Suspended Solids from Baitfish Pond Effluents in Drainage Ditches

Effluents from aquaculture facilities vary between species and among production systems. Drainage ditches commonly convey effluents from central Arkansas baitfish ponds. Ditches could potentially reduce suspended solids prior to effluent release into receiving streams through settling. We characterized suspended solids in effluents from baitfish ponds and evaluated changes in suspended solids in drainage ditches. We also characterized drainage ditches based on width, depth, slope, and percent vegetation cover. Average (± SD) total suspended solids (TSS) at the point of discharge was 52 (± 41) mg/L, while volatile suspended solids (VSS) averaged 22 (± 23) mg/L. Screening effluents did little to alter their composition. Approximately 76% of TSS were less than 5 μm. There were no significant changes in effluent solids along drainage ditches 100 m from the point of discharge and no significant correlations between ditch characteristics and changes in either TSS or VSS. Existing ditches are quite variable and are not necessarily effective in removing solids present in baitfish effluents. Screening and use of ditches as settling basins seem impractical for effluent treatment given the characteristics of solids in baitfish effluents.     

Foraging Behavior and Monetary Impact of Wading Birds at Arkansas Baitfish Farms

Abstract— We conducted foraging observations, food habits studies, and producer surveys to determine the foraging behavior and monetary impact of great blue herons Ardea herodas , great egrets A. alba , and little blue herons Egrerra caerulea foraging at Arkansas baiffish farms. Although great egrets captured most baitfish/minute, captures/strike were nearly identical among the three wading bird species. American gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum , goldfish Carassius auratus , and giant water bugs Hemiptera: Belostomatidae were collected from the gastro-intestinal tract of great blue herons. Only golden shiners Noremgonus crysoleucas and goldfish were found in great egrets. We found dragonflies Odonata , golden shiners, green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus , and water bugs in little blue herons. In contrast to other birds collected, snowy egrets E. thula were found to contain mosquito fish Gambusia affinis . Among 2,742 teleost otoliths recovered from collected great blue herons, great egrets, and little blue herons, most otoliths belonged to the Cyprinidae family (including the baiffishes). Surveyed farm managers use various auditory and visual stimuli to disperse fish-eating birds from their farms. Surveyed baitfish farmers suggested that the average cost of their annual bird harassment program was $11,580 at relatively small farms (< 202 ha) and $104,560 at relatively large × 202 ha) baitfish aquaculture facilities. We estimated the replacement cost of baitfish consumed by wading buds based upon their daily food requirements, the food habits of herons and egrets at baiffish farms, the hypothetical abundance of wading birds at a particular baitfish farm (relative to survey results), the duration of herons and egrets reported by farm managers, and current baitfish market values.     

Sediment Quality in Arkansas Bait Minnow Ponds

Sediment cores were collected from 7-yr-old, 20- to 25-yr-old, and 30- to 35-yr-old ponds at a bait minnow farm at Lonoke, Arkansas, USA. Average depths of soft sediment (S and M horizons) were 8 cm in young ponds, 12 em in intermediate-age ponds, and 26 cm in old ponds. Organic carbon concentrations in sediment were low to moderate (1–2%) and carbon to nitrogen ratios were wide (20–50). Phosphorus and sulfur concentrations increased as ponds aged. Most of the phosphorus (78.9%) was in organic form, but sulfur was primarily inorganic in form (presumably iron sulfide). There appears to be two major problems associated with sediment accumulation over time. Deep, soft sediment interferes with pond management and especially with harvest. High phosphorus concentration in old sediment may contribute to dense phytoplankton blooms by supplying phosphorus to the water. Sodium nitrate treatment did not increase the rate of sediment organic matter decomposition in laboratory trials and would not be expected to enhance the degradation of sediment organic matter in ponds. The best method for improving the condition of bottoms in older bait minnow ponds probably is to remove the sediment.     

Food Habits of Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis Occupying Baitfish Aquaculture Facilities in Arkansas

Lesser scaup Aythya affinis , medium-sized black and white diving ducks, were collected at Arkansas baitfish farms during November-December 1999 ( N = 33), January-February 2000 ( N = 39), and March-April 2000 ( N = 22) to determine seasonal differences in their diet and their relative impact to baitfish production. The mass of gastrointestinal contents was used to determine the proportion of each diet item relative to all items recovered during stomach analyses. Chironomids were the primary food item recovered. Ten of 94 (10.6%) scaup contained identifiable fish biomass. Fish bones and otoliths were found in an additional 14 scaup (14.9%). All fish remains were identified (via otoliths) as those commonly produced at Arkansas baitfish farms (Cyprinidae). Other diet items (ranked by proportional mass) were vegetative seeds, snails, insects, crayfish, and other aquatic worms (class Oligochaeta). Scaup diets were similar among collection periods, between males and females, and between juvenile and mature ducks. We estimated the economic impact of lesser scaup to baitfish production based upon estimated duration of ducks at farms, the proportion of ducks containing fish, and scaup energetic requirements. Provided estimates of scaup abundance and the cost of bird harassment at a particular farm, economic thresholds (i.e., fish replacement cost as a function of scaup predation) will facilitate cost-effective decisions regarding bird damage management at Arkansas baitfish aquaculture facilities.     

Possible Effects of Sodium Chloride Treatment on Quality of Effluents from Alabama Channel Catfish Ponds

Channel catfish ponds are treated with salt (sodium chloride) to increase chloride concentration and prevent nitrite toxicity in fish. A survey indicated that most farmers try to maintain chloride concentration of 50 to 100 mg/L in ponds by annual salt applications. Averages and standard deviations for selected water quality variables in salt-treated ponds were as follows: chloride. 87.2 ± 37.5 mg/L; total dissolved solids (TDS), 336 ± 96 mg/L; specific conductance, 512 ± 164 μmhos/cm. Maximum values were 189 mg/L for chloride, 481 mg/L for TDS, and 825 μmhos/cm for specific conductance. Good correlations between specific conductance values and both chloride and TDS concentrations suggest that specific conductance can be a rapid method for estimating concentrations of these two variables in surface water. The maximum limit for chloride concentration in Alabama streams allowed by the Alabama Department of Environmental Management is 230 mg/L. The usual recommended upper limit of TDS for protection of aquatic life in freshwater streams is 1,000 mg/L. Based on the observed relationship between TDS concentration and specific conductance in Alabama catfish ponds, 1,000 mg/L TDS corresponds to 1,733 μmhos/cm specific conductance. It is unlikely that effluents from salttreated catfish ponds would violate the in-stream chloride standard of 230 mg/L or harm aquatic life in streanis. Nevertheless, chloride concentrations in ponds should be measured before salt application as a safe guard against excessive salt application and chloride concentrations above the in-stream chloride standard.     

辽宁省池塘养殖废水排放的分布及其对水环境的影响

对我国第一次污染源普查辽宁省池塘养殖业污染源普查数据进行统计分析,2007年度辽宁省池塘养殖业养殖总面积为4.70×104 hm2,排水总量为1.08×1010 m3;主要污染物排放量分别为总氮1546.23t,总磷123.31t,化学需氧量11102.91t,铜-717.03kg,锌5266.87kg。分析了池塘养殖业养殖废水对水环境的影响,并针对减少池塘养殖业的污染物排放、改善水环境质量提出了相应的建议和措施。     

Chemical Characteristics of Bottom Soils from Freshwater and Brackishwater Aquaculture Ponds

Soil chemical analyses were conducted on samples from 358 freshwater fish ponds and 346 brackishwater shrimp ponds. Freshwater ponds were located in Honduras, Rwanda, Bhutan, and the United States. Ponds in the United States were in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, and South Carolina. Brackishwater ponds were in Thailand, Ecuador, Philippines, and Venezuela. Soils of freshwater and brackishwater ponds did not differ greatly in average concentrations and concentration ranges for carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and pH. Concentrations of copper and barium tended to be higher in freshwater soils than in brackishwater ones. All other measured chemical constitutents tended to be more abundant in the soils of brackishwater ponds than in those of freshwater ponds. For the most part, ranges of pond soil chemical properties were similar to those of terrestrial soils, with freshwater pond soils resembling terrestrial soils from humid areas and brackishwater soils being similar in many respects to soils of arid regions. However, some brackishwater pond soils were highly acidic, acid-sulfate soils. Data were arranged into concentration categories (very low, low, medium, high, and very high) to facilitate comparisons of the present data set with other data on soil chemical properties for aquaculture ponds. All ponds included in the present study were used for aquaculture, showing that it is possible to rear fish and shrimp across an extremely wide range of soil chemical properties.     

Economic Effects of Intensification of Baitfish Production

This study analyzed the economic effects of intensifying baitfish production. An economic engineering approach was utilized to develop enterprise budgets for baiffish production that were used to conduct an economic analysis. All indicators utilized, including net returns, internal rate of return, and payback period, indicated dramatic improvement in the economics of baitfish production with yield increases. There were strong economic incentives to increase yield, and minnow production at industry average yield was only marginally profitable under certain scenarios and unprofitable under others. Yields of 600 kg/ha would generate adequate revenue to compete with other aquaculture alternatives in terms of net returns as well as generate M internal rate of return that would outperform current long-term interest rates.     

海水越冬池冰下浮游生物群落结构特征的研究

为了解海水越冬池浮游生物群落结构特征,对四口海水越冬池的主要理化因子及浮游生物状况进行了监测。共鉴定出浮游植物27种(属),其中常见或形成优势种群者主要有蛋白核小球藻、椭圆小球藻、布氏棕鞭藻、小环藻、前沟藻、海洋原甲藻、多甲藻、裸甲藻、光甲藻以及绿裸藻10种(属)。浮游植物总平均生物量为149.96mg/L,绿藻门所占比例最多,达97.87%,其分布状况是中、下层明显大于表层。原生动物和轮虫种类较少,前者主要为侠盗虫,平均数量为2737.3个/L,后者主要是喜冷疣毛轮虫和喜盐疣毛轮虫,平均数量为583个/L,分布特点均表层明显多于中、下层。桡足类种类主要有指状许水蚤、细巧华哲水蚤和近亲真宽水蚤等,数量上呈典型的下多上少的梯形分布。研究结果表明:浮游生物种、量及其分布状况是影响海水越冬池溶氧状况的关键因素之一。     

The Costs of Regulations on US Baitfish and Sportfish Producers

The US regulatory environment has been characterized as complex due to the greater than 1300 laws promulgated at local, state, and federal levels. Recent declines in the growth rate of US aquaculture have been attributed, in part, to a complex, overlapping, and inefficient regulatory framework. This study is the first to examine this question by quantifying the farm‐level regulatory burden and its economic effects in an aquaculture industry sector. A survey was conducted of baitfish and sportfish producers in the 13 major production states in the USA to identify the direct and indirect costs of regulation on producers. Survey responses captured 74% of the national volume of baitfish and sportfish production. The data revealed that only 1% of total regulatory costs are direct costs of regulation, such as license and permit fees, while 99% of the costs are due to manpower used for compliance, farm changes to remain in compliance, and sales lost without replacement. Costs due to regulations varied across states and farm sizes. Across all respondents, average total regulatory costs were found to be $148,554/farm, or $7383/ha. The farm‐level cost to the US baitfish and sportfish industry was estimated to be in excess of $12 million. On 38% of the farms, the cost of regulations exceeded the value of profits on baitfish and sportfish farms. Our findings confirm previous reports of the complexity of the regulatory environment. Results show that the total regulatory burden has increased farm‐level costs and restricted access to markets, thereby reducing profitability and contributing to reduced growth of the US baitfish and sportfish industry.     

中华绒螯蟹池塘生态养殖群体生长特征研究

池塘种植水生植物,生态养殖河蟹.河蟹大部分群体表现为幼蟹、成蟹阶段分别脱壳10次和5次左右,并且不同的生长阶段表现不同生长特性,体长（头胸甲长）随生长期呈指数增长（y=0.2656e^0.2145x,R^2=0.978）;部分群体出现早熟和2年以后达到性成熟的晚熟现象.     

不同种鳗鱼露天养殖池的水化学特性

对养殖日本鳗、欧洲鳗和美洲鳗的4口露天土池逐月进行水化学测定。2几日本鳗养殖池的pH分别为9．1和9．0,透明度为24和31cm,氨氮为0．92和0．56mg／L;欧洲鳗养殖池的pH为8．6,透明度为23cm,氨氮为0．69mg/L;美洲鳗养殖池的pH为9．0,透明度为41crn,氮氮为0．83mg/L。分析了鳗池化学指标的时间变化规律及原因,并从健康养鳗的角度对池水化学性状进行了评价。     

珠江三角洲密养池塘的水质特点分析

对珠江三角洲的几个典型基塘进行了一个养殖周期的跟踪调查,发现密养池塘中的NH4-、TN、COD、Chla等指标均有明显的升高,而NO3-、TP、SRP、BOD等指标无明显升高,DO没NO2-也占约 比例上升,占50%以上,NO2有明显下降。密养池塘无机氮的组成发生了明显的变化:NH4-比例,降到40%以下。池塘是以P为浮游植物生长的限制性因子。P的限制因素解除,浮10%,NO3游植物将迅速增长。池塘底泥中TP、TN、有机质明显高出基面堆叠土,以P的富集最为强烈。富营养化评价结果表明,珠江三角洲密养池塘达到了重度富营养化水平,而且养殖年限越高,富营养化程度越高。     

池塘养殖对虾综合防病措施的研究

近年来，随着对虾人工养殖规模的迅速扩大和产量的增加，出现了大规模暴发性虾病，给养殖者造成很大损失。一些学者对暴发性虾病的病因和防治方法进行了研究和探讨^[1-5]。然而，有关池养对虾综合防病措施的报导很少。笔者于1997—1998年在河北省昌黎县和唐海县对此进行了研究。     

Production Characteristics of PanSize Channel Catfish in Cages and Open Ponds1

Production characteristics of pan-size (approximately 227 g) channel catfish (Ictalurus puncturus) were determined in cages and open ponds stocked with fingerlings to densities of 20,000 and 12,500 fish/ha. After 145 days, mean fish weight in all treatments exceeded 227 g. Mean survival was similar in all treatments. Food conversion ratios were significantly better in ponds than in cages but density did not affect the ratios. Neither density nor production system affected production (as measured by total weight produced) when initial density differences were considered (analysis of covariance). Variability in total length at harvest was similar between production systems; however, low density treatments were less variable than high density treatments. Results of this study indicate that pan-size channel catfish can be cultured efficiently at stocking densities well above the 12,500 fish/ha (5,000 fishlacre) generally used when culturing fish to larger sizes.     

3种仿刺参养殖池塘底质特性的研究

为研究3种仿刺参养殖池塘底质的特点,于2014年4—6月检测了砂质底、泥沙质底和泥质底仿刺参养殖池塘底泥的粒度组成、7项理化指标及8类细菌数量特点。试验结果显示,3种池塘底质分别属于含砾泥质砂质底、粉砂质砂质底和砂质粉砂质底;底泥pH值波动均不大;氧化还原电位的变化范围分别为-336.83~-233.83mV、-340.77~-310.30mV和-380.66~-369.77mV;硫化物含量分别为29.64~386.83μg/g、47.6~507.50μg/g和160.16~991.04μg/g;砂质底池塘总氮、总磷、有机碳含量较少,泥沙质底总氮含量超标严重,泥质底总磷含量超标,且有机碳含量远高于其他两种底质池塘。3种底质池塘底泥中氨化细菌、反硝化细菌的数量均远高于亚硝化细菌的数量,还原性物质大量积累;泥沙质底池塘弧菌和硫还原细菌数量较多。结果表明,3种底质池塘底泥所存在的共性问题是底泥氧化还原电位偏低,硫化物含量较高;其差异性体现在砂质底池塘各指标波动较大,泥沙质底池塘总氮含量超标,有害细菌滋生,泥质底池塘底泥总磷含量超标,有机碳含量较高。     

中国对虾在池塘中生长特性的研究

根据池养对虾生长情况的现场测量数据，通过回归分析求得体长及体重的生长方程式分别为：Ｌｔ＝１４．０７３３［１－ｅ＾－０．１４０３（ｔ－０．８３５０）］和Ｗｔ＝３３．４４７９［１－ｅ＾－０．１４０３（ｔ－０．８３５０）］＾３，体重生长曲线的拐点ｔ＇＝８．７。对虾在池塘中的实际生长速度由于受池塘生态环境及鲜活饵料供应的季节性变化等因素的影响，分别在７月上旬、８月上旬及９月中旬出现三次生长高峰。适当减少高     

地下海水池塘六价铬还原菌的多样性研究

从六价铬超标的地下海水池塘中采集底泥,以2216E培养基添加重铬酸钾为手段,筛选出对六价铬离子具有抗性的特异菌株。用细菌通用16SrDNA引物进行PCR扩增,PCR产物纯化后连接pMD18-T载体,导入大肠杆菌感受态细胞。然后对插入片段测序获得分离培养菌株的16SrDNA碱基全序列。通过NCBI比对,对分离的抗性菌株进行分子鉴定,确定其所属的分类地位。用PHYLIP软件,对16SrDNA碱基序列构建系统进化树,分析地下海水池塘六价铬还原菌的多样性。试验结果获得8株对六价铬有明显抗性的菌株,测序后发现8株菌为不同种的菌株,16SrDNA核酸序列相似度为88%,与已发表的序列或菌株的相似性为98%以上,属于6个属的8个不同的种。研究结果表明,铬超标地下海水池塘的活性底泥中六价铬抗性细菌菌株多样性十分丰富,通过进一步的还原性研究,可以筛选出对六价铬有还原特性的抗性菌株。     

Production and Collection of Copepod Nauplii from Brackish Water Ponds

Copepod nauplii are a nutritious food item for first-feeding marine fish larvae. Unfortunately, mass culture techniques for producing copepod nauplii are not well established. Copepod nauplii can be collected from wild zooplankton populations or specially prepared ponds and transferred to larval fish tanks for feeding. This study evaluated the use of two trapping methods for harvesting zooplankton, particularly copepod nauplii, from fertilized ponds and the impact on the zooplankton population. Nine, 0.11 ha brackish-water (～2-7 ppt salinity) ponds were filled and fertilized with organic and inorganic fertilizers. The change in zooplankton abundance, mainly rotifers, nauplii and adult copepods, was monitored in the ponds for 22 d following initial pond filling. Beginning on day 8, three ponds were trapped with a large plankton net (Trap I), three with a pump and bag trap method (Trap II), and three ponds were not trapped. The ponds were trapped with the corresponding method for 1 h per day, for 15 d. The two trapping methods were similar in their efficiency to harvest nauplii, averaging 8,383,400 ± 2,508,378/h and 6,695,822 ± 433,533/h for Traps I and II, respectively. The zooplankton harvested by Trap I was not correlated to the densities in the ponds. However, the number of rotifers and nauplii harvested by Trap II was correlated to the rotifer and nauplii densities in the ponds. Both trapping methods were similar in terms of labor requirements and ease of use. Both methods were effective in collecting zooplankton without negatively impacting pond abundance.     

花蛤高效生态养殖池中浮游动物生态特征研究

于2007年11月-2008年3月,研究莆田花蛤生态养殖池浮游动物的种类组成和数量分布特征,并探讨了其与环境因子的关系。结果表明,在藻类池及花蛤养殖池中所采集的样品,浮游动物有34种,其中原生动物25种,占74％,桡足类5种,占15％,端足类1种,占2．9％,其它浮游动物3种,占8．8％,原生动物占比例最多。卡拉拟铃虫,丁丁急游虫、浮游幼虫和强额拟哲水蚤是主要优势种。不同月份浮游植物数量变化直接影响着浮游动物的数量,浮游动物的数量受海水温度、溶氧影响不大,不同月份浮游动物的分布存在差异。