤碱基供体,连续注射4期,以期测定牦牛吸收嘌呤的回收率,为尿嘌呤衍生物估测牦牛瘤胃微生物氮产量的模型积累数据。 结果表明,牦牛皱胃连续注射酵母RNA可使尿囊素(564～1 426 μmol/kg BW^0.75)、总嘌呤衍生物(purine derivative, PD)排出量(629～1 507 μmol/kg BW^0.75)及尿囊素占总PD比例线性提高(0.90～0.95)(P<0.01);嘌呤碱基注射水平对尿酸、肌酐及尿氮排出量影响不显著(P>0.05)。回归分析发现,牦牛皱胃嘌呤注射量(X,mmol/d)与尿嘌呤衍生物排出量(Y,mmol/d) 间存在线性关系:Y=0.85X+33.02 (R²=0.96,P<0.001),牦牛吸收嘌呤在尿中的回收率为85%。     

Effect of dietary energy levels on the urinary excretion of purine derivatives in sheep

The effect of dietary energy levels on the urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) was investigated in sheep fed hay and concentrate diets. In addition, the possibility of using PD concentrations in spot samples of urine as a useful tool for determining daily PD excretion was also examined. Three female lambs (mean bodyweight (BW) ± standard error, 31.4 ± 1.0 kg) were fed three diets consisting of timothy hay (20 g dry matter/kg BW per day) and rolled barley at three different energy levels (low‐energy (LE), medium‐energy (ME) and high‐energy (HE) at 1.0‐, 1.2‐ and 1.5‐fold greater than the maintenance level of energy (450 KJ/BW^0.75/day), respectively) in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. The dietary protein level was almost constant (380 mg nitrogen/BW^0.75/day as digestible crude protein base) and was adjusted using soybean protein. Digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) increased (P < 0.05) with an increase in the dietary energy level and there was a difference (P < 0.05) in the organic matter digestibility between the LE and HE diets. For urinary PD excretion, the differences between the LE and ME diets and the HE diet were significant (P < 0.05), although there was no clear difference between the LE and ME diets. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.47, P < 0.05) between urinary PD excretion and DOMI. There was also a correlation (r = 0.59, P < 0.05) between the urinary PD level at 7–8 h after the morning feed and the daily total PD excretion, suggesting that the PD level in spot urine samples could be useful for estimating microbial protein synthesized in the rumen and/or digested in the lower gut.     

限饲对东北梅花鹿消化代谢及尿嘌呤衍生物排出量的影响

试验选取4只体况相近的3岁东北梅花鹿公鹿,采用4×4拉丁方设计,饲喂同一种日粮,分4个不同限饲水平A(2.5kg/d)、B(2.0kg/d)、C(1.5kg/d)、D(1.0kg/d),利用尿嘌呤衍生物法并结合消化代谢试验,测定限制饲喂条件下东北梅花鹿尿嘌呤衍生物组成及排出量,可消化干物质和可消化有机物进食量与尿嘌呤衍生物排出量(PD)的关系及各种营养物质消化率。试验结果表明:东北梅花鹿尿中嘌呤衍生物包括49%～56%尿囊素、35%～38%尿酸、6%～15%黄嘌呤和次黄嘌呤;限饲条件下,东北梅花鹿尿中嘌呤衍生物、肌酐酸排出量无显著性差异(P>0.05);可消化干物质DDM(Ir=0.8592,n=16,P<0.001)和可消化有机物DOMI(r=0.8605,n=16,P<0.001)与尿中嘌呤衍生物排出量(PD)均存在显著的线性正相关;限饲使可消化干物质、可消化有机物质进食量和粗蛋白消化率显著降低(P<0.05),使干物质、有机物质、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维及钙、磷表观消化率均显著降低(P<0.05);限饲对尿氮和粪氮排出量无显著性影响(P>0.05),而显著影响氮沉积量(P<0.05),且随饲喂量降低,氮沉积逐渐减少,当饲喂量降到D水平时,出现了氮的负平衡,表明氮的摄入量已不能满足梅花鹿维持需要,需要动用内源氮来满足自身维持需要。     

不同粗饲料补饲配合精料对肉驴育肥的影响

为研究苜蓿干草(Medicago sativa)、玉米秸秆(Zea mays)、麦秸(Triticum paleas)以及芦苇(Phragmites australis)补充配合精料对肉驴育肥的影响,选取25头2～3周岁、体重在145～150?kg的育肥驴,随机分为5组(每组5个重复),分别为对照组(苜蓿干草)、A组(...