香蕉副产物在家畜饲料方面的应用

香蕉皮和香蕉茎等香蕉副产物营养物质丰富,是可以饲料化的植物资源,可以作为饲料饲喂家畜,这样不仅减少了废弃香蕉副产物对环境的污染,重要的是资源得到充分利用。文章综述了香蕉副产物在饲料方面的国内外利用现状,期望为开发香蕉副产物的饲料化利用提供借鉴。     

藻类在猪和鸡养殖生产中的应用研究进展

文章总结了畜禽生产中可利用的藻类及其营养成分,重点介绍了含藻饲料对以猪和鸡为代表的畜禽生长、免疫、肌肉品质、产蛋性能和禽蛋品质等方面的影响,还指出了藻类在畜禽饲料应用中存在的问题并提出建议,旨在为藻类资源在猪、鸡养殖生产中的广泛应用提供参考。藻类分布广、易生长、产量大,尤其是海藻,含有陆生植物不具有的生物活性物质和营养物质。将富含不饱和脂肪酸和色素的微藻添加到饲料中能改善畜禽肉品质,提升禽蛋品质;将富含多糖等活性物质的大型海藻添加到饲料中有助于提升畜禽免疫力。饲料中添加少量藻类可提高饲料稳定性,提升畜禽生长性能和饲料利用率;当藻类添加量过高时,其所含的抗营养因子会对畜禽产生负面影响,但通过适当的预处理可消除部分抗营养因子,减轻负面效应。     

Constraints and challenges of meeting the water requirements of livestock in Ethiopia: cases of Lume and Siraro districts

Compared to the total water use in livestock production systems, water for livestock drinking is small in amount but is an important requirement for health and productivity of animals. This study was carried out to assess constraints and challenges of meeting drinking water requirements of livestock in rural mixed smallholder crop–livestock farming districts in the Ethiopian Rift Valley area. Data was collected by individual interviews with randomly selected respondents and farmer group discussions. Farmers ranked feed and water scarcity as the two most important constraints for livestock husbandry, although the ranking order differed between districts and villages. Poor quality water was a concern for the communities in proximity to urban settlements or industrial establishments. Water provision for livestock was challenging during the dry season, since alternative water sources dried up or were polluted. Though rainwater harvesting by dugout constructions was practiced to cope with water scarcity, farmers indicated that mismanagement of the harvested water was posing health risks on both livestock and people. A sustainable water provision for livestock in the area, thus, depends on use of different water sources (intermittent or perennial) that should be properly managed. Industrial establishments should adopt an environment-friendly production to minimize pollution of water resources used for livestock consumption. Technical support to farmers is required in proper design and use of existing rainwater harvesting systems. Further investigations are recommended on effect of poor quality water (perceived by farmers) on performance of livestock.     

香蕉茎叶营养价值评定及贮存技术研究

[目的]本研究旨在对香蕉茎叶进行营养成分和有毒有害物质分析,以及规模化生产的加工贮存技术研究,为香蕉茎叶的饲料开发利用提供理论指导依据。[方法]通过香蕉茎叶不同处理青贮的营养成分分析、安全性评价,以及肉牛育肥试验,探索香蕉茎叶加工调制贮存和饲喂技术。[结果]表明:新鲜香蕉茎叶DM、CP、EE、CF、NDF、ADL、NFE、Ca、P和Ash含量分别为8.69%、7.605%、1.00%、25.45%、52.28%、37.57%、32.33%、1.43%、0.2%和11.29%;不同处理香蕉茎叶青贮品质皆较好;单宁含量随着青贮时间呈递减趋势,亚硝酸盐含量随青贮时间有增加趋势,但增加幅度较小,其含量值低于国家食品中亚硝酸盐允许标准,总体来说饲用是安全的;不同处理饲喂肉牛适口性好,增重显著。[结论]香蕉茎叶青贮饲养肉牛无毒副作用,适口性好,牛只增重明显,且加工和贮存技术难度不大,易于推广和产业化开发利用。     

Characteristics of lipids and their feeding value in swine diets

In livestock diets, energy is one of the most expensive nutritional components of feed formulation. Because lipids are a concentrated energy source, inclusion of lipids are known to affect growth rate and feed efficiency, but are also known to affect diet palatability, feed dustiness, and pellet quality. In reviewing the literature, the majority of research studies conducted on the subject of lipids have focused mainly on the effects of feeding presumably high quality lipids on growth performance, digestion, and metabolism in young animals. There is, however, the wide array of composition and quality differences among lipid sources available to the animal industry making it essential to understand differences in lipid composition and quality factors affecting their digestion and metabolism more fully. In addition there is often confusion in lipid nomenclature, measuring lipid content and composition, and evaluating quality factors necessary to understand the true feeding value to animals. Lastly, advances in understanding lipid digestion, post-absorption metabolism, and physiological processes(e.g., cell division and differentiation, immune function and inflammation); and in metabolic oxidative stress in the animal and lipid peroxidation, necessitates a more compressive assessment of factors affecting the value of lipid supplementation to livestock diets. The following review provides insight into lipid classification, digestion and absorption, lipid peroxidation indices, lipid quality and nutritional value, and antioxidants in growing pigs.     

Village chickens management in Wolaita zone of southern Ethiopia

Little effort has been made to improve village chickens housing, feeding, and health care. Due to this, the amount of output obtained is usually low. The aim of this study was to elicit farmers’ knowledge on the routine husbandry practices of village chickens. One hundred nineteen farmers were one-on-one interviewed in the highland and lowland areas of Wolaita zone (southern Ethiopia) to generate the dataset used in this analysis. We found that all the respondents supplemented the scavenging chickens with locally available feed resources. However, the amount of supplementary feeds provided hardly meets the nutritional requirement of the flock. As a result, farmers were forced to practice a sort of preferential feeding mainly based on laying performance and the scavenging ability of different classes of the family flock. Moreover, there is a wide difference in the amount and type of feed available among seasons. This variation has forced farmers to resort on strategic supplementation to overcome the adverse effect of inherent feed (grain) scarcity on chickens’ performance especially during wet season. Feed loss should be kept at a minimum by using feeding troughs, and a fraction of money obtained from selling of the chickens and eggs needs to be set aside to purchase feed. The risk of disease was higher during main rain season (June to September). Besides providing sanitary condition and feed supplementation, capacitating the veterinary service and validating the efficacy of ethno-veterinary practices through objective studies is required to improve the health status of village chickens. Majority of the farmers use rudimentary types of in-house built shelters to protect their chickens from adverse effects of bad weather, predation, and theft. This indicates the importance of constructing proper types of shelters from locally (freely) available or inexpensive materials. The existing tradition of responsibility sharing among family members while doing the routine husbandry practices needs to be strengthened to maximize the efficient use of family’s labor force. This improvement plan needs to be mainly implemented through adoption of the existing best traditional practices and through the rational use of cheap and readily available local resources.     

临夏州玉米秸秆饲料开发利用现状及技术集成推广探析

饲草料是畜牧业的基础,是确保畜产品优质安全的源头。玉米秸秆是养殖牛羊的主要粗饲料来源。玉米秸秆在自然条件下由于质地粗硬是一种劣质的饲料,适口性差,营养价值较低,加上秸秆利用方式落后和产业化水平低等因素制约,秸秆饲料的科学利用率低,造成有限的秸秆资源浪费严重。针对临夏州畜牧产业快速发展的新形势和饲草料生产现状,提出积极推广玉米秸秆饲料的开发加工与应用,为助农增收、现代畜牧产业的发展提供物质保障和参考依据。     

Parasitic helminths of veterinary importance in cattle,sheep and goats on communal farms in the northeastern Free State,South Africa

The purpose of the study was to record and determine intensities, seasonal incidence and distribution of helminth parasites of veterinary importance that occur in cattle, sheep and goats in the northeastern Free State. The study was conducted at Harrismith and Kestell and in Qwa-Qwa from March 2000 to May 2001. Cattle of various breeds (including Bonsmara, Simmentaler and Friesian), Merino sheep and Angora goats were sampled. Faecal samples were analysed using the McMaster and Visser sieve techniques for egg counts and faecal cultures for 3rd-stage nematode larvae identification. Haemonchus and Oesophagostomum were the dominant nematode genera found to be infecting the animals. The socioeconomic status of the farmers in the study area was determined through a questionnaire survey aimed at recording their management strategies. It indicated that 81% of farmers take care of their livestock by feeding them with supplements. The low to moderate faecal egg counts from cattle showed that helminth infections in this region are still under control even though helminthosis seems to be a problem in small-stock, since EPG counts of more than > 1000 were found. Cattle farmers in this region are encouraged to continue with good animal husbandry practices that have ensured that helminth infections rates are kept low. Small-stock farmers are, however, encouraged to control helminth infections in their sheep and goats by anthelmintic treatment.     

Characterization of the production system and breeding practices of indigenous goat keepers in Hai district,Northern Tanzania: implications for community-based breeding program

Indigenous breeding practices of the farmers and the livestock production system form the bases for designing community-based breeding programs. The aim of this study was to characterize production system and examine breeding practices of the indigenous goat farmers in Hai district in Northern Tanzania to determine their relevance in establishing a community-based breeding program in the area. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in which information was collected from 160 households randomly selected from 6 villages. Average household herd was 29.2 goats with majority keeping less than 20 goats. Major reasons for keeping goats were income generation, meat and milk production. Controlled mating was practiced mainly using apron and castration. Castration was practiced using traditional methods to control breeding and improve meat quality. Farmers in the study area had large goat flocks and a small buck to doe ratio. Farmers do not have a good understanding of inbreeding and its negative effects but practise other good breeding methods which could impact the productivity of their animals. Diseases and feed shortages were the main constraints to production. Opportunities exist for a community-based breeding program to genetically improve goat productivity.

     

木本饲料青贮及利用研究进展

木本饲料是一种新型的非常规饲料,富含多种氨基酸、维生素和有机物,营养价值丰富,且大部分木本饲料植物粗蛋白质含量较高,可作为优良的蛋白质饲料资源,有效利用能够缓解蛋白质资源匮乏对畜牧业发展的严重制约。但由于抗营养因子的存在,未经处理的木本饲料直接饲喂牲畜适口性较差、消化利用率不高,而通过青贮处理能有效地减少饲料营养物质的损失、提高适口性、改善其营养成分、提升饲喂效果,现已成为一种重要的处理方式。作者基于国内外对木本饲料青贮的相关研究,围绕不同木本饲料营养价值的评定、青贮原料选取、青贮添加剂（化学添加剂、乳酸菌添加剂、酶制剂和营养型添加剂）对青贮发酵的影响、木本饲料与不同原料（禾本科牧草、不同的木本饲料、农业副产品等）混合青贮技术及其对发酵的影响、木本饲料成功青贮后营养成分特征及木本青贮饲料在各项饲喂试验中对不同动物的饲喂效果等方面的研究进展进行系统地综述,并针对木本饲料的研究现状及资源重要性对其未来发展提出建议和展望,以期为木本青贮饲料的后续开发和实际生产应用提供参考。     

饲草饲料资源开发对青海省海东市经济发展的影响

畜牧产业是青海省海东市重要的传统产业,历来受到政府重视。饲草饲料资源开发对畜牧产业的发展提供重要支撑,但由于农民不了解,干部不重视等因素,影响饲草饲料资源开发及产业发展。随着现代化工业体系的建立,科学技术的发展,推动饲草饲料技术的发展。饲草饲料资源开发对地区农业资源循环利用、农民增收、经济发展的作用越来越凸显。饲草饲料资源开发是发展现代畜牧业的必然趋势,是拉动产业链条、调整农业结构、改善生态环境的需要,对地区经济发展有积极促进作用。青海省海东市在饲草饲料资源开发中仍存在一系列的问题,需要探索有效对策,促进海东市饲草饲料产业的发展和海东市的经济发展。 [关键词]饲草饲料|资源开发|青海省|海东市|经济发展     

Questionnaire survey on urban and peri-urban livestock farming practices and disease control in Kisumu municipality, Kenya

To characterise the urban livestock keeping practices and constraints in Kisumu municipality, Kenya, a questionnaire survey was carried out. Thirty-four contact farmers were interviewed on general farm characteristics and production constraints. The farming activities were categorised as either livestock only (41%), or mixed crops and livestock (59%). The surveyed farmers kept mainly cattle (100%), chickens (82%) and goats (74%). Most (94%) of the farmers had kept livestock for prolonged periods mainly for income generation (97%) and domestic consumption (59%). These data show that livestock keeping was popular and could be harnessed to increase food security, although the farmers kept mainly low-producing indigenous cattle (98%) which were grazed on unutilised land. The main production constraints mentioned by farmers included diseases (100%), poor fertility (68%) and lack of feed (56%). The diseases varied with species of ruminants and included lumpy skin disease (71%), diarrhoea (65%) and helminthosis (62%). The source of advice on management and treatment of the livestock was almost equally from private and government veterinary personnel. To improve livestock productivity, it is recommended that key stakeholders address the constraints mentioned in this study and in particular that the occurrence of diseases should be investigated with a view to developing sustainable control strategies.     

育肥肉牛的饲料加工工艺和饲料品质评定指标与方法

饲料是动物赖以生存及生产畜产品的物质基础,是畜禽生产上开支最大的一项,而影响饲料产品质量的因素却是多方面的。以育肥肉牛为例,总结了育肥肉牛饲料的加工工艺,并探讨了饲料品质评定的指标和方法,以期在提升饲料质量的前提下促进畜禽业的发展。     

果渣营养价值及其发酵饲料在畜禽养殖中的应用

中国水果资源丰富,果渣产量巨大、种类繁多、营养丰富,是良好的饲料资源。随着对果渣研究的不断深入,发现苹果渣、柑橘渣、菠萝渣、葡萄渣及沙棘果渣含有粗蛋白质（CP）、粗纤维（CF）、粗脂肪（EE）等营养成分及钙、磷、铜、锌、铁、硒、镁等矿物元素,同时还富含维生素、黄酮、多糖、多酚等活性物质,具有良好的饲用价值。然而果渣富含纤维素、木质素、果胶、单宁等抗营养物质,存在适口性差、消化率低等缺陷,影响动物消化吸收功能及对饲料的转化率。而微生物发酵可减少果渣中纤维素、木质素、植酸、果胶、单宁等抗营养成分,同时提高其粗蛋白质、氨基酸等营养物质含量,改善果渣的营养结构和营养价值,提高其利用率。研究发现,发酵果渣作为饲料可改善动物生长性能及生产性能,提高肉品质,降低养殖成本。作者总结了国内外相关研究进展,对果渣的营养价值、微生物发酵后营养变化及其发酵饲料在畜禽养殖业中的应用进行了综述,旨在阐明果渣微生物发酵饲料的应用价值、经济价值及社会价值,同时也为果渣发酵料在畜禽养殖中的深度发掘及推广提供理论参考。     

The assessment and the farmers’ perceived ranking of feed resources and coping strategies with feed scarcity in smallholder dairy farming in selected district towns of Jimma Zone,Ethiopia

Inadequate quantity and quality of feed resources are major constraints limiting milk production and reproductive performance of dairy cattle in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to assess dairy cattle feed resources, feeding practices, the farmers’ perceived ranking of feed resources, causes of feed shortage, and coping strategies to feed scarcity in smallholder dairy system in selected district towns of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. Data were obtained by interviewing 52 randomly selected smallholder dairy farmers using structured questionnaires and through direct observations. Results showed that 20 main feed types used by dairy farmers were identified and categorized into natural pastures, crop residues, green feeds, hay, agro-industrial by-products, concentrate mix, and non-conventional feeds. Overall, natural pasture (mean rank = 0.453), non-conventional feeds (0.307), cut green feeds (0.086), conserved hay (0.076), crop residues (0.049), and concentrate feeds (0.029) were ranked as the main feed resources in decreasing order of importance. Natural pasture grazing (92.2% of the respondents), hay (35.6%), and green feeds (29.4%) were the most important conventional basal feeds used. Wheat bran (11.7% of the respondents) followed by commercial concentrate mix (9.4%), Noug seedcake (8.3%), grain (7.8%), and molasses (6.1%) were the concentrate supplements used. Overall, bulule-flour mill leftovers (67.2% of the farmers), bean and pea hulls (57.2%) and atella-local brew by-product (37.2%), enset (Ensete ventricosum, 34.4%), and sugarcane top (32.2%) were the non-conventional feeds available and used during feed scarcity. Barley and teff (Eragrostis teff) straws and maize and sorghum stovers were the main crop residues used in the dry seasons. Overall, 73.9, 12.2, 12.2, and 1.7% of the respondents practiced free grazing, zero grazing, semi-zero, and a combination of zero- and free-grazing systems, respectively. Over 84% of the respondents in the dry season and 50% in the wet season reported experiencing a shortage of feeds. Poor feed availability (73.9% of the respondents) was reported as the main causes of feed shortage followed by shortage of pastureland (7.8%). Increased use of bulule (55.6% of the respondents), crop residues (16.1%), non-conventional feed resources (14.4%), conserved hay (11.1%), purchased green feeds and concentrates (1.1%), and reducing herd size (1.1%) were the farmers’ adopted coping strategies to mitigate feed shortage. It is suggested that technical intervention to improve the quality and efficient utilization of the existing feed resources is crucial to enable sustainable feed supply and boost milk production. Technologies that are easy to adopt, feasible, and low cost are also needed to be developed in participatory manner.     

玉米DDGS在畜禽日粮中应用及品质评定

玉米DDGS作为一种营养价值丰富、适口性好的蛋白饲料，缓解了近年来国内蛋白类饲料资源不足的局面，对促进我国畜牧业的持续发展具有重要意义，文章对玉米DOGS的营养特性、在畜禽日粮中应用、品质评定，以及使用过程中注意的问题进行了综述。     

防霉剂在饲料中的应用

在畜牧生产中,因储存不当、高温、高湿等原因引起饲料霉变的问题十分严重,霉变的饲料严重危害畜禽健康,并且造成重大资源浪费,在饲料中添加防霉剂可以有效防止饲料霉变。介绍了防霉剂的种类及其应用条件、影响防霉效果的因素以及防霉剂在饲料中的应用,并对防霉剂未来的发展趋势进行了讨论,旨在为科学应用、研发饲料防霉剂提供参考。     

Use of participatory epidemiology to compare the clinical veterinary knowledge of pastoralists and veterinarians in East Africa

Because of severe resource and logistical constraints in large areas of Africa, disease surveillance systems need to maximize the use of information provided by livestock keepers and make correct interpretations of indigenous livestock knowledge. This paper describes the use of participatory epidemiology (PE) to compare the names, clinical signs and epidemiological features of cattle diseases as perceived by pastoralists and veterinarians. Using results from two previous studies with pastoralists in southern Sudan and Kenya, provisional translations of local disease names into modern veterinary terminology were used to develop a matrix scoring method for use with veterinarians. Matrix scoring data from pastoralists and veterinarians were then compared using simple visual comparison of summarized matrices, hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. The results showed good agreement between pastoralists' and veterinarians' disease names and diagnostic criteria. The matrix scoring method was easy to use and appropriate for use in under-resourced areas with minimal professional support or laboratory services. Matrix scoring could be used to assist livestock disease surveillance workers to design surveillance systems that make better use of pastoralist's indigenous knowledge and correctly interpret local disease names. The method should be combined with conventional veterinary investigation methods where feasible.     

Ethnoveterinary medical practice for ruminants in the subhumid zone of northern Nigeria

Ethnoveterinary medical practice is widespread among herdsmen and village livestock producers in northern Nigeria where livestock in the country are concentrated. For most of these livestock owners, modern veterinary inputs and services are not readily available and are relatively expensive. Traditional remedies are locally available and cheaper. Our questioning of 50 herdsmen and village livestock producers revealed that the ingredients used in these indigenous practices include plant extracts, seeds, leaves, barks of trees, tubers and roots of various plants. These are processed in various ways and administered to animals for a variety of disease conditions. More recently used ingredients include kerosene and spent engine oil. Considering the combination of ingredients used by the traditional animal-health practitioners, it is likely that additive, synergistic and nutritional effects might be involved in alleviating the problem of ill-health in animals. Herdsmen and livestock owners readily identify signs of disease (although some common infectious diseases have several signs and may affect various parts of the animal body). Aspects of indigenous health care practices are contrasted with modern veterinary health care.